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SALLUST'S 

HISTORY 



OF THE 



WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA, 



AND OF THE 



CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE 



WITH A 



DICTIONARY AND NOTES 



BY 



PROF. E. A. ANDREWS. 




V 



i 



NEW HAVEN: 

PUBLISHED BY DITRRIE & PECK. 

BOSTON : CROCKER & BREWSTER. 

PHILADELPHIA: SMITH & PECK. 

1841. 






^ 



& 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, 

By DURRIE & PECK, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut. 



A 



Printed by B. L. Hamlen. 



PREFACE. 



In the course of classical study usually pursued in this coun- 
try, Sallust is placed among the first of the Latin authors, 
whose writings the student is expected to peruse. In such cir- 

i cumstances, many passages of this author present difficulties of 
no inconsiderable magnitude. To enable the diligent student 
to overcome these, and to overcome them by such means as 

| would tend most directly to promote his subsequent progress in 
classical studies, was the object proposed by the editor in pre- 
paring the edition now offered to the public. 

In forming the text of this edition, reference has been had 
to those of Burnouf and Planche, and to that of the Bipont 
editors. With these were compared, especially in preparing 
the text of the Catiline, the German editions of Kritz and 
Gerlach. 

In orthography, this edition will be found to conform in most 
respects to that of Planche, who has generally excluded the 

• ancient forms found in many editions of this author. For pur- 
I suing this course, in a work designed particularly for students 
in an early part of their Latin studies, no apology is deemed 
necessary. In modern editions of even English and French 
works, composed but a century or two since, it is no longer 
thought expedient to trouble the reader with such antiquated 
modes of spelling, as are found in the early editions of the 
same authors. An opinion seems indeed to have been enter- 
tained by many editors as well as readers of Sallust, that, inas- 
much as this author has sometimes, in his modes of expression, 
imitated the style of Cato and other early Latin authors, he must 
needs have adopted also an antiquated style of orthography. 



4 PREFACE. 

This, however, is by no means certain. A reference to the 
best critical editions of Sallust will serve to show, that there is 
scarcely a single point in relation to the supposed archaisms of 
this author, in regard to which the opinions of the most learned 
editors fully harmonize. In fact most of the forms, usually 
reckoned as archaisms in the writings of Sallust, are found in 
the manuscript copies of other authors contemporary with Sal- 
lust, but in editions of their works, intended for general use, 
the common orthography is always adopted. A few less usual 
forms, of a kind not likely to embarrass the student, as q\ 
for quibus, isdem for iisdem, etc., have been admitted into this 
edition ; but accusatives in is, superlatives in umus. participles 
in unclus, and many other peculiarities of a similar character 
have been exchanged for the more common forms. 

In arrangrin^ the two treatises of Sallust constituting the 
text of this work, the first place has been assigned to the Jugur- 
tha. Such an arrangement is not new, and seems to be highly 
expedient in a work intended for the use of students not pre- 
viously familiar with Roman history : inasmuch as the History 
of Catiline's Conspiracy, which occurred many years posterior 
to the war against Ju<jurtha, contains numerous allusions to 
persons engaged in that war, and to political events connected 
with it. 

As some of the most prominent difficulties in Latin syntax 
arise from the use of the oratio obliqua, the occurrence of this 
construction has generally been denoted by means of single in- 
verted commas, while direct quotations are distinguished by the 
usual marks. 

To the preparation of the Dictionary accompanying this edi- 
tion, much time and labor have been devoted. The design has 
been to unite, so far as a due regard to brevity would permit, 
the advantages f a Lexicon SaUusiianum with those of a gen- 
eral dictionary. The plan of the work did not permit the in- 
troduction of extended discussions relating to points of history 
or biography, customs or laws. For minute information on 



PREFACE. 5 

. these and kindred subjects, it was thought better to refer the 
student to his Classical Dictionary and Roman Antiquities, and 
especially to some good Roman history ; such, for example, as 
Ferguson's Roman Republic. 

In preparing the body of notes accompanying this edition, it 
has been the aim of the editor to supply such information only, 
as could not properly be inserted in the Dictionary. He has 
endeavored to furnish precisely such aid as he supposed a dili- 
gent student would need, and to present it in such a form as 
would direct his investigations, instead of superseding them. 
A free use has been made of the materials contained in the 
notes of the editions before referred to, and to these such other 
notes have been added as the design of the work seemed to re- 
quire. In explaining the more difficult grammatical construc- 
tions, the editor has generally contented himself with a simple 
reference to that part of the grammar in which a solution of 
the difficulty may be found, leaving it to the student's own re- 
flection to make the application. 



LIFE OF CATUS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS. 



Sallust, the celebrated Roman historian, was born at Ami- 
ternum, a town in the Sabine territory, in the year of Rome 
668, 86 years before the birth of Christ, and in the consulship 
of Cinna and Carbo. While young he removed to Rome, 
where he devoted himself to literary pursuits, under the direc- 
tion of Atteius Prsetextatus, a celebrated Athenian gramma- 
rian, and an instructor in the art of rhetoric. 

At an early period, probably about the year of Rome 695, 
he obtained the questorship, and consequently became entitled 
to a seat in the senate. In the year 701, during a period of 
great civil commotion, he was made a tribune of the people ; 
and in the dissensions consequent upon the death of Clodius, 
he took an active part in opposition to Milo. To this course he 
was probably moved not less by personal hostility to Milo, 
whom he had greatly injured, and from whom he had received 
a severe, but well merited chastisement, than by attachment to 
the party of Clodius. In the year 704 the censors, Appius 
Claudius and Calpurnius Piso, degraded him from his rank as 
senator, on account of the infamy of his private character. 

It was probably about this time, that he wrote the History of 
the Catilinarian Conspiracy, with the exception, perhaps, of the 
part relating to the characters of Caesar and Cato, though some 
ascribe to the whole work a later date. Of most of the events 
connected with this conspiracy, Sallust had been an eye wit- 
ness, and, with few exceptions, he appears to have recorded 
them with exemplary impartiality. Although at a later period, 
as is well known, he was the bitter enemy of Cicero, in his ac- 
count of this conspiracy, no evidence of such hostility appears, 






LIFE OF CAIUS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS. 



unless it be found in the somewhat faint praise bestowed by 
him upon this most illustrious orator and patriotic statesman. 

Notwithstanding the determination, expressed in the intro- 
duction of this history, of spending the remainder of his days 
remote from the agitations of public life, he entered soon after 
with renewed ardor into the violent struggles which arose be- 
tween the parties of Pompey and Caesar. In this contest he 
warmly espoused the cause of Caesar, to whom he was person- 
ally attached, and through whose influence he was again made 
questor, A. U. C. 706, and was consequently reinstated in the 
senate. In the following year, Caesar having conquered Egypt 
returned to Rome, and by his favor Sallust was raised to the 
pretorship. About this time also he married Terentia, whom 
Cicero had recently divorced. 

Soon after these events, the civil war was renewed in Africa, 
where the remnant of the senatorial party were assembled under 
the command of Scipio and Cato. To oppose these Sallust 
was directed to conduct a detachment consisting of several 
legions, by the way of Capua to the shores of Campania, where 
they were to embark for Africa. On arriving at their port of 
embarkation, a mutiny arose on account of the unwillingness 
of the troops to leave Italy, and to encounter anew the hard- 
ships and dangers to which they had been so long exposed ; 
and Sallust, finding his authority of no avail to suppress the in- 
surrection, was compelled to secure his own safety by a precip- 
itate flight to Rome, whither he was followed by great numbers 
of the troops. Order having been at length restored by the 
presence and authority of Caesar, the legions consented to em- 
bark, and shortly after landed in Africa. In an expedition sub- 
sequently entrusted to his command, against the isl'and of Cer- 
cina, Sallust is said to have evinced considerable military skill 
and prowess. 

After the termination of this war, he was appointed to the 
command of the African province, where he is said to have ac- 
quired immense riches by oppressing the people subject to his 



8 LIFE OF CAIUS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS. 

government. On his return home, he was accused by the Nu- 
midians, of maladministration of the affairs of his province, 
but escaped punishment through the friendship of Caesar, with 
whom he is reported to have shared his spoils. Scarcely, how- 
ever, had he been acquitted, when Caesar, on whom all his for- 
tunes depended, was assassinated, on the ides of March, in the 
year of Rome 710. 

With this event terminated the political career of Sailust, 
who thenceforward devoted himself wholly to the pursuits of 
private life. In his retirement, besides other historical works, 
of which a few fragments only now remain, he composed the 
History of the Jugurthine war, for which he had collected 
ample materials during his residence in Africa. He erected 
also a magnificent residence upon the Quirinal Hill, adjoining 
to which he laid out those beautiful gardens, which afterwards 
bore his name, and which were long considered as the pride 
and ornament of Rome. After his decease, which occurred 
in the year 718, his house and gardens became the favorite res- 
idence of successive Roman emperors. 

As a historian, Sailust has few equals. His style is in a high 
degree concise, resembling in this and in other respects that of 
Thucydides, whom, perhaps more than any other writer, he 
made his model. He is moreover distinguished for his uncom- 
mon talent at graphic description, and his masterly delineations 
of character. In his writings he is ever the advocate of virtue, 
and the stern, uncompromising foe of corruption in every form, 
whether displayed in the venal administration of government, 
or in the obscurer vices of private life. Unfortunately for his 
memory, the principles of virtue inculcated in his writings had 
but little influence in the conduct of his life ; and posterity has 
shown the less indulgence to his faults, from the contrast which 
they have exhibited to his own moral precepts. 



C. CRISPI 

SALLUSTII 

JUGURTHA, 

SEU 

BELLUM JUGURTHINUM 



I. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum, 
quod, imbecilla atque aevi brevis, forte potius quam virtute 
regatur. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud ne- 
que praestabilius invenias ; magisque naturae industriam 
hominum, quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux at- 
que imperator vitae mortalium animus est ; qui, ubi ad 
gloriam virtutis via grassatur, abunde pollens potensque 
et clarus est, neque fortunae eget : quippe probitatem, in- 
dustriam, alias artes bonas neque dare neque eripere po- 
test. Sin, captus pravis cupidinibus, ad inertiam et vo- 
luptates corporis pessum datus est, perniciosa libidine 
paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, ingeni- 
um defluxere, naturae infirmitas accusatur : suam quis- 
que culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. Quod si 
hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto stu- 
dio aliena ac nihil profutura, multumque etiam periculo- 
sa petunt ; neque regerentur magis, quam regerent ca- 
sus ; et eo magnitudinis procederent, ubi pro mortaiibus 
gloria seterni fierent. 

II. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex anima et 
corpore, ita res cunctae, studiaque omnia nostra, corporis 

1 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



alia, alia animi naturam sequuntur. Igitur praeclara fa- 
des, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis, alia hujusce- 
modi omnia brevi dilabuntur ; at ingenii egregia facin- 
ora, sicuti anima, immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis 
et fortunae bonorum, ut initium, sic finis est : omnia orta 
occidunt, et aucta senescunt : animus incorruptus, aster- 
nuSj rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta, ne- 
que ipse habetur. Quo magis pravitas eorum admiran- 
da est, qui, dediti corporis gaudiis, per luxum atque ig- 
naviam aetatem agunt : ceterum ingenium, quo neque 
melius, neque amplius aliud in natura mortalium est, in- 
cultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt ; quum prsesertim 
tarn multas variaeque sint artes animi, quibus sum ma cla- 
ritudo paratur. 

III. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo 
omnis cura rerum publicarum, minime mihi hac tem- 
pestate cupienda videntur : quoniam neque virtuti honos 
datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem jus fuit, tuti, aut 
eo magis honesti sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam 
aut parentes, quamquam et possis, et delicta corrigas, ta- 
men importunum est ; quum praesertim omnes rerum 
mutationes csedem, fugam, aliaque hostilia portendant. 
Frustra autem niti, neque aliud, se fatigando, nisi odium 
quaerere, extremae dementias est : nisi forte quern inho- 
nesta et perniciosa libido tenet, potentiae paucorum decus 
atque libertatem suam gratificari. 

IV. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercen- 
tur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum : 
cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, prsetereundum puto ; 
simul, ne per insolentiam quis existimet memet, studi- 
um meum laudando, extollere. Atque ego credo fore, 
qui, quia decrevi procul a republica aetatem agere, tanto 



JUGURTHA. 6 

tamque utili labori meo nomen inertiae imponant : certe, 
quibus maxima industria videtur, salutare plebem, et 
conviviis gratiam quasrere. Qui si reputaverint, et qui- 
bus ego temporibus magistratus adeptus sim, et quales 
viri idem assequi nequiverint, et postea quas genera hom- 
irmm in senatum pervenerint ; profecto existimabunt, 
me magis merito, quam ignavia, judicium animi muta- 
visse, majusque commodum ex otio meo, quam ex alio- 
rum negotiis, reipublicse ventumm. Nam saepe audivi, 
Q,. Maximum, P. Scipionem, prasterea civitatis nostrae 
praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, 'quum majorum ima- 
gines intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad vir- 
tutem accendi.' Scilicet non ceram illam, neque figu- 
ram tantam vim in sese habere, sed memoria rerum ges- 
tarum earn flammam egregiis viris in pectore crescere, 
neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque glo- 
riam adaequaverit. At contra, quis est omnium his mor- 
ibus, quin divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque in- 
dustria, cum majoribus suis contendat ? Etiam homi- 
nes novi, qui antea per virtu tern soliti erant nobilitatem 
ante venire, furtim et per latrocinia ad imperia et hono- 
res nituntur : proinde quasi praetura et consulatus, atque 
alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara, magnifica sint ; 
ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui sustinent, vir- 
tus est. Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum 
me civitatis morum piget taedetque : nunc ad inceptum 
redeo. 

V. Bellum scripturus sum, quod populus Romanus 
cum Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit : primum, quia 
magnum et atrox, variaque victoria fuit ; dein, quia turn 
primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est. Q,ua3 
contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit, eoque 



4L C.CRISPISALLUSTII 

vecordiae processit, uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vas- 
titas Italiae finem faceret. Sed, priusquam hujuscemodi 
rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam ; quo, ad cog- 
noscendum, omnia illustria magis, magisque in aperto 
sint. Bello Punico seeundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium 
Hannibal, post magnitudinem nominis Romani, Italic 
opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa, rex Numidarum, in 
amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano 
cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa et praeclara rei militaris 
facinora fecerat : ob quae, victis Carthaginiensibus et cap- 
to Syphace, cujus in Africa magnum atque late imperi- 
um valuit, populus Romanus, quascumque urbes et agros 
manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinis- 
sae bona atque honesta nobis permansit : sed imperii vi- 
tasque ejus finis idem fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum 
solus obtinuit, Manastabale et Gulussa fratribus morbo 
absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese gen- 
uit ; Jugurthamque, Manastabalis fratris filium, quern 
Masinissa, quod ortus ex concubina erat, privatum reli- 
querat, eodem cultu, quo liberos suos, domi habuit. 

VI. Q,ui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, deco- 
ra facie, sed multo maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu 
neque inertiee corrumpendum dedit : sed, uti mos gentis 
illius est, equitare, jacnlari, cursu cum eequalibus certa- 
re ; et, quum omnes gloria antei'ret, omnibus tamen ca- 
ms esse : ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere ; 
leonem atque alias feras primus, aut in primis ferire : plu- 
rimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui. Quibus rebus 
Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem 
Jugurthas regno suo glorias fore : tamen, postquam hom- 
inem adolescentem, exacta sua eetate, parvis liberis, ma- 
gis magisque crescere intellegit, vehernenter negotio per- 



JUGURT H A. 5 

motus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat eum 
natura mortalium, avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam 
animi cupidinem : prseterea opportunitas suaeque et libe- 
rorum astatis, quag etiam mediocres viros spe praedas 
transversos agit ; ad hoc studia Numidarum in Jugur- 
tham accensa ; ex quibus, si talem virum interfecisset, 
ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat. 

VII. His difficultatibus circumventus, ubi videt, ne- 
que per vim, neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem tarn 
acceptum popularibus, quod erat Jugurtha manu promp- 
tus et appetens glorias militaris, statuit eum objectare pe- 
riculis, et eo modo fortunam tentare. Igitur, bello Nil- 
mantino, Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque 
peditum auxilia mitteret, sperans, vel ostentando virtu- 
tem, vel hostium saevitia facile occasurum, praefecit Nu- 
midis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res longe 
aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat im- 
pigro atque acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui 
turn Romanis imperator, et morem hostium cognovit ; 
multo labore multaque cura, prasterea modestissime pa- 
rendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis, in tantam claritu- 
dinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer cams, Nu- 
mantinis maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficilli- 
mum in primis est, et proelio strenuus erat, et bonus con- 
silio ; quorum alterum ex providentia ti morem, alterum 
ex audacia temeritatem afferre plerumque solet. Igitur 
imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, 
in amicis habere, magis magisque in dies amplecti : quip- 
pe cujus neque consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra 
erat. Hue accedebat munificentia animi, et ingenii so- 
lertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex Romanis familiari ami- 
citia conjunxerat. 



O C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

VIII. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complu- 
res novi atque nobiles, quibus divitise bono honestoque 
potiores erant, factiosi, domi potentes, apud socios clari 
magis quam honesti : qui Jugurthae non mediocrem ani- 
mum pollicitando accendebant, 'si Micipsa rex oceidis- 
set, fore uti solus imperii Numidiee potiretur: in ipso 
maximam virtutem ; Romas omnia venalia esse.' Sed 
postquam, Numantia deleta, P. Scipio dimittere auxilia, 
ipse reverti domum decrevit; donatum atque laudatum 
magnifice pro concione Jugurtham in praetorium abdux- 
it : ibique secreto monuit, 'uti potius publice quam pri- 
vatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret, neu quibus lar- 
giri insuesceret ; periculose a paucis emi, quod multo- 
rum esset. Si permanere vellet in suis artibus, ultro il- 
li et gloriam et regnum venturum : sin properantius per- 
geret, suamet ipsum pecunia praecipitem casurum.' 

IX. Sic locutus, cum litteris, quas Micipsae redderet, 
dimisit. Earum sententia hsec erat : " Jugurthae tui 
bello Numantino longe maxima virtus fuit ; quam rem 
tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita cams est : 
uti idem senatui sit et populo Romano, summa ope nite- 
mur. Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor : en ha- 
bes virum dignum te atque avo suo Masinissa." Igitur 
rex, ubi, quas fama acceperat, ex litteris imperatoris ita 
esse cognovit, quum virtute viri. turn gratia permotus, 
flexit animum suum, et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere 
aggressus est : statimque adoptavit, et testamento pariter 
cum filiis heredem instituit. Sed ipse paucos post an- 
nos, morbo atque astate confectus, quum sibi finem vitae 
adesse intelligeret, coram amicis et cognatis, item Ad- 
herbale et Hiempsale filiis, dicitur hujuscemodi verba 
cum Jugurtha habuisse : 



JUGURTHA. 7 

X. " Parvum ego, Jugurtha, te, amisso patre, sine spe, 
sine opibus, in meum regnum accepi ; existimans non 
minus me tibi quam liberis, si genuissem, ob beneficia 
carum fore : neque ea res falsum me habuit. Nam, ut 
alia magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime, rediens 
Numantia, me que regnumque meum gloria honoravisti ; 
tua virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis amicissimos fecisti : 
in Hispania nomen familise renovatum ; postremo, quod 
difficillimum inter mortales, gloria invidiam vicisti. 
Nunc, quoniam mihi natura vitas finem facit, per hanc 
dextram, per regni fidem moneo obtestorque uti hos, qui 
tibi genere propinqui, beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros 
habeas; neu malis alienos adjungere, quam sanguine 
conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus, neque thesauri prse- 
sidia regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere, 
neque auro parare queas : officio et fide pariuntur. Q,uis 
autem amicior, quam frater fratri ? aut quern alienum 
fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris ? Equidem ego vo- 
bis regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis ; sin mali, imbe- 
cillum. Nam concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia 
maximse dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos te, Jugurtha, 
qui estate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat, pro- 
videre decet. Nam in omni certamine, qui opulentior 
est', etiam si accipit injuriam, quia plus potest, facere vi- 
detur. Vos autem, Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, obser- 
vate talem hunc virum : imitamini virtutem, et enitimi- 
ni, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar, quam genu- 
isse." 

XI. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum in- 
% telligebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro 

tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa paucis diebus post 
moritur. Postquam illi, more regio, justa magnifice fe- 



s 



C. C RI SPI SALLUSTII 



cerant, reguli in unum convenere, uti inter se de cunctis 
negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex 
illis erat, natura ferox, etiam antea ignobilitatem Jugur- 
thae, quia materno genere impar erat, despiciens, dexter a 
Adherbalem assedit ; ne medius ex tribus, quod apud 
Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen, 
uti aetati concederet, fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem al- 
teram transductus est. Ibi quum multa de administran- 
do imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit, 
' oportere quinquennii consulta omnia et decreta rescin- 
di ; nam per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam pa- 
rum animo valuisse.' Turn 'idem' Hiempsal 'placere 
sibi' respondit: 'nam ipsum ilium tribus his proximis 
annis adoptatione in regnum pervenisse.' Qxiod verbum 
in pectus Jugurthse altius, quam quisquam ratus, descen- 
dit. Itaque ex eo tempore, ira et metu anxius, moliri, 
parare, atque ea modo animo habere, quibus Hiempsal 
per dolum caperetur. Quse ubi tardius procedunt, ne- 
que lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum 
perficere. 

XII. Primo conventu, quern ab regulis factum supra 
memoravi, propter dissensionem placuerat dividi thesau- 
ros, finesque imperii singulis constitui. Itaque tempus 
ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad pecuniam 
distribuendam. Reguli interea in loc'a propinqua the- 
sauris, alius alio, concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido 
Thirmida forte ejus domo utebatur, qui proximus lictor 
Jugurthae, cams acceptusque semper fuerat. Quern ille 
casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat, impellitque, 
uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves 
adulterinas paret ; nam verse ad Hiempsalem refereban- 
tur : ceterum, ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna 



JUGURTHA. VI 

manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi confecit ; at- 
que, ut doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. 
dui postquam in cedes irrupere, diversi regem quserere ; 
dormientes alios, alios occursantes interficere ; scrutari 
loca abdita, clausa effringere ; strepitu et tumultu omnia 
miscere : quum Hiempsal interim reperitur, occultans se- 
se tugurio mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus 
loci perfugerat. Numidae caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad 
Jugurtham referunt. 

XIII. Ceterurn fama tanti facinoris per omnem Afri- 
cam brevi divulgatur : Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub 
imperio Micipsse fuerant, metus invadit. In duas partes 
discedunt: plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed ilium al- 
teram bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas 
potest copias armat ; urbes partim vi, alias voluntate im- 
perio suo adjungit : omni Numidiee imperare parat. Ad- 
herbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum do- 
cerent de casde fratris et fortunis suis; tamen, fretus 
multitudine militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed 
ubi res ad certamen venit, victus ex proelio profugit in 
provinciam, ac deinde Romam contendit. Turn Jugur- 
tha, patratis consiliis, in otio facinus suum cum animo 
reputans, timere populum Romanum, neque adversus 
iram ejus usquam, nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia 
sua, spem habere. Itaque paucis diebus cum auro et ar- 
gento multo Romam mittit, quis prsecipit, uti primum 
veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde novos acqui- 
rant ; postremo queecumque possint largiendo parare, ne 
cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere, et, ex prss- 
cepto regis, hospitibus aliisque, quorum ea tempestate 
auctoritas pollebat, magna munera misere ; tanta com- 
mutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in gratiam et fa- 



10 C. CRISP I SALLUSTII 

vorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret : quorum pars spe, alii 
praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiendo, niteban- 
tur, ne gravius in eum consuleretur. Igitur, legati ubi 
satis confidunt, die constituto senatus utrisque datur. 
Turn Adherbalem hoc modo locutum accepimus : 

XIV. "Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens 
praecepit, uti regnum Numidiae tantummodo procuratio- 
nem existimarem meam ; ceterum jus et imperium pe- 
nes vos esse : simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam max- 
imo usui esse populo Romano ; vos mihi cognatorum, 
vos in affinium locum ducerem : si ea fecissem, in ves- 
tra amicitiaexercitum, divitias, munimenta regni me ha- 
bere. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, Ju- 
gurtha, homo omnium quos terra sustinet, sceleratissi- 
mus, contempto imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem, 
et jam ab stirpe socium et amicum populo Romano, reg- 
no fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres con- 
scripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram, veilem 
potius ob mea, quam ob majorum meorum beneficia, pos- 
se me a vobis auxilium petere ; ac maxime deberi mihi 
beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem ; secun- 
dum ea, si desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer. jSed 
quoniam parum tuta per se ipsa probitas, neque mihi in 
manu fuit, Jugurtha qualis foret ; ad vos confugi, patres 
conscripti, quibus, quod miserrimum, cogor prius oneri, 
quam usui esse. Ceteri reges, aut bello victi in amici- 
tiam a vobis recepti, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem 
vestram appetivenmt : familia nostra cum populo Roma- 
no bello Carthaginiensi amicitiam instituit ; quo tempo- 
re magis fides ejus, quam fortuna petenda erat. (Quo- 
rum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati frustra 
a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil caii- 



JUGURTHA 



11 



sae haberem, praeter miserandam fortunam ; quod paulo 
ante rex, genere, fama atque copiis potens, nunc defor- 
matus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes exspecto ; tamen erat 
majestatis Romani populi prohibere injuriam, neque pati 
cujusquam regnum per seelus crescere^j Verum ego his 
finibus ejectus sum, quos majoribus meis populus Roma- 
nus dedit ; unde pater et avus una vobiscum expulere 
Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Yestra beneficia mihi 
erepta sunt, patres conscripti ; vos in mea injuria despec- 
ti estis. Eheu me miserum ! Huccine, Micipsa pater, 
beneficia tua evasere, uti, quern tu parem cum liberis, 
regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis tuae ex- 
tinctor sit ? Numquamne ergo familia nostra quieta erit ? 
semperne in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dam 
Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, jure omnia saeva patie- 
bamur : hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes omnis 
in armis erat. Postquam ilia pestis ex Africa ejecta est, 
laeti pacem agitabamus : quippe quis hostis nullus, nisi 
forte quern jussissetis. Ecce autem ex improviso Ju- 
gurtba, intoleranda audacia, scelere atque superbia sese 
efferens, fratre meo, atque eodem propinquo suo inter- 
fecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui prasdam fecit : 
post, ubi me iisdem dolis nequit capere, nihil minus 
quam vim aut bellum exspectantem in imperio vestro, 
sicuti videtis, extorrem patria, domo, inopem et cooper- 
turn miseriis efiecit, ut ubivis tutius, quam in meo reg- 
no essem. 

"Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, ut praedican- 
tem audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam 
colerent, eos multum laborem suscipere ; ceterum ex 
omnibus maxime tutosesse. Q^uod in familia nostra fu- 
it, praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis vobis adessent : nos 



12 C. CRI3PI SALLUSTII 

uti per otiuni tuti simus, in maim vestra est, patres con- 
scripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit ; tertium, Jugur- 
tham, benefices suis ratus nobis conjunctum fore : alter 
eorum necatus, alterius ipse ego maims impias vix effu- 
gi. f Quid agam? quo potissimum infeiix accedam? 
Generis praesidia omnia exstincta sunt : pater, uti necesse 
erat, naturae concessit : fratri, quem minime decuit, pro- 
/ pinquus per scelus vitam eripuit : afBnes, amicos, propin- 
quos ceteros, alium alia clades oppressit : capti ab Jugur- 
tha, pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti ; pauci, qui- 
bus relicta anima, clausi in tenebris, cum mosrore et luc- 
tu, morte graviorem vitam exigunt. Si omnia, quae aut 
amisi, aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt, incolumia 
manerent ; tamen, si quid ex improviso accidisset, vos 
implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus, pro magnitudine 
imperii, jus et injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc 
vero exsul patria, domo, solus et omnium honestarum 
rerum egens, quo accedam, aut quos appellem? natio- 
nesne, an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram 
amicitiam infesti sunt ? an quoquam adire licet, ubi non 
majorum meorum hostilia monumenta plurima sint ? aut 
quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui aliquando vobis hos- 
tis fuit?j Postremo, Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres 
conscripti, ' ne quem coleremus, nisi populum Romanum ; 
ne societates, ne foedera nova acciperemus ; abunde mag- 
na praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia fore ; si huic impe- 
rio fortuna mutaretur, una nobis occidendum esse.' Vir- 
tute ac dis volentibus, magni estis et opulenti ; omnia 
secunda et obedientia sunt ; quo facilius sociorum inju- 
rias curare licet. Tantum illud vereor, ne quos privata 
amicitia Jngurthae, parum cognita, transversos agat : quos 
ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare vos singu- 



JUGURTHA 



13 



los, <ne quid de absente, incognita causa, statuatis: fin- 
gere me verba, fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno ma- 
nere.' duod utinam ilium, cujus impio facinore in has 
miserias projectus sum, eadem haec simulantem videam ! 
et aliquando aut apud vos, aut apud deos immortales re- 
rum humanarum cura oriatur ! Nae ille, qui nunc sceler- 
ibus suis ferox atque pragclarus est, omnibus malis ex- 
cruciatus, impietatis in parentem nostrum, fratris mei ne- 
cis, mearumque miseriarum graves poenas reddet. Jam 
jam frater animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi imma- 
turo, et unde minime decuit, vita erepta est ; tamen lae- 
tandum magis, quam dolendum puto casum tuum : non 
enim regnum, sed fugam, exsilium, egestatem et omnes 
has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul ami- 
sisti. IAt ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex pa- 
trio regno, rerum humanarum spectaculum prasbeo : in- 
certus quid agam, tuasne injurias persequar, ipse auxilii 
egens ; an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque potestas 
ex opibus alienis pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis 
honestus exitus esset, neu vivere contemptus viderer, si, 
defessus malis, injurias concessissem : nunc neque vivere 
libet, neque mori licet sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, 
per vos, per liberos atque parentes vestros, per majestatem 
populi Romani, subvenite misero mihi ; ite obviam inju- 
riae ; nolite pati regnum NumidiaB.jquod vestrum est, per 
scelus et sanguinem familias nostras tabescere." 

XV. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugur- 
thas, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis respon- 
dent : l Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab Numidis in- 
terfectum : Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, post- 
quam superatus sit, queri quod injuriam facere nequivis- 
set : Jugurtham ab senatu petere, ne alium putarent, ac 

2 



14 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



Numantise cognitus esset, neu verba inimici ante facta 
sua ponerent.' Deinde utrique curia egrediuntur. Se- 
natus statim consulitur. Fautores legatorum, prasterea 
magna pars, gratia depravati, Adherbalis dicta contem- 
11 ere, Jugurthas virtutem extollere laudibus ; gratia, voce, 
denique omnibus modis pro alieno scelere et flagitio, sua 
quasi pro gloria, nitebantur. At contra pauci, quibus 
bonum et asquum divitiis carius, 'subveniendum Adher- 
bali, et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam' cense- 
bant : sed ex omnibus maxime iEmilius Scaurus, homo 
nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus potentise, honoris, divit- 
iarum : ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is post- 
quam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, 
veritus, quod in tali re solet, ne polluta licentia invidiam 
accenderet, animum a consueta libidine continuit. 

XVI. Vicit tamen in senatu pars ilia, qui vero pretium 
aut gratiam anteferebant. Decretum fit, £ uti decern le- 
gati regnum, quod Micipsa obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham 
et Adherbalem dividerent.' Cujus legationis princeps 
fuit L. Opimius, homo clams, et turn in senatu potens ; 
quia consul, C. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, 
acerrime victoriam nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat. 
Eum Jugurtha, tametsi Romae in amicis habuerat, ta- 
men accuratissime recepit : dando et pollicitando perfe- 
cit, uti famae, fidei, postremo omnibus suis rebus commo- 
dum regis anteferret. Reliquos legatos eadem via ag- 
gressus, plerosque capit : paucis carior fides, quam pecu- 
nia fuit. In divisione, quag pars Numidiae Mauretaniam 
attingit, agro virisque opulentior, Jugurthae traditur ; 
illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quas portuosior 
et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Ad herbal possedit. 



JUGURTHA. 15 

XVII. Res postulare videtur Africae situm paucis ex- 
ponere, et eas gentes, quibuscum nobis bellum aut ami- 
citia fuit. attingere. Sed quae loca et nationes 3 ob calo- 
rem aut asperitatem, item solitudines, minus frequentata 
sunt, de iis hand facile compertum narraverim ; cetera 
quam paucissimis absolvam. 

In divisione orbis terrae plerique in partem tertiam 
Africam posuere : pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam 
esse; sed Africam in Europa. Ea fines habet ab occi- 
dente fretum nostri maris et Oceani ; ab ortu solis decli- 
vem latitudinem ; quern locum Catabathmon incolae ap- 
pellant. Mare saevum, importuosum ; ager frugum fer- 
tilis, bonus pecori, arbori infecundus; coelo terraque, pe- 
nuria aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, 
patiens laborum : plerosque senectus dissolvit, nisi qui 
ferro aut bestiis interiere ; nam morbus haud saepe quem- 
qnam superat. Ad hoc malefici generis plurima anima- 
lia. Sed qui mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique 
postea accesserint, aut quomodo inter se permixti sint ; 
quamquam ab ea fama 7 quae plerosque obtinet, diversum 
est ; tamen, uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis 
dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese ha- 
bere cultores ejus terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam. 
Ceterum fides ejus rei penes auctores erit. 

XVIII. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, as- 
peri, inculti ; quis cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pa- 
bulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque moribus, neque lege, 
neque imperio cujusquam regebantur : vagi, palantes, 
qua nox coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in 
Hispania Hercules, sicuti Afri putant, interiit, exercitus 
ejus compositus ex variis gentibus, amisso duce, ac pas- 
sim multis, sibi quisque, iinperium petentibus, brevi dilab- 



16 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

itur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus 
in Africam transvecti, proximos nostro mari locos occu- 
pavere : sed Persae intra Oceanum magis : iique alveos 
navium inversos pro tuguriis habuere, quia neque mate- 
ria in agris, neque ab Hispanis emendi, aut mutandi co- 
pia erat : mare magnum et ignara lingua commercia pro- 
hibebant. Hi paulatim per connubia Gsetulos sibi mis- 
cuere ; et quia, saepe tentantes agros, alia deinde alia 
loca petiverant, semet ipsi Numidas appellavere. Cete- 
rum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia 
illi vocant, oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi na- 
vium carinae sunt, Medis autem et Armeniis accessere 
Libyes, (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant ; Gae- 
tuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus :) hique 
mature oppida habuere ; nam, freto divisi ab Hispania, 
mutare res inter se instituerant. Nomen eorum paula- 
tim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro Medis 
appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit ; ac postea, 
nomine Numidae propter multitudinem a parentibus di- 
gressi, possidere ea loca, quae proxime Carthaginem Nu- 
midia appellatur. Dein utrique alteris freti. finitimos 
armis aut metu sub imperium coegere, nomen gloriam- 
que sibi addidere : magis hi, qui ad nostrum mare pro- 
cesserant ; quia Libyes, quam Gaetuli, minus bellicosi. 
Denique Africae pars inferior pleraque ab Numidis pos- 
sessa est ; victi omnes in gentem nomenque imperantium 
concessere. 

XIX. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minu- 
endae gratia, pars imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe aliis- 
que novarum rerum avidis, Hipponem, Hadrumetum, 
Leptim aliasque urbes in ora maritima condidere : h^que 
brevi multum auctae, pars originibus praesidio, aliae dec- 



JUGURT H A. 17 

ori fuere. Nam de Carthagine silere melius puto, quam 
parum dicere ; quoniam alio properare tempus monet. 
Igitur ad Catabathmon, qui locus iEgyptum ab Africa 
dividit, secundo man, prima Gyrene est, colonia The- 
rason, ac deinceps duae Syrtes, interque eas Leptis ; dein 
Philaenon arae, quern, iEgyptum versus, finem imperii 
habuere Carthaginienses ; post aliae Punicae urbes. Cet- 
era loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent : prox- 
ime Hispaniam Mauri sunt : super Numidiam Gaetulos 
accepimus, partim in tuguriis, alios incultius vagos agi- 
tare ; post eos iEthiopas esse ; dein loca exusta solis ar- 
doribus. Igitur belio Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis 
oppida et fines Carthaginiensium, quos novissime habu- 
erant, populus Romanus per magistrates administrabat : 
Gsetulorum magna pars, et Numidia usque ad flumen 
Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant : Mauris omnibus rex Boc- 
chus imperitabat, praeter nomen, cetera ignarus populi 
Romani ; itemque nobis neque bello, neque pace antea 
cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitudinem 
rei satis dictum. 

XX. Postquam, regno diviso, legati Africa discessere ; 
et Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adep- 
tum sese videt ; certum ratus, quod ex amicis apud Nu- 
mantiam acceperat, omnia Romas venalia esse ; simul et 
illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante mil- 
neribus expleverat, in regnum Adherbalis animum inten- 
dit. Ipse acer, bellicosus ; at is, quern petebat, quietus, 
imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuries, metuens 
magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus 
'cum magna manu invadit ; multos mortales cum pecore 
atque alia praeda capit, aedificia incendit, pleraque loca 

hostiliter cum equitatu accedit : dein cum omni multi- 

2 # 



18 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

tudine in regnum suum convertit ; existimans dolore 
permotum Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindieaturum. 
eamque rem belli causam fore. At ille, quod neque se 
parem armis existimabat, et amicitia populi Romani ma- 
gis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de 
injuriis questum misit : qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta 
retulerant, prius tamen omnia pati decrevit, quam bellum 
sumere, quia tentatum antea secus cesserat. Neque 
tamen eo magis cupido Jugurthse minuebatur ; quippe 
qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque 
non, ut antea, cum prsedatoria manu, sed magno exer- 
citu comparato bellum gerere coepit, et aperte totius Nu- 
midise imperium petere. Ceterum, qua pergebatj urbes, 
agros vastare, praedas agere ; suis animum, terrorem hos- 
tibus augere. 

XXI. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti reg- 
num aut relinquendum esset, aut armis retinendum, nee- 
essario copias parat, et Jugurthae obvius procedit. In- 
terim haud longe a mari, prope Cirtam oppidum, utrius- 
que consedit exercitus ; et quia diei extremum erat, 
proelium non inceptum. Ubi plerumque noctis proces- 
sit, obscuro etiam turn lumine, milites Jugurthini, signo 
dato, castra hostium invadunt ; semisomnos partim, alios 
arma sumentes fugant funduntque. Adherbal cum pau- 
cis equitibus Cirtam profugit ; et, ni multitudo togato- 
rum fuisset, quae Numidas insequentes moenibus prohi- 
buit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque patratum 
bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, 
vineis turribusque et machinis omnium generum expug- 
nare aggreditur ; maxime festinans tempus legatorum 
antecapere, quos, ante proelium factum, Romam ab Ad- 
herbale missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de 



JUGURTHA. 19 

bello eorum accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legan- 
tur, qui ambo reges adeant, senatus populique Romani 
verbis nuntient, { velle et censere eos ab armis discedere ; 
de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare : 
ita seque illisque dignum fore.' 

XXII. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo ma- 
gis quod Romae, dum proficisci parant, de proelio facto 
et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur : sed is rumor clemens 
erat. Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione respondit : 
' sibi neque majus quidquam, neque carius auctoritate 
senati ; ab adolescentia ita enisum, uti ab optimo quoque 
probaretur : virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, 
placuisse ; ob easdem artes ab Micipsa, non penuria libe- 
rorum, in regnum adoptatum ; ceterum quo plura bene 
atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus 
tolerare : Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum ; quod 
ubi comperisset, sceleri obviam isse : populum Romanum 
neque recte, neque pro bono facturum, si ab jure gentium 
sese prohibuerint : postremo de omnibus rebus legatos 
Romam brevi missurum.' Ita utrique digrediuntur. 
Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit. 

XXIII. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, 
neque, propter loci naturam, Cirtam armis expugnare 
potest ; vallo atque fossa moenia circumdat, turres ex- 
struit, easque prassidiis firmat : praetereadies, noctes, aut 
per vim, aut dolis tentare ; defensoribus moenium prae- 
mia modo, modo formidinem ostentare ; suos hortando 
ad virtutem erigere ; prorsus intentus cuncta parare. 
Adherbal ubi intellegit omnes suas fortunas in extremo 

* sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria 
rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse ; ex his qui 
una Cirtam profugerant, duo maxime impigros delegit ; 



20 C. CRISP I SALLUSTII 

eos, multa pollicendo, ac miserando casum suum, con- 
firmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad proximum 
mare, dein Romam pergerent. 

XXIV. Nuiiiidae paucis diebus jussa efficiunt ; litterae 
Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia hsec fait : 

"Nonmea culpa saspe ad vos oratum mitto, patres 
conscripti ; sed vis Jugurthae subigit : quern tanta libido 
exstinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos, neque deos im- 
mortales in animo habeat; sanguinem meum, quam om- 
nia, malit. Itaque quintum jam mensem, socius et ami- 
cus populi Romani, armis obsessus teneor : neque mihi 
Micipsas patris beneficia, neque vestra decreta auxilian- 
tur : ferro, an fame acrius urgear, incertus sum. Plura 
de Jugurtha scribere dehortatur fortuna mea : etiam an- 
tea expertus sum. parum fidei miseris esse : nisi tamen 
intelligo ilium supra, quam ego sum, petere ; neque 
simul amicitiam vestram, et regnum meum sperare : 
utrum gravius existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam 
initio occidit Hiempsalem, f rat rem meum; dein patrio 
regno me expulit. Quae sane fuerint nostras injuriae, 
nihil ad vos. Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet ; 
me, quern imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsi- 
det : legatorum verba quanti fecerit, pericula mea decla- 
rant. Gluid reliquum, nisi vis vestra, quo moveri possit? 
Nam ego quidem vellem, et haec, quas scribo, et ilia quae 
antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam 
miseria mea fidem verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo na- 
tus sum, ut Jugurthse scelerum ostentui essem ; non 
jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici impe- 
rium et cruciatus corporis deprecor. Regno Numidiae, 
quod vestrum est, uti libet, consulite : me ex manibus 
impiis eripite, per majestatem imperii, per amicitiag fidem ; 
si ulla apud vos memoria avi mei Masinissae. ?? 



JUGURTH A. 



21 



XXV. His litteris recitatis, fuere, qui l exercitum in 
Africam mittendum' censerent, ' et quamprimum Adher- 
bali subveniendum : de Jugurtha interim uti consulere- 
tur, quoniam non paruisset legatis.' Sed ab iisdem regis 
fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne decretum fieret. Ita 
bonum publicum, lit in plerisque negotiis solet, privata 
gratia devictum. Legantur tamen in Africam majores 
natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus : in quis M. Scaurus, de 
quo supra memoravimus, consularis, et turn in senatu 
princeps. Hi, quod in invidia res erat, simul et ab Nu- 
midis obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere : dein brevi Uti- 
cam appulsi litteras ad Jugurtham mittunt, l quam ocis- 
sime ad provinciam accedat ; seque ad eum ab senatu 
missos.' Ille ubi accepit, homines claros, quorum auctor- 
itatem Romas pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum 
venisse ; primo commotns, metu atque libidine diversus 
agitabatur. Timebat iram senati, ni paruisset legatis : 
porro animus cupidine csecus ad inceptum scelus rapie- 
bat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. 
Igitur, exercitu circumdato, summa vi Cirtam irrumpere 
nititur ; maxime sperans, diducta manu hostium, aut vi 
aut dolis sese casum victorise inventurum. duod ubi 
secus procedit, neque, quod intenderat, eflicere potest, 
uti, priiis quam legatos conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur ; 
ne, amplius morando, Scaurum, quern plurimum metue- 
bat, incenderet, cum paucis equitibus in provinciam ve- 
nit. Ac tametsi senati verbis minae graves nuntiaban- 
tur, quod oppugnatione non desisteret ; multa tamen 
oratione consumpta, legati frustra discessere. 

XXYI. Ea postquam Oirtae audita sunt, Italici, quo- 
rum virtute moenia defensabantur, confisi, deditione facta, 
propter magnitudinem populi Romani inviolatos sese fore, 



22 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 



Adherbali suadent, l uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae tra- 
dat : tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur : de ceteris senatui 
curse fore.' At ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugur- 
thae rebatur : tamen quia penes eosdem, si adversaretur, 
cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant Italici, dedit- 
ionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excrucia- 
tum necat ; dein omnes puberes Numidas et negotiatores 
promiscue, uti quisque armatis obvius, interfecit. 

XXVII. Quod postquam Romae cognitum, et res in 
senatu agitari ccepta : iidem illi ministri regis interpellan- 
do, ac saepe gratia, interdum jurgiis trahendo tempus, 
atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni C. Memmius, tribu- 
nus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae no- 
bilitatis, populum Romanum edocuisset, ' id agi, uti per 
paucos factiosos Jugurthae scelus condonaretur,' profecto 
omnis invidia, prolatandis consultationibus, dilapsa foret : 
tanta vis gratise atque pecuniae regis. Sed ubi senatus, 
delicti conscientia, populum timet; lege Sempronia pro- 
vinciae futuris consulibus, Numidia atque Italia decretae: 
consules declarantur P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpur- 
nius: Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit: deinde 
exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur : stipendi- 
um, alia, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur. 

XXVIII. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, 
quippe cui Romae omnia venum ire in animo haeserat; 
filium et cum eo duo familiares ad senatum legatos mit- 
tit: hisque, ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat, 
praecipit 'omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur.' Glui 
postquam Romam adventabant, senatus a Bestia consul- 
tus, '' placeretne legatos Jugurthae recipi moenibus : ? iique 
decrevere : 'nisi regnum, ipsumque deditum venissent, 
uti in diebus proximis decern Italia decederent/ Consul 



JUGURTHA 



23 



Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet : ita infectis 
rebus illi domum discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato 
exercitUj legat sibi homines nobiles, factiosos, quorum 
auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore sperabat : iri 
quis fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra mem- 
oravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonseque ar- 
tes animi et corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia praepe- 
diebat. Patiens laborum, acri ingenio, satis providens; 
belli baud ignarus, firmissimus contra periculaet insidias. 
Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium, atque inde Siciliam, 
porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpur- 
nius initio, paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam in- 
gressus est ; multos mor tales, et urbes aliquot pugnando 
capit. 

XXIX. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia tentare, 
bellique, quod administrabat, asperitatem ostendere coe- 
pit; animus, oeger avaritia, facile conversus est. Cete- 
rum socius et administer omnium consiliorum assumitur 
Scaurus. Q,ui tametsi a principio, plerisque ex factione 
ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat ; tamen 
magnitudine pecuniae a bono honestoque in pravum ab- 
stractus est. Sed Jugurtha primum tantummodo belli 
moram redimebat ; existimans sesealiquid interim Romee 
pretio aut gratia effecturum. Postea vero quam partici- 
pem negotii Scaurum acceperat ; in maximam spem ad- 
ductus recuperandas pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus 
pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea, fidei causa, 
mittitur a consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae 
Yaccam ; cujus rei species erat acceptio frumenti, quod 
Calpurnius palam legatis imperaverat : quoniam deditio- 
nis morainduciae agitabantur. Igitur rex, uti constitue- 
rat, in castra venit ; ac pauca, praesenti consilio, locutns 



24 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

de invidia facti sui, atque in deditionem uti acciperetur; 
reliqua cum Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit : dein pos- 
tero die, quasi per saturam exquisitis sententiis, in dedit- 
ionem accipitur. Sed, uti pro consilio imperatum erat, 
elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi, cum parvo 
argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam 
ad magistratus rogandos proficiscitur : in Nurfridia et ex- 
ercitu nostro pax agitabatur. 

XXX. Postquam res in Africa gestas, quoque modo 
actae forent, fama divulgavit ; Romae per omnes locos et 
conventus de facto consulis agitari. Apud plebem gra- 
vis invidia ; patres solliciti erant ; probarentne tantum 
flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum con- 
stabat : ac maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et 
socius Bestiae ferebatur, avero bonoque impediebat. At 
C. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentiae 
nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras 
senati, concionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari : 
monere, ne rempublicam, ne libertatem snam desere- 
rent; multa superba, crudelia facinora nobilitatis osten- 
dere : prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum ac- 
cendebat. Sed, quoniam ea tempestate Memmii facun- 
dia clara pollensque fait, decere existimavi unam ex tarn 
multis orationem perse ribere, ac potissimum, quag in 
concione post reditum Bestiae hujuscemodi verbis dis- 
seruit. 

XXXI. " Multa me dehortantur a vobis, Quirites, ni 
studium reipublic^ omnia superet : opes factionis, vestra 
patientia, jus nullum ; ac maxime, quod innocentia3 plus 
periculi, qiiam honoris est. Nam ilia quidem piget dic- 
ere, his annis quindecim quam ludibrio fueritis super- 
bise paucorum ; quam foede, quamque inulti perierint 



JUGURTHA. 25 

vestri defensores; ut vobis animus ab ignavia atque so- 
cordia corruptus sit : qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis in- 
imicis, exsurgitis, atque etiam nunc timetis, quibus decet 
terrori esse. Sed qnamquam haec talia sunt ; tamen ob- 
viam ire factionis potentiae animus subigit. Certe ego 
libertatem, quae mihi a parente tradita est, experiar : ve- 
rum id frustra, an ob rem faciam, in vestra maim situm, 
Quirites. Neque ego hortor, qnod saepe majores vestri 
fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil 
secessione opus : necesse est, suomet ipsi more praecipites 
eant. Occiso Tiberio Graccho, quern regnum parare 
aiebant, in plebem Romanam quaestiones habitae sunt. 
Post C. Gracchi et M. Fulvii caedem, item multi vestri 
ordinis in carcere necati sunt : utriusque cladis non lex, 
verum libido eorum finem fecit. Sed sane fuerit regni 
paratio, plebi sua restituere : quidquid sine sanguine civ- 
ium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum sit. Superioribus an- 
nis taciti indignabamini asrarium expilari ; reges et popu- 
los liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere ; penes eos- 
dem et summam gloriam, et maximas divitias esse : 
tamen haec talia facinora impune suscepisse parum habu- 
ere. Itaque postremo leges, majestas vestra, divina et 
humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque eos, qui 
ea fecere, pndet aut pcEnitet : sed incedunt per ora ves- 
tra magnifici ; sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos 
suos ostentantes ; perinde quasi ea honori, non praedae 
habeant. Servi aere parati imperia injusta dominorum 
non perfernnt : vos, Q^uirites, imperio nati, aequo animo 
servitutem toleratis. At qui sunt hi, qui rempublicam 
occupavere ? Homines sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, 
immani avaritia, nocentissimi, iidemque superbissimi ; 
quis fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque inho- 

3 



26 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

nesta omnia quaestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribu- 
nos plebis, alii quasstiones injustas, plerique caedem in 
vos fecisse, pro munimento habent. Ita quam quisque 
pessime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est : metum a scelere 
suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere : quos omnes eadem 
cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit : sed 
haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Q,uod 
si tarn libertatis curam haberetis, quam illi ad domina- 
tionem accensi sunt ; profecto neque respublica, sicuti 
nunc, vastaretur : et beneficia vestra penes optimos, non 
audacissimos, forent. Majores vestri, parandi juris et maj- 
estatis constituendse gratia, bis, per secessionem, armati 
Aventinum occupavere : vos pro libertate, quam ab illis 
accepistis, non summaope nitemini ? atque eo vehemen- 
tius, quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, quam om- 
nino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis : Ctuid igitur censes? 
Vindicandum in eos, qui hosti prodidere rempublicam : 
non manu, neque vi, quod magis vos fecisse, quam illis 
accidisse indignum : verum quaestionibus et indicio ipsius 
Jugurthas. Clui si dedititius est, profecto jussis vestris 
obediens erit : sin ea contemnit, scilicet aestimabitis qua- 
lis ilia pax, aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham scelerum 
impunitas, ad paucos maximae divitiae, in rempublicam 
damna, dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte nondum etiam 
vos dominationis eorum satietas tenet ; et ilia, quam haec 
tempora, magis placent, quum regna, provincias, leges, 
jura, judicia, bella, paces, postremo divina et humana 
omnia penes paucos erant : vos autem, hoc est, populus 
Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores omnium gen- 
tium, satis habebatis animam retinere : nam servitutem 
quidem quis vestrum recusare audebat ? Atque ego, ta- 
metsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune injuriam 



JUGURTHA. 27 

accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, 
quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer; nisi misericor- 
dia in perniciem casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum 
importunitatis habent, parum est impune male fecisse, 
nisi deinde faciendi licentia eripitur: et vobis a3terna 
sollicitudo remanebit, quum intelligetis aut serviendum 
esse, aut per manus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei 
quidem aut concordiae quae spes est ? Dominari illi vo- 
lunt ; vos liberi esse : faeere illi injurias ; vos prohibere : 
postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis 
utuntur. Potestne in tarn diversis mentibus pax aut 
amicitia esse ? Quare moneo hortorque, ne tantum see- 
lus impunitum omittatis. Non peculatus a3rarii factus 
est, neque per vim sociis ereptae pecuniae ; quae quam- 
quam gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo 
habentur. Hosti acerrimo prodita senati auctoritas, prod- 
itum imperium vestrum : domi militiaeque respublica 
venalis fait. Quae nisi quaesita erunt, ni vindicatum in 
noxios, quid reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedi- 
entes vivamus ? nam impune quaelibet faeere, id est re- 
gem esse. Neque ego, Q,uirites, hortor, ut malitis cives 
vestros perperam, quam recte fecisse ; sed ne, ignoscendo 
malis, bonos perditum eatis. Ad hoc, in republica multo 
praestat beneficii, quam maleficii immemorem esse : bo- 
nus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi negligas ; at malus im- 
probior. Ad hoc, si injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii 
egeas." 

XXXII. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicendo, 
Memmius populo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui turn prae- 
tor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur, eumque, interposita 
fide publica, Romam duceret ; quo facilius indicio regis, 
Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant, 



28 C.CRISPI SALLUSTII 

delicta patefierent. Dum haec Romas geruntur, qui in 
Numidia relict! a Bestia exercitui praeerant, secuti morem 
imperatoris, plurima et flagitiosissima facinora fecere. 
Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos Jugurthae traderent : 
alii perfugas vendere, et pars ex pacatis prsedas agebant : 
tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum, veluti tabes, invase- 
rat. At Cassius, perlata rogatione a C. Memmio, ac per- 
culsa omni nobilitate, ad Jugurtham proficiscitur ; eique 
timido et ex conscientia diffidenti rebus suis persuadet : 
f quoniam se populo Romano dedidisset, ne vim, quam 
misericordiam, experiri mallet.' Privatim praeterea fidem 
suam interponit, quam ille non minoris, quam publicam 
dircebat. Talis ea tempestate fama de Cassio erat. 

XXXIII. Igitur Jugurtha, contra decus regium, cultu 
quam maxime miserabili, cum Cassio Romam venit. Ac 
tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus ab om- 
nibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta gesserat, C. 
Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus 
impudentia contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. 
At 0. Memmius, advocata concione, quamquam regi 
infesta plebes erat, et pars l in vincula duci' jubebat, pars, 
( ni socios sceleris aperiret, more majorum, de hoste sup- 
plicium sumi ; 7 dignitati, quam irse, magis consulens, 
sedare motus, et animos mollire ; postremo confirmare, 
c fidem publicam per sese inviolatam fore.' Post, ubi 
silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba facit : Romae 
Numidiaeque facinora ejus memorat ; scelera in patrem 
fratresque ostendit : c quibus juvantibns quibusque mi- 
nistris ea egerit, quamquam intelligat populus Romanus, 
tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo habere : si vera ape- 
riret, in fide et dementia populi Romani magnam spem 
illi sitam : sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore, sed sese 
suasque spes corrupturum.' 






JUGURTHA. 29 

XXXIV. Dein, ubi Memmius dicendi finem fecit, et 
Jugurtha respondere jussns est, C. Baebius tribunus ple- 
bis, quern pecunia corruptum supra diximus, regem ta- 
cere jubet : ac tametsi multitudo, quae in concione aderat, 
vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore. vultu, saepe 
impetu atque aliis omnibus, quae ira fieri amat ; vicit 
tamen impudentia. Ita populus ludibrio habitus ex con- 
cione discessit : Jugurthae Bestiaeque, et ceteris quos ilia 
quaestio exagitabat, animi augescunt. 

XXXV. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, 

nomine Massiva, Gulussae filius, Masinissae nepos : qui, 

quia, in dissensione regum, Jugurthae adversus fuerat, 

dedita Cirta, et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa 

abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bes- 

tiam cum Q. Minucio Rufo consulatum gerebat, per- 

suadet, £ quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae sit, Jugurthamque 

ob scelera invidia cum metu urgeat, regnum Numidiae 

ab senatu petat.' Avidus consul belli gerendi movere, 

quam senescere omnia malebat ; ipsi provincia Numidia, 

Minucio Macedonia evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva 

agitare coepit, neque Jugurthae in amicis satis praesidii 

est, quod eorum alium conscientia, ahum mala fama et 

timor impediebat ; Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido 

sibi, imperat, 'pretio,' sicuti multa confecerat, ^insidia- 

tores Massivae paret, ac maxime occulte : sin id parum 

procedat, quo vis modo Numidam interficiat.' Bomilcar 

mature regis mandata exsequitur : et per homines talis 

negotii artifices, itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca 

atque tempora cuncta explorat : deinde, ubi res postula- 

bat, insidias tendit. Igitur unus ex eo numero, qui ad 

caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius Massivam aggred- 

itur, ilium obtruncat: sed ipse deprehensus, multishor- 

3# 



30 C. CRISPl SALLUSTII 

tantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur. 
Fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque, quam ex jure gentium 
Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Romarn fide publica venerat. 
At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris, non prius omisit 
contra verum niti, quam an i mum advertit, supra gratiam 
atque pecuniam suam, invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quam- 
quam in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades 
dederat; regno magis, quam vadibus consulens, clam in 
Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus, ne reliquos pop- 
ulares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium 
sumptum foret. Et ipse paiicis diebus profectus est, 
jussus ab senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma 
egressus est, fertur saepe eo tacitus respiciens, postremo 
dixisse : i urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emp- 
torem invenerit.' 

XXXVI. Interim Albinus, renovato bello, commea- 
turn, stipendium, alia, quae militibus usui forent, maturat 
in Africam portare ; ac statim ipse profectus, uti ante 
comitia, quod tempus hand longe aberat, armis aut de- 
ditione, autquo vis modo bellum conficeret. At contra 
Jugurtha trahere omnia, et alias, deinde alias moras cau- 
sas facere : polliceri deditionem, ac deinde metum simu- 
lare : instanti cedere, et paulo post, ne sui diffiderent, 
instare : ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem ludi- 
ficare. Ac fuere, qui turn Albinum haud ignarum con- 
silii regis existimarent ; neque ex tanta properantia tarn 
facile tractum bellum socordia magis, quam dolo crede- 
rent. Sed postquam, dilapso tempore, comitiorum dies 
adventabat ; Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore 
relicto, Romam decessit. 

XXXVII. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribu- 
niciis atrociter respubiica agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. 



JUGURTHA. 31 

Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus collegis, continuare 
magistratum nitebantur : quae dissensio totius anni comit- 
ia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductas Aulus, quem 
pro praetore in castris relic turn supra diximus, aut con- 
ficiendi belli, aut terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capi- 
endo, milites mense Januario ex hibernis in expeditio- 
nem evocat ; magnis itineribus, hieme aspera, pervenit 
ad 'oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. duod 
quamquam et saevitia temporis, et opportunitate loci, 
neque capi, neque obsideri poterat ; nam circum murum, 
situm in praerupti montis extremo, planities limosa hie- 
malibus aquis paludem fecerat ; tamen, aut simulandi 
gratia, quo regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus 
ob thesauros oppidi potiendi, vineas agere, aggerem jace- 
re, alia, quae incepto usui forent, properare. 

XXXVIII. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque im- 
peritia legati, subdolus augere amentiam ; missitare sup- 
plieantes legatos; ipse, quasi vitabundus, per saltuosa 
loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum 
spe pactionis perpulit, uti, relicto Suthule, in abditas re- 
giones sese, veluti cedentem, insequeretur : ita delicta 
occultiora fore. Interea per homines callidos die noc- 
tuque exercitum tentabat; centuriones ducesque turma- 
rurn, partim uti transfugerent, corrumpere ; alii, signo 
dato, locum uti desererent. Gluae postquam ex senten- 
tia instruxit ; intempesta node, de improviso multitu- 
dine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Ro- 
mani, tumultu perculsi insolito, arma capere alii, alii se 
abdere, pars territos confirmare ; trepidare omnibus locis : 
vis magna hostium, caelum nocte atque nubibus obscu- 
ratum, periculum anceps : postremo fugere, an manere, 
tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos 



32 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum, cum 
duabns turmis Thracum, et paucis gregariis militibus, 
transiere ad regem : et centurio primi pili teniae legionis 
per munitionem, quam, uti defenderet, acceperat, locum 
hostibus introeundi dedit : eaque Numidae cuncti irru- 
pere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proxi- 
mum colletn occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum 
hostes, quo minus victoria uterentur, remorata sunt. 
Dein Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in colloquio verba 
facit : l tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame, ferro clausum 
tenet ; tamen se humanarum rerum memorem, si secum 
foedus faceret, incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum : 
praeterea, uti diebus decern Numidia decederet.' Quae 
quam quam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen, quia 
mortis metu mutabantur, sicuti regi libuerat, pax con- 
venit. 

XXXIX. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus at- 
que moeror civitatem invasere : pars dolere pro gloria 
imperii; pars insolita rerum bellicarum timere libertati : 
Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello saepe praeclari 
fuerant ; quod armatus, dedecore potius, quam manu, 
salutem quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto 
fratris invidiam, ac deinde periculum timens, senatum 
de foedere consulebat : et tamen interim exercitui sup- 
plementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino auxilia 
arcessere, denique modis omnibus festinare. Senatus 
ita, uti par fuerat, decernit, 'suo atque populi injussu 
nullum potuisse foedus fieri.' Consul impeditus a tribu- 
nis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret, 
paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur : nam omnis ex- 
ercitus, uti convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia 
hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, quamquam persequi Ju- 



JUG URT H A. 



33 



gurtham et mederi fraternae invidiae animus ardebat, 
cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, 
licentia atque lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum statuit 
nihil sibi agitandum. 

XL. Interea Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus 
plebis rogationem ad populum promulgat, c Uti quaerere- 
tur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha senati decreta neg- 
lexisset ; quique ab eo in legationibus, aut imperiis 
pecunias accepissent ; qui elephantos, quique perfugas 
tradidissent ; item, qui de pace, aut bello cum hostibus 
pactiones fecissent.' Huic rogationi, partim conscii sibi, 
alii ex partium invidia pericula metuentes, quoniam 
aperte resistere non poterant, quin ilia et alia talia pla- 
cere sibi faterentur, occulte per amicos, ac maxime per 
homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos, impedimenta 
parabant. Sed plebes, incredibile memoratu est, quam 
intenta fuerit, quantaque vi rogationem jusserit, magis 
odio nobilitatis, cui mala ilia parabantur, quam cura rei- 
publicae : tanta libido in partibus. Igitur ceteris metu 
perculsis, M. Scaurus, quern legatum Bestiae supra do- 
cuimus, inter laetitiam plebis, et suorum fugam, trepida 
etiam turn civitate, quum ex Mamilia rogatione tres 
quaesitores rogarentur, effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero 
crearetur. Sed quaestio exercita aspere violenterque, ex 
rumore et libidine plebis. Ut saepe nobilitatem, sic ea 
tempestate plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat. 

XLI. Ceterimi mos partium popularium et senati fac- 
tionum, ac deinde omnium rnalarum artium, paucis ante 
annis Romae ortus, otio et abundantia earum rerum, 
quae prima mortales ducunt. Nam ante Carthaginem 
deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque 
inter se rempublicam tractabant : neque gloriae, neque 



34 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



dominationis certamen inter cives erat : metus hostilis 
in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. Sed ubi ilia for- 
mido mentibus decessit ; scilicet ea, quae secundae res 
amant, lascivia atqtie superbia incessere. Ita, quod in 
adversis rebus optaverant, otium, postquam adepti sunt, 
asperius acerbiusque fuit. Namque coepere nobilitas 
dignitatem, popnlus libertatem in libidineni vertere : 
sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas 
partes abstracta sunt : respublica, quae media fuerat, 
dilacerata. Ceterum nobilitas factione magis pollebat : 
plebis vis, soluta atque dispersa in multitudine minus 
poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur; 
penes eosdem serarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae 
triumphique erant ; populus militia atque inopia urgeba- 
tur. Praedas bellicas imperatores cum paucis diripiebant : 
interea parentes, aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque po- 
tentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur. Ita cum po- 
tential avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere 
et vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad 
semet ipsa praecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate 
reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam injustae potentiae antepo- 
nerent ; moveri civitas, et dissensio civilis, quasi permix- 
tio terrae. oriri coepit. 

XLII. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, quorum 
majores Punico atque aliis bell is multum reipublicae ad- 
diderant, vindicare plebem in libertatem, et paucorum 
scelera patefacere coepere ; nobilitas noxia, atque eo per- 
culsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum. interdum per 
equites Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, 
Gracchorum actionibus obviam ierat : et primo Tiberi- 
um, dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Caium, 
tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis deducen- 



JUGURTHA. 35 

dis, cum M. Fnlvio Flacco ferro necaverant. Et sane 
Gracehis, cupidine victoriae, hand satis moderatus animus 
fuit : sed bono vinci satins est, quam malo more injuriarn 
vincere. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex libidine sua usa, 
multos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit ; plusque in rel- 
iquum sibi timoris, quam potentiae, addidit. Quae res 
plerumque magnas civitates pessum dedit ; dum alteri 
alteros vincere quo vis modo, et victos acerbius ulcisci 
volunt. Sed de studiis partium et omnibus civitatis 
moribus si singuiatim, aut pro magnitudine parem dis- 
serere ; tempus, quam res, maturius deserat : quarnobrem 
ad inceptum redeo. 

XLIII. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam 
fugam, Q,. Metellus et M. Silanus consules designati pro- 
vincias inter se partiverant ; Metelloque Numidia evene- 
rat, acri viro, et quamquam adverso populi partium, fama 
tamen aequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum magistratum 
ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bel- 
lum, quod gesturus erat, animum intendit. Igitur diffi- 
dens veteri exercitui, milites scribere, prassidia undique 
arcessere : arma, tela, equos, cetera instrumenta militiae 
parare : ad hoc commeatum affatim : denique omnia, 
quae bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui esse so- 
lent. Ceterum ad ea patranda. senati auctoritate socii 
nomenque Latinum, reges ultro auxilia mittere ; postre- 
mo omnis civitas snmrao studio adnitebatur. Itaque, 
ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis compositisque, in 
Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium, quum prop- 
ter bonas artes, turn maxime, quod adversum divitias 
animum invictum gerebat ; et avaritia magistratuum ante 
id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes contusae, hostiumqne 
auctae erant. 






36 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 



XLIY. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei tradi- 
tura Sp. Albino proconsule iners, imbellis, neque periculi 
neqne laboris patiens, lingua, quam manu, promptior, 
praedator ex sociis, et ipse praeda hostium, sine imperio 
et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis 
moribus sollicitudinis, quam ex copia militum auxilii, 
aut bonae spei accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quam- 
quam et aestivorum tempus comitiorum mora imminue- 
rat, et exspectatione eventus civium animos intentos 
putabat, non prius bellum attingere, quam, majorum dis- 
cipline, milites laborare coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli 
fratris exercitusque clade perculsus, postquam decreverat 
non egredi provincia, quantum temporis aestivorum in 
imperio fuit, plerumque milites stativis castris habebat ; 
nisi quum odos. aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subeg- 
erat. Sed neque muniebantur, neque more militari 
vigiliae deducebantur : uti cuique libebat, ab signis abe- 
rat. Lixs permixti cum militibus die noctuque vaga- 
bantur : et pal antes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pec- 
oris et mancipiorum praadas certantes agere, eaque mutare 
cum mercatoribus vino advectitio, et aliis talibus; prae- 
terea frumentum publice datum vendere ; pan em in dies 
mercari : postremo, quaecumque dici aut fingi queunt 
ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, in illo exercitu cuncta fuere, 
et alia amplius. 

XLV. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus, 
quam in rebus hostilibus, magnum et sapient-em virum 
fuisse comperior: tanta temperantia inter ambitionem 
S33vitiamque moderatum. Namque edicto primum ad- 
jumenta ignaviae sustulisse ; c ne quisquam in castris 
panem, aut quern alium coctum cibum venderet ; ne 
lixae exercitum sequerentur; ne miles gregarius in cas- 



JUGURTHA. 37 

triSj neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet :' cet- 
eris arte modum statuisse. Prseterea transversis itineri- 
bus quctidie castra movere, juxta ac si hostes adessent, 
vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras ponere, et ipse 
cum legatis circumire : item in agmine, in primis modo, 
modo in postremis, saspe in medio adesse ; ne quispiam 
ordine egrederetur, uti cum signis frequentes incederent, 
miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita prohibendo a delictis, 
magis quam vindicando, exercitum brevi confirmavit. 

XLVI. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quae Metellus agebat, 
ex nuntiis accepit, simul de innocentia ejus certior Ro- 
mae factus, diffidere suis rebus; ac turn demum veram 
deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legates ad consu- 
lem cum suppliciis mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque 
vitam peterent, alia omnia dederent populo Romano. 
Sed Metello jam antea experimentis cognitum erat ge- 
nus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum 
avidum. Itaque legatos, alium ab alio diversos, aggredi- 
tur ; ac paulatim tentando, postquam opportunos cogno- 
vit, multa pollicendo persuadet, { uti Jugurtham maxime 
vivum, sin id parum procedat, necatum sibi traderent :' 
ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent, regi nuntiare 
jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus, intento atque infesto 
exercitu, in Numidiam procedit : ubi, contra belli faciem, 
tuguria plena hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant ; 
ex oppidis et mapalibus praefecti regis obvii procedebant, 
parati frumentum dare, commeatum portare, postremo 
omnia, quaa imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus idcir- 
co minus, sed pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito ag- 
mine incedere, late explorare omnia, ilia deditionis signa 
ostentui credere, et insidiis locum tentare. Itaque ipse 
cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et sagittario- 

4 



38 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 



rum delecta manu apud primos erat ; in postremo C. Ma- 
rios legatus cum equitibus curabat : in utrumque latus 
auxiliarios equites tribunis legionum et praefectis cohor- 
tium dispertiverat, uti cum his permixti velites, quocum- 
que accederent, equitatus hostium propulsarent. Nam 
in Jugurtha tantus dolus, tantaque peritia locorum et 
militias erat, uti, absens an praesens, pacem an bellum ge- 
rens perniciosior esset, in incerto haberetur. 

XLVII. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus 
pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vacca, forum 
rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum ; ubi 
et incolere, et mercari consueverant Italic! generis multi 
mortales. Hue consul, simul tentandi gratia, et si pate- 
rentur opportunitates loci, praesidium imposuit ; praeterea 
imperavit, frumentum, et alia, quse bello usui forent, 
comportare ; ratus id, quod res monebat, frequentiam 
negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum, et 
jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter hasc negotia 
Jugurtha impensius modo legatos supplices mittere, pa- 
cem orare ; praster suam liberorumque vitam, omnia Me- 
tello dedere. duos item, uti priores, consul illectos ad 
proditionem domum dimittebat : regi pacem, quam pos- 
tulabat, neque abnuere, neque polliceri ; et inter eas 
moras promissa legatorum exspectare. 

XLVIII. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis com- 
posuit, ac se suis artibus tentari animadvertit ; quippe 
cui verbis pax nuntiabatur ; ceterum re bellum asperri- 
mum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, 
animi popularium tentati ; coactus rerum necessitudine, 
statuit armis certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, 
in spem victoriae adductus ex opportunitate loci, quam 
maximas copias potest omnium generum parat, ac per 



JUGURTHA. 39 

tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit. Erat in 
ea parte Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possede- 
rat, flumen oriens a meridie, nomine Muthul ; a quo ab- 
erat mons ferine millia passuum viginti, tractu pari, vas- 
tus ab natura et humano cultu: sed ex eo medio quasi 
collis oriebatur, in immensum pertinens, vestitus oleastro 
ac myrtetis, aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido 
atque arenoso gignuntur. Media autem planities deserta 
penuria aquae, praeter flumini propinqua ioca: ea consita 
arbustis pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur. 

XLIX. Igitur in eo colle, quern transverso itinere 
porrectum docuimus, Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie, 
consedit : elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium Bo- 
milcarem praefecit ; eumque edocet, quae ageret ; ipse pro- 
pior montem cum omni equitatu pedites delectos collo- 
cat : dein singulas turmas atque manipulos circumiens 
monet atque obtestatur, ' uti memores pristinae virtutis 
et victoriae seque regnumque suum ab Romanorum ava- 
ritia defendant : cum his certamen fore, quos antea vic- 
tos sub jugum miserint : ducem illis, non animum muta* 
turn ; quae ab imperatore decuerint, omnia suis provisa ; 
locum superiorem, uti prudentes cum imperitis, ne pau- 
ciores cum pluribus, aut rudes cum bello melioribus ma- 
nupn consererent. Proinde parati intentique essent, signo 
dato, Romanos invadere : ilium diem aut omnes labores 
et victorias confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum 
initium fore.' Ad hoc viritim, uti quemque, ob militare 
facinus, pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere 
beneficii sui, et eum ipsum aliis ostentare : postremo, 
pro cujusque ingenio, pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, 
alium alio modo excitare : quum interim Metellus, igna- 
rus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu, conspica- 



40 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



tur. Primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet, 
(nam inter virgulta equi Numidseque consederant, neque 
plane occultati humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti, 
quidnam esset ; quum natura loci, turn dolo, ipsi atque 
signa militaria obscurati) ; dein, brevi eognitis insidiiSj 
paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus, 
in dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus 
subsidiis aciem instruxit : inter manipulos funditores et 
sagittarios dispertit : equitatum omnem in cornibus lo- 
cat : ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus, aciem, sicuti 
instruxerat, transversis principiis, in planum deducit. 

L. Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque colle degredi ani- 
madvertit ; veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne 
siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum expe- 
ditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flumen, uti 
locum castris antecaperet : existimans hostes crebro im- 
petu et transversis proeliis iter suum remoraturos, et quo- 
niam armis difliderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum 
tentaturos. Dein ipse pro re atque loco, sicuti monte 
descenderat, paulatim procedere : Marium post principia 
habere : ipse cum sinistra alae equitibus esse, qui in ag- 
mine principes facti erant. At Jugurtha, ubi extremum 
agmen Metelli primos suos prastergressum videt, prsesidio 
quasi duum millium peditum montem occupat, qua Me- 
tellus descenderat : ne forte cedentibus adversariis recep- 
tui, ac post munimento foret. Dein, repente signo dato, 
hostes invadit. Numidoe, alii postremos caedere ; pars a 
sinistra ac dextera tentare ; infensi adesse atque instare ; 
omnibus locis Romanorum ordines conturbare. Quorum 
etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus fuerant, ludi- 
ficati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur ; 
neque contra feriendi, aut manum conserendi copia erat. 



JUGURT HA. 41 

Antea jam docti ab Jugurtha equites, ubicumque Ro- 
manorum turba insequi coeperat, non confertim, neque 
in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime 
diversi. Ita numero priores, si a persequendo hostes de- 
terrere nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo, aut lateribus cir- 
eumveniebant : sin opportunior fugae collis, quam campi 
fuerant ; ea vero consueti Numidarum equi facile inter 
virgulta evadere ; nostros asperitas et insolentia loci reti- 
nebat. 

LI. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda 
atque miserabilis : dispersi a suis, pars cedere, alii inse- 
qui ; neque signa, neque ordines observare ; ubi quem- 
que periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac propulsare : arma, 
tela, equi, viri, hostes, cives permixti ; nihil consilio ne- 
que imperio agi ; fors omnia regere. Itaque multum 
diei processerat, quum etiam turn eventus in incerto 
erat. Denique omnibus labore et sestu languidis, Metei- 
lus, ubi videt Numidas minus instare, paulatim milites 
in unum conducit, ordines restituit, et cohortes legiona- 
rias quatuor adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum 
magna pars superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simui 
orare, hortari milites, 'ne deficerent, neu paterentur hos- 
tes fugientes vincere : neque illis castra esse, neque mu- 
nimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent : in armis om- 
nia sita.' Sed ne Jugurtha quidem interea quietus ; cir- 
cumire, hortari, renovare proelium, et ipse cum delectis 
tentare omnia : subvenire suis, hostibus dubiis instare ; 
quos firmos cognoverat, eminus pugnando retinere. 

LII. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri, 
certabant : ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus : nam 
Metello virtus militum erat, locus adversus : Jugurthse 

alia omnia, praeter milites. opportuna. Denique Ro- 

4# 



42 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

mani, ubi intelligunt, neque sibi perfugium esse, neque 
ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, et jam die vesper erat ; 
adverso colle, sicuti praeeeptum fuerat, evadunt. Amisso 
loco, Numidae fusi fugatique : pauci interiere ; plerosque 
velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt. Interea 
Bomilcar, quern elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium 
praefectum ab Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi eum Rutilius 
praetergressus est, paulatim suos in aequum locum dedu- 
cit : ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus erat, fes- 
tinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat ; 
neque remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret, explorare. 
Postquam Rutilium consedisse jam, et animo vacuum 
accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri ; 
veritus, ne legatus, cognita re, laborantibus suis auxilio 
foret, aciem, quam, diffidens virtuti militum, arte statue- 
rat, quo hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigit ; eoque 
modo ad Rutilii castra procedit. 

LIII. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam an- 
imadvertunt ; nam prospectum ager arbustis consitus 
prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento agita- 
ri ; post, ubi aequabilem manere, et, sicuti acies move- 
batur, magis magisque appropinquare vident ; cognita 
re, properantes arma capiunt, ac pro castris, sicuti im- 
perabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum, 
utrimque magno clamore concurritur. Numidae tantum- 
modoremorati, dum in elephantis auxilium putant; post- 
quam impeditos ramis arborum, atque ita disjectos cir- 
cumveniri vident, fugam faciunt : ac plerique, abjectis 
armis, collis, aut noctis quae jam aderat, auxilio integri 
abeunt. Elephanti quatuor capti ; reliqui omnes, nu- 
mero quadraginta, interfecti. At Romani, quamquam 
itinere atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi laetique 



JUGURTHA. 43 

erant ; tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione moraba- 
tur, instructi intentique obviam procedunt : nam dolus 
Numidarum nihil languidi, neque remissi patiebatur. 
Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam haud procul inter se 
erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventare, alteri apud alteros 
formidinem simul et tumultum facere : et pene impru- 
dentia admissum facinus miserabile, ni utrimque prae- 
missi equites rem exploravissent. Igitur, pro metu, re- 
pen te gaudium exortum ; milites alius alium laeti appel- 
lant, acta edocent atque audiunt; sua quisque fortia 
facta ad coelum ferre. Quippe res humanae ita sese ha- 
bent : in victoria vel ignavis gloriari licet ; adversse res 
etiam bonos detrectant. 

LIV. Metellus, in iisdem castris quatriduo moratus, 
saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in prceliis more militiae 
donat, universos in concione laudat, atque agit gratias : 
hortatur, f ad cetera, quae levia sunt, parem animum 
gerant : pro victoria satis jam pugnatum ; reliquos labo- 
res pro praeda fore.' Tamen interim transfugas et alios 
opportunos, Jugurtha ubi gentium aut quid agitaret, cum 
paucisne esset, an exercitum haberet, uti sese victus 
gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca saltuosa 
et natura munita receperat : ibique cogebat exercitum 
numero hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, 
agri ac pecoris magis quam belli, cultorem. Id ea gra- 
tia eveniebat, quod praeter regios equites nemo omnium 
Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur ; quo cujusque an- 
imus fert, eo discedunt : neque id flagitium militiae du- 
citur ; ita se mores habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt 
regis etiam turn animum ferocem ; bellum renovari, 
quod, nisi ex illius libidine, geri non posset ; prseterea 
iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus ; minore detrimento 



44 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

illos vinci, quam suos vincere : statuit non proeliis, neque 
acie, sed alio more bellum gerendum. Itaque in Nu- 
midiss loca opulentissima pergit, agros vastat, multa cas- 
tella et oppida, temere munita aut sine praesidio, capit 
incenditque ; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum 
praedam esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis 
dediti obsides ; frumentum, et alia, quae usui forent, af- 
fatim praebita: ubicumque res postulabat, praesidium im- 
positum. Quae negotia multo magis, quam prcelium 
male pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant: qnippe cui 
spes omnis in fuga sita, sequi cogebatur; et qui sua loca 
defendere nequiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. Tamen 
ex copia, quod optimum videbatur, consilium capit : ex- 
ercitum plerumque in iisdem locis operiri jubet : ipse 
cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et 
aviis itineribus ignoratus Romanos palantes repente ag- 
greditur. Eorum plerique inermes cadunt, multi capi- 
nntur; nemo omnium intactus profugit: et Numidas, 
priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in 
proximos colles discedunt. 

LV. Interim Romas gaudium ingens ortum, cognitis 
Metelli rebus; ut seque et exercitum more majorum 
gereret ; in adverso loco, victor tamen virtute fuisset ; 
hostium agro potiretur ; Jugurtham, magnificum ex Auli 
socordia, spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset 
habere. Itaque senatus ob ea feliciter acta dis immor- 
talibus supplicia decernere ; civitas, trepida antea et sol- 
licita de belli eventu, laeta agere : fama de Metello prae- 
clara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus 
modis festinare ; cavere tamen, necubi hosti opponunus 
fieret ; meminisse, post gloriam invidiam sequi : ita quo 
clarior erat, eo magis anxius. Neque, post insidias Ju- 






JUGURTHA. 45 

gurthse, effuso exercitu praedari : ubi frumento, aut pab- 
ulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu prassidium 
agitabant : exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius duce- 
bat: sed igni magis, quam prasda, ager vastabatur. Du- 
obus locis, baud longe inter se, castra faciebant : ubi vi 
opus erat, cuncti aderant ; ceterum, quo fuga atque for- 
mido latiiis cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Ju- 
gurtha per colles sequi : tempus, aut locum pugnae quaer- 
ere ; qua venturum hostem audierat, pabulum et aqua- 
rum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere : modo se 
Metello, interdum Mario ostendere : postremos in agmine 
tentare, ac statim in colles regredi ; rursus aliis, post aliis 
minitari ; neque proelium facere, neque otium pati ; tan- 
tummodo hostem ab incepto retinere. 

LVI. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt, 
neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri ; urbem magnam, 
et in ea parte, qua sita erat, arcem regni, nomine Za- 
mam, statuit oppugnare ; ratus id, quod negotium posce- 
bat, Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum, ibique 
proelium fore. At ille, quae parabantur, a perfugis edoc- 
tus, magnis itineribus Metellum antevenit : oppidanos 
hortatur l moenia defendant ;' additis auxilio perfugis, 
quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibant, fir- 
missimum : praeterea pollicetur, fe in tempore semet cum 
exercitu afFore.' Ita compositis rebus, in loca quam 
maxime occulta discedit, ac post paulo cognoscit, Mari- 
um ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Sic- 
cam missum : quod oppidum primum omnium post ma- 
lam pugnam ab rege defecerat. E6 cum delectis equiti- 
bus noctu pergit, et jam egredientibus Romanis, in porta 
pugnam facit: simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur, 
' uti cohortes ab tergo circumveniant : fortunam praeclari 



46 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

facinoris casum dare. Si id fecerint, postea sese in reg- 
no, illos in libertate sine metu setatem acturos.' Ac ni 
Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppidum properavis- 
set, profecto cuncti, aut magna pars Siccensium fidem 
mutavissent: tanta mobilitate sese Numidse agant. Sed 
milites Jugurthini paulisper ab rege sustentati, postquam 
majore vi hostes urgent, paucis amissis, profugi disce- 
dunt. 

LVII. Marius ad Zamam pervenit. Id oppidum, in 
campo situm, magis opere quam natura munitum erat, 
nullius idoneae rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. Igi- 
tur Metellus, pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus, cuncta 
mcenia exereitu circumvenit ; legatis imperat, ubi quis- 
que curaret ; deinde, signo dato, undique simul clamor 
ingens oritur. Neque ea res Numidas terret; infensi 
intentique sine tumultu manent. Proelium incipitur. 
Romani, pro ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande, aut 
lapidibus pugnare ; alii succedere, ac murum modo suf- 
fodere, modo scalis aggredi ; cupere proelium in manibus 
facere. Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere ; 
sudes, pila, praeterea picem sulphure et taeda mixtam, 
ardentia mittere. Sed nee illos, qui procul manserant, 
timor animi satis muniverat : nam plerosque jacula, tor- 
mentis aut manu emissa, vulnerabant : parique periculo, 
sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi erant. 

LVIII. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex 
improviso castra hostium cum magna manu invadit : 
remissis, qui in prsesidio erant, et omnia magis quam 
proelium exspectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, 
repentino metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus con- 
sulunt: alii fugere, alii arma capere : magna pars vul- 
nerati, aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non 



JUGURTHA. 47 

amplius quadraginta, memores nominis Romani, grege 
facto, locum cepere, paulo quam alii editiorem : neque 
inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt ; sed tela emirms missa 
remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrati : sin Numidas 
propiiis accessissent, ibi vero virtutem ostendere, et eos 
maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Me- 
tellus quum acerrime rem gereret, clamorem hostilem ab 
tergo accepit : dein, converso equo, animadvertit, fugam 
ad se versum fieri ; quae res indicabat populares esse. 
Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac 
statim C. Marium cum cohortibus sociorum ; eumque lac- 
rymans per amicitiam perque rempublicam obsecrat, 'ne 
quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore, neve 
hostes inultos abire sinat.' Ule brevi mandata efficit. 
At Jugurtha munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii 
super vallum praecipitarentur, alii in angustiis ipsi sibi 
properantes officerent, multis amissis, in loca munita 
sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox 
aderat, in castra cum exercitu revertitur. 

LIX. Igitur posterodie, prius quam ad oppugnandum 
egrederetur, equitatum omnem in ea parte, qua regis ad- 
ventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet ; portas et proxima 
loca tribunis dispertit ; deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum, 
atque, ill superiore die, murum aggreditur. Interim Ju- 
gurtha ex occulto repente nostros invadit. Qui in prox- 
imo locati fuerant, paulisper territi perturbantur ; reliqui 
cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere qui- 
vissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam 
cladem in congressu facerent. Quibus illi freti, non, ut 
equestri proelio solet, sequi, dein cedere ; sed adversis 
equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare aciem : ita ex- 
peditis peditibus suis, hostes pene victos dare. 



48 C.CRISPI SiLLDSTII 

LX. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certaba- 
tur: ubi quisqne legatus, aut tribunus curabat, eo acer- 
rime niti ; neque alius in alio magis, quam in sese spem 
habere : pariter oppidani agere. Oppngnare, aut parare 
omnibus locis : avidiiis alteri alteros sauciare, quam semet 
tegere : clamor permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu ; 
item strepitus armorurn, ad coelum ferri : tela utrimque 
volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes 
paululum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium 
equestre prospectabant. Eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res 
erantj laetos modo, modo pavidos animadverteres : ac 
sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent, monere alii, alii 
hortari, aut manu significare, aut niti corporibus ; et hue 
illuc, quasi vitabundi, aut jacientes tela, agitare. Cluod 
ubi Mario cognitum est, (nam is in ea parte curabat); 
consulto lenius agere, ac diffidentiam rei simulare : pati 
Numidas sine tumultu regis proelium visere. Ita, illis 
studio suorum adstrictis, repente magna vi murum ag- 
greditur ; et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa cep- 
erant, quum oppidani concurrunt ; lapides, ignem, alia 
prseterea tela ingerunt. Nostri primo resistere ; deinde, 
ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutas, qui superstete- 
rant, afflicti sunt ; ceteri quoquomodo potuere, pauci 
integri, magna pars confecti vuineribus, abeunt : deni- 
que utrimque proelium nox diremit. 

LXI. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum, ne- 
que oppidum capi, neque Jngurtham, nisi ex insidiis, aut 
suo loco pugnam facere, et jam sestatem exactam esse, 
ab Zama discedit : et in his urbibus, quae ad se defece- 
rant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, prassidia 
imponit : ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima 
est Numidiae, hiemandi gratia collocat. Neque id tern- 



JUGURTHA. 49 

pus, ex aliorum more, quieti aut luxuriae concedit ; sed, 
quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi 
per amicos tendere, et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. 
Igitur Bomilcarem, qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat, et 
inde, vadibus datis, clam Massivae de nece judicium fu- 
gerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia 
fallendi erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur ; ac pri- 
mo efficit, uti ad se colloquendi gratia occultus veniat : 
dein fide data, ' si Jugurtham vivum aut necatum tradi- 
disset, fore, ut ill i senatus impunitatem et sua omnia 
concederet,' facile Numidae persuadet, quum ingenio in- 
fido, turn metuenti. ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse 
per conditiones ad supplicium traderetur. 

LXII. Is, ubi primum opportunum, Jugurtham anx- 
ium ac miserantem fortunas suas accedit ; monet atque 
lacrymans obtestatur, 'uti aliquando sibi liberisque et 
genti Numidarum, optime merenti, provideat : omnibus 
proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales 
captos aut occisos, regni opes comminutas esse : satis 
saspe jam et virtutem militum, et fortunam tentatam : 
caveret, ne, illo cunctante, Numidas sibi consulant.' His 
atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit. 
Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, ' Jugurtham imperata 
facturum, ac sine ulla pactione sese regnnmque suum in 
illius fidem tradere.' Metellus propere cunctos senatorii 
ordinis ex hibernis arcessiri jubet f eorum atque aliorum, 
quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more majo- 
rum, ex consilii decreto, per legatos Jugurthae imperat 
argenti pondo ducenta millia, elephantos omnes, equo- 
rum et armorum aliquantum. Q,use postquam sine mora 
facta sunt, jubet { omnes perfugas vinctos adduci.' Eo- 
rum magna pars, ut jussum erat, adducti : pauci, quum 

5 



50 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 



primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Maureta- 
niam abierant. Igitur Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pe- 
cunia spoliatus, quum ipse ad imperandum Tisidium voc- 
aretur, rursus coepit flectere animum suum, et ex mala 
conscientia digna timere. Denique multis diebus per 
dubitationem consumptis, quum modo, tsedio rerum ad- 
versarum, omnia bello potiora duceret, interdum secum 
ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in servitium ex regno 
foret ; multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam perditis 5 
de integro bellum sumit. Romas senatus de provinciis 
consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat. 

LXIIT. Per idem tempus Uticse forte C. Mario per 
hostias dis supplicanti, i magna atque mirabilia portendi* 
haruspex dixerat : ' proinde, quae animo agitabat, fretus 
disageret : fortunam quam saepissime experiretur ; cuncta 
prospera eventura.' At ilium jam antea consulatus in- 
gens cupido exagitabat. Ad quern capiendum, prseter 
vetustatem familise, alia omnia abunde erant : industria, 
probitas, militise magna scientia 3 animus belli ingens, 
domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, tantummo- 
do gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam 
Arpini altus, ubi primum aetas militise patiens fuit, sti- 
pendiis faciendis, non Gragca facundia, neque urbanis 
munditiis sese exercuit : ita inter artes bonas integrum 
ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum 
militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignoranti- 
bus, facile notus per omnes tribus declaratur, Deinde 
ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit : semper- 
que in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, uti ampliore, quam 
gerebat, dignus haberetur. Tamen is ad id locorum 
talis vir, (nam postea ambitione prasceps datus est,) con- 
sulatum petere non audebat. Etiam turn alios magis- 



JUGURTHA. 51 

tratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se per manus 
tradebat : novas nemo tarn clams, neque tarn egregiis 
factis erat, quin his indignus illo honore, et quasi pol- 
lutus haberetur. 

LXIV. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem in- 
tendere videt, quocupido animi hortabatur; ab Metello, 
petendi gratia, missionem rogat. Cui quamquam virtus, 
gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant ; tamen ine- 
rat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis 
malum. Itaque prituum commotus insolita re, mirari 
ejus consilium, et quasi per amicitiam monere, ' ne tarn 
prava inciperet, neu super fortunam animum gereret : 
non omnia omnibus cupienda esse ; debere illi res suas 
satis placere : postremo caveret id petere a populo Ro- 
mano, quod illi jure negaretur.' Postquam hsec atque 
talia dixit, neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, 'ubi 
primum potuisset per negotia publica, facturum sese, 
quae peteret ;' ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur 
dixisse, l ne festinaret abire ; satis mature ilium cum filio 
suo consulatum petiturum.' Is eo tempore contubernio 
patris ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti. 
Quae res Marium quum pro honore, quern affectabat, 
turn contra Metellum vehementer accenderat. Ita cu- 
pidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, grassari : neque 
facto ullo, neque dicto abstinere, quod modo ambitiosum 
foret : milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore impe- 
rio, quam antea, habere: apud negotiatores, quorum 
magna multitudo Uticae erat, criminose simul, et mag- 
nified de bello loqui : ' dimidia pars exercitus sibi per- 
mitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis habitu- 
rum : ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis, 
et regiae superbiae, imperio nimis gauderet.' Quae om- 



52 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

nia illis eo firmiora videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli 
res familiares corruperant ; et animo cupienti nihil satis 
festinatur. 

LXV. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida qui- 

dam, nomine Gauda, Manastabalis filius, Masinissae ne- 

pos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum heredem scrip- 

serat, morbis confectus, et ob earn causam mente paulum 

imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti, ' more regum uti sel- 

lam juxta poneret,' item postea, 'custodiae causa, turmam 

equitum Romanorum,' utrumque negaverat : honorem, 

quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges 

appellavisset ; prEesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos 

foret, si equites Romani satellites Numidae traderentur. 

Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur, atque hortatur, uti con- 

tumeliarum imperatoris cum suo auxilio poenas petat. 

Hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda ora- 

tione extollit : { ilium regem, ingentem virumj Masinissse 

nepotem esse ; si Jugurtha captus, aut occisus, imperium 

Numidias sine mora habiturum ; id adeo mature posse 

e venire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret.' Itaque 

et ilium, et equites Romanos, milites et negotiatores, 

alios ipse, plerosque spes pacis impellit, uti Romam ad 

suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de bello scribant, 

Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortali- 

bus honestissima suffragatione consulatus petebatur : 

simul ea tempestate plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem 

Mamiliam, novos extollebat. Ita Mario cuncta proced- 

ere. 

LXVI. Interim Jugurtha, postquam, omissadeditione, 
bellum incipit, cum magna cura parare omnia, festinare, 
cogere exercitum : civitates, quae ab se defecerant, for- 
midine, aut ostentando prasmia, affectare ; communire 



JUGURTHA, 53 

siios locos ; arma, tela. alia, quae spe pacis amiserat, re- 
ficere, aut commercari ; servitia Romanorum allicere, et 
eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis erant, pecunia tentare ; pror- 
sus nihil intactum, neque quietum pati ; cuncta agitare. 
Igitur Vaccenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacifi- 
cante, praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis, 
neque antea voluntate alienati, prineipes civitatis inter 
se conjurant : nam vulgus, uti pier unique solet, et max- 
ime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque dis- 
cordiosum erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio 
adversum : dein, compositis inter se rebus, diem tertium 
constituunt ; quod is festus celebratusque per omnem 
Africam ludum et lasciviam magis, quam formidinem 
ostentabat. Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunos- 
que militares, et ipsum praefectum oppidi T. Turpilium 
Silanum, alius alium, domos suas invitant : eos omnes, 
praeter Turpilium, inter epulas obtruncant : postea mili- 
tes palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die ac sine imperio, 
aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobili- 
tate, alii studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consili- 
umque ignorantibus tumultus ipse et res nov^ satis pla- 
cebant. 

LXVIL Romani milites, improviso metu, incerti ig- 
narique quid potissimum facerent, trepidare ad arcem 
oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant : praesidium hostium, 
portae ante clausas fugam prohibebant : ad hoc, mulieres 
puerique pro tectis sedificiorum saxa et alia, quae locus 
praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps 
malum, neque a fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti 
posse : juxta boni malique, strenui et imbelles inulti ob- 
truncati. In ea tanta asperitate, saevissimis Numidis et 

oppido undique clauso, Turpilius unus ex omnibus Ital- 

5 # 



54 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

icis profugit intactus: id misericordiane hospitis, an pae- 
tione, an casu ita evenerit, paruni comperimus ; nisi, 
quia illi in tanto malo tnrpis vita fama integra potior, 
improbus intestabilisque videtur. 

LXVIII. Metellus, postquam de rebus Yaccae actis 
comperit, paulisper moestus e conspectu abit ; deinde, 
ubi ira et aegritudo permixta, cum maxima cura ultum 
ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et ? 
quam plurimos potest, Nnmidas equites pariter cum oc- 
casu solis expeditos educit : et postera die circiter horam 
tertiam pervenit in quamdam planitiem, locis paulo su- 
perioribus circumventam. Ibi milites, fessos itineris 
magnitudine, et jam abnuentes omnia, docet, 'oppidum 
Vaccarn non amplius mille passuum abesse : decere illos 
reliquum laborem aequo animo pati, dum pro civibus 
suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, poenas caperent :' 
praeterea prsedam benigne ostentat. Ita animis eorum 
arrectis, equites in primo late, pedites quam krtissime ire, 
signa occultare jubet. 

LXIX. Vaccenses ubi animum advertere, ad se ver- 
sum exercitum pergere ; primo, uti erat res, Metellum 
rati, portas clausere : deinde, ubi neque agros vastari, et 
eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident ; rnrsum 
Jugurtham arbitrati, cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. 
Equites peditesque, repente signo dato, alii vulgum effu- 
sum oppido casdere ; alii ad portas festinare ; pars turres 
capere ; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam lassitudo 
posse. Ita Vaccenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati : 
civitas magna et opulens poenae cuncta aut praedae fuit. 
Turpilius, quern praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus 
profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello causam 
dicere, postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus 



JUGURTHA. 55 

verberatusque capite poenas solvit : nam is civis ex Latio 
erat. 

LXX. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Ju= 
gurtha deditionem, quam metn deseruit, inceperat, sus- 
pectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cupere, ad 
perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare 
animum. Denique omnia tentando, socium sibi adjun- 
git Nabdalsam, hominem nobitem, magnis opibus, carum 
aeceptumque popularibns sais ; qui plerumque seorsum 
ab rege exereitum ductare, et omnes res exsequi solitus 
erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus adstricto superav- 
erant ; ex quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utri- 
usque eonsilio dies insidiis statuitur: cetera, uti res pos- 
ceret, ex tempore parari placuit. Nabdalsa ad exereitum 
profectus, quern inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habe- 
bat, ne ager, inultis hostibus, vastaretur. Is postquam, 
magnitudine facinoris perculsus, ad tempus non venit, 
metusque rem impediebat ; Bomilcar simul cupidus in- 
cepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, omisso vetere 
eonsilio, novum quaereret, litteras ad eum per homines 
fideles mittit, in quis £ mollitiem socordiamque viri accu- 
sare, testari deos, per quos juravisset ; prsemia Metelli in 
pestem ne converteret ; Jugurthae exitium adesse ; cete- 
rum suane, an virtute Metelli periret, id modo agitari : 
proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum 
mallet.' 

LXXL Sed quum hae litterae allatas, forte Nabdalsa, 
exercito corpore fessus, in lecto quiescebat : ubi, cogni- 
tis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, uti aegrum 
animum solet, somnus coepit. Erat ei Numida quidam 
negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque, et omnium con- 
siliorum, nisi novissimi, particeps. dui postquam alia- 



56 C. CRISP I SALLUSTII 

tas litteras audivit, ex consnetudine ratus opera aut in- 
genio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum introit : dormiente 
illo epistolam, super caput in pulvitio temere positam, 
sumit ac perlegit. Dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad 
regem pergit. Nabdalsa, post paulo experrectus, ubi ne- 
que epistolam reperit, et rem omnem, uti acta, cognovit, 
primo indicem perseqtii conatus ; postquam id frustra 
fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit ; 'quae ipse par- 
avisset, facere, perfidia clientis sui praeventa:' lacrymans 
obtestatur c per amicitiam, perque sua antea fideliter acta, 
ne super tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.' 

LXXII. Ad ea rex aliter, atque animo gerebat, placide 
respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insid- 
iarum cognoverat, interfectis, iram oppresserat ; ne qua 
ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum 
Jugurthae dies, aut nox ulla quieta fuere : neque loco ? 
neque mortali cuiquam, aut tempori satis credere : cives, 
hostes juxta metuere : circumspectare omnia, et orani 
strepitu pavescere : alio atque alio loco, saepe contra de- 
cus regium, noctu requiescere : interdum somno excitus, 
arreptis armis tumultum facere : ita formidine, quasi 
vecordia, exagitari. 

LXXIII. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et 
indicio patefacto ex perfugis cognovit ; rursus, tamquam 
ad integrum bellum, cuncta parat festinatque. Marium, 
fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum, et offensum 
sibi, parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romas 
plebes, litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missse erant, 
cognitis, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant. Tmper- 
atori nobilitas, quag antea decori, invidioe esse : at illi 
alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat. Ceterum in 
utroque magis studia partium, quam bona, aut mala sua 



JUGURTHA. 57 

moderata. Prseterea seditiosi magistrates vulgum exag- 
itare, Metellum omnibus concionibus capitis arcessere, 
Marii virtutem in majus celebrare. Denique plebes sic 
accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fides- 
que in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus, frequentarent 
Marium, et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. 
Ita, perculsa nobilitate, post multas tempestates novo 
homini consulatus mandatur. Et postea populus a tri- 
buno plebis Manilio Mancino rogatus, c quern vellet cum 
Jugurtha bellum gerere,' frequens Marium jussit. Sena- 
tus paulo ante Metello decreverat : ea res frustra fait. 

LXXIV. Eodem tempore Jugurtha, amissis amicis, 
quorum plerosque ipse necaverat ; ceteri formidine, pars 
ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum profugerant : quum 
neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum 
fidem, in tanta perfidia veterum, experiri periculosum 
duceret, varius incertusque agitabat ; neque illi res, ne- 
que consilium aut quisquam hominum satis placebat : 
itinera praefectosque in dies mutare ; modo adversum 
hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere ; ssepe in fuga, 
ac post paulo spem in armis habere ; dubitare, virtuti 
popularium an fide minus crederet : ita, quocumque in- 
tenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente 
sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Ju- 
gurtha pro tempore parati instructique : dein proelium 
incipitur. Q,ua in parte rex adfuit, ibi aliquamdiu cer- 
tatum ; ceteri omnes ejus milites primo concursu pulsi 
fugatique : Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto nu- 
mero, hostium paucorum potiti : nam ferme Numidas in 
omnibus proeliis pedes magis, quam arma tutati sunt. 

LXXV. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo rebus suis 
difiidens, cum perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, 



58 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

dein Thalam pervenit : id oppidum magnum et opulen- 
tum, ubi plerique thesauri, filiorumque ejus multus pue- 
ritiae cultus erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta, 
quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum, spatio 
millium quinquaginta, loca arida atque vasta esse cog- 
noverat; tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus oppidi potitus 
foret, omnes asperitates supervadere, ac naturam etiam 
vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari 
jubet, nisi frumento dierum decern ; ceterum litres modo, 
et alia aquae idonea portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris, 
quam plurimum potest, domiti pecoris: eo imponit vasa 
cujusque modi, pleraque lignea, collecta ex tuguriis Nu- 
midarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis 
fugam Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aqqae 
portarent : diem locumque, ubi praesto forent praedicit. 
Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam oppido aquam supra 
diximus, jumenta onerat. Eo modo instructus ad Tha- 
lam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo 
Numidis praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt; 
tanta repente coelo missa vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo 
exercitui satis superque foret : praeterea commeatus spe 
amplior ; quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova deditione, 
officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia 
magis usi ; eaque res multum animis eorum addidit ; 
nam rati sese dis immortalibus curae esse. Deinde pos- 
tero die, contra opinionem Jugurthae, ad Thalam per- 
veniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos 
crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo seg- 
nius bellum parare : idem nostri facere. 

LXXVI. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens, 
quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, denique 
naturam ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, industria vicerat, 



JUGURTHA. 59 

cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu 
profugit. Neque postea in ullo loco amplius una die, 
aut una nocte moratus, simulabat sese negotii gratia 
properare ; eeterum proditionem timebat, quam vitare 
posse celeritate putabat : nam talia consilia per otium et 
ex opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proe- 
lio intentos, simul oppidum et operibus et loco munitum 
videt, vallo fossaque moenia circumvenit. Deinde locis 
ex copia maxime idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere, 
et super aggerem impositis turribus, opus et administros 
tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare : prorsus 
ab utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. Denique Romani, mul- 
to ante labore proeliisque fatigati, post dies quadraginta, 
quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo potiti : praeda omnis 
a perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus feri- 
ri, resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum, 
et alia, quae prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant : 
ibi vino et epulis onerati, illaque, et domum, et semet 
igni corrumpunt ; et quas victi ab hostibus poenas metu- 
erant, eas ipsi volentes pependere. 

LXXVII. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex op- 
pido Lepti ad Metelium venerant, orantes, { uti prsssidium 
prasfectumque eo mitteret : Hamilcarem quemdam, hom- 
inem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere ; adversum 
quern neque imperia magistratuum, neque leges valerent : 
ni id festinaret, in summo periculo suam salutem, illo- 
rum socios fore.' Nam Leptitani jam hide a principio 
belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem, et postea Romam 
miserant, amicitiam societatemque rogatum : deinde, 
ubi ea impetrata, semper boni fidelesque mansere : et 
cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque imperata navi fece- 
rant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, adepti : 



60 



CRISPI SALLU STII 



emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annius prse- 
fectas. 

LXXYIII. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum, quos 
accepimus, profugos ob discordias civiles, navibus in eos 
locos venisse : ceterum situm inter duas syrtes, quibus 
nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in 
extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura : quo- 
rum proxima terrae praealta sunt ; cetera, uti fors tulit, 
alta ; alia in tempestate, vadosa. Nam nbi mare mag- 
num esse, et saevire ventis cospit, limum arenamque et 
saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt : ita facies locorum cum 
ventis simul mutatur. Ejus civitatis lingua modo con- 
versa connubio Numidarum : leges cultusque pleraque 
Sidonica: quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab 
imperio regis astatem agebant. Inter illos et frequentem 
Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. 

LXXIX. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitano- 
rum negotia venimus, non indignum videtur, egregium 
atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium memo- 
rare : earn rem locus admonuit. Q,ua tempestate Car- 
thaginienses pleraeque Africae imperitabant, Cyrenenses 
quoque magni atque opulenti fuere. Ager in medio 
arenosus, una specie : neque flumen, neque mons erat, 
qui fines eorum discerneret ; quae res eos in magno di- 
uturnoque bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque le- 
giones, item classes, saepe fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros 
aliquantum attriverant : veriti, ne mox victos victoresque 
defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias sponsionem faci- 
unt, ' uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur : quo in 
loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque pop- 
uli finis haberetur.' Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, 
quibus nomen Philsenis erat, maturavere iter pergere : 



JUGURT HA. 61 

Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id socordiane an casu accid- 
ent, parnm cognovi : ceterum solet in illis locis tempes- 
tas haud secus atque in mari retinere. Nam ubi per loca 
aequalia et nuda gignentium ventus coortus arenam humo 
excitavit : ea magna vi agitata, ora oculosqne implere 
solet : ita prospectu impedito, morari iter. Postquam 
Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident, et ob rem 
corruptam domi poenas metuunt; criminari Carthaginien- 
ses ante tempus domo digressos ; conturbare rem ; deni- 
que omnia malle, quam victi abire. Sed quum Posni 
aliam conditionem, tantummodo asquam, peterent ; Grse- 
ci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt, ' vel illi, quos fines 
populo suo peterent, ibi vivi obruerentur ; vel eadem con- 
ditione sese, quern in locum vellent, processuros.' Phi- 
laeni, conditione probata, seque vitamque reipublicae con- 
donavere. Ita vivi obruti. Carthaginienses in eo loco 
Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere : aliique illis domi 
honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo. 

LXXX. Jugurtha postquam, amissa Thala, nihil satis 
firraurn contra Metellum putat, per magnas solitudines 
cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad Gaetulos, genus hom- 
inum ferum incultumque, et eo tempore ignarum nom- 
inis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit : ac 
paulatim consuefacit ordines habere, signa sequi, imperi- 
um observare, item alia militaria facere. Praeterea regis 
Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus, et majoribus pro- 
missis ad studium sui perducit : quis adjutoribus regem 
aggressns impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellurn suscip- 
iat. Id ea gratia facilius proniusque ftiit, quod Bocchus 
initio hujusce belli legatos Romam miserat, foedus et 
amicitiam petitum : quam rem, opportunissimam incepto 
bello, pauci impediverant, caeci avaritia, quis omnia ho- 

6 



62 



C. CRI SPI SALLUSTII 



nesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat. Etiam antea 
Jugurthse filia Bocchi nupserat. Yerum ea necessitudo 
apud Numidas Maurosqne levis ducitur ; quod singuli, 
pro opibus quisque, quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, 
alii plures habent, sed reges eo amplius : ita animus 
multitudine distrahitur ; nulla pro socia obtinet ; pariter 
omnes viles sunt. 

LXXXI. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum exercitus 
conveniunt. Ibi, fide data et accepta, Jngurtha Bocchi 
animum oratione accendit : ' Romanos injustos, profunda 
avaritia, communes omnium hostes esse : eamdem illos 
causam belli cum Boccho habere, quam secum et cum 
aliis gentibus, libidinem imperitandi, quis omnia regna 
adversa sint : turn sese, paulo ante Carthaginienses, item 
regem Persen, post, uti quisque opulentissimus videatur, 
ita Romanis hostem fore.' His atque aliis talibus dictis 
ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt ; quod ibi Metellus 
praedam captivosque et impedimenta locaverat : ita Ju- 
gurtha ratus, aut, capta urbe, operse pretium fore ; aut, 
si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, proslio sese certaturos. 
Nam. callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem immi- 
nuere, ne moras agitando aliud, quam bellum, mallet. 

LXXXII. Imperator, postquam de regum societate 
cognovit, non temere, neque, uti saepe jam victo Jugur- 
tha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam facit. 
Ceterum haud procul ab Cirta, castris munitis, reges op- 
peritur ; melius ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus 
hostis accesserat, ex commodo pugnam facere. Interim 
Roma per litteras certior fit, provinciam Numidiam Mario 
datam : nam consulem factum jam antea acceperat. Quis 
rebus supra bonum atque honestum perculsus, neque lac- 
rymas tenere, neque moderari linguam : vir egregius in 



JUGURTHA. 63 

aliis artibus, nimis molliter aegritudinem pati. duam 
rem alii in superbiam vertebant ; alii bonum ingenium 
contumelia accensum esse ; muiti, quod jam parta victo- 
ria ex manibus eriperetur : nobis satis cognitum, ilium 
magis honore Marii, quam injuria sua excruciatum, ne- 
que tarn anxie laturum fuisse, si adempta provincia alii, 
quam Mario, traderetur. 

LXXXIII. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stul- 
titiae videbatur, alienam rem periculo suo curare, legatos 
ad Bocchum mittit, postulatum, 'ne sine causa hostis 
populo Romano fieret : habere eum magnam copiam 
societatis amicitigeque conjungendae, quae potior bello 
esset : quamquam opibus confideret, non debere incerta 
pro certis mutare ; omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum 
aegerrime desinere ; non in ejusdem potestate initium 
ejus et finem esse : incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere ; 
deponi, quum victores velint. Proinde sibi regnoque 
consuleret ; neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis 
misceret.' Ad ea rex satis placide verba facit : 'sese 
pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae fortunarum misereri ; si 
eadem illi copia fieret, omnia conventura.' Rursus im- 
perator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit. Ille pro- 
bare partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque 
missis remissisque nuntiis tempus procedere, et, ex Me- 
telli voluntate, bellum intactum trahi. 

LXXXIV. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima 
plebe consul factus, postquam ei provinciam Numidiam 
populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, turn vero 
multus atque ferox instare : singulos modo, modo uni- 
versos laedere : dictitare, ' sese consulatum ex victis illis 
spolia cepisse ;' alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis 
dolentia. Interim, quae bello opus erant, prima habere : 



64 C.CRISPI SALLUSTII 

postnlare legionibus supplementum, auxilia a populis et 
regibus sociisque arcessere : praeterea ex Latio fortissi- 
mum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos, 
accire, et ambiendo eogere homines emeritis stipendiis 
secum proficisci. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adver- 
sus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat : ceterum sup- 
plementum, etiam laetus, decreverat ; quia, neque plebi 
militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli usum, aut 
studia vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata : tanta 
libido cum Mario eundi plerosque invaserat. Sese quis- 
que praeda locupletem, victorem domum rediturum, alia 
hujuscemodi, animis trahebant : et eos non paulum ora- 
tione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam, omnibus, 
quae postulaverat, decretis, milites scribere vult ; hor- 
tandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti consueverat, exag- 
itandi, concionem populi advocavit ; deinde hoc modo 
disseruit : 

LXXXV. " Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem 
artibus imperium a vobis petere, et, postquam adepti sunt, 
gerere : primo industrios, supplices, modicos esse ; de- 
hinc per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mi- 
hi contra ea videtur : nam quo universa respublica pluris 
est, quam consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam 
administrari, quam haec peti, debere. Neque me fallit, 
quantum, cum maximo beneficio vestro, negotii sustine- 
am. Bellum parare simul et asrario parcere ; eogere ad 
militiam, quos nolis offendere ; domi forisque omnia 
curare ; et ea agere inter invidos, occursantes, factiosos, 
opinione, Quirites, asperius est. Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, 
vetus nobilitas, majorum facta fortia, cognatorum et af- 
finium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio ad- 
sunt : mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est 






JUGURTHA. 65 

et virtute, et innocentia, tutari : nam alia infirma sunt. 

Et illud intelligo, duirites, omnium ora in me conversa 

esse : asquos bonosque favere, quippe benefacta mea 

reipublicae procedunt ; nobilitatem locum invadendi 

quaerere : quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, ut neque vos 

capiamini, et il 11 frustra sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pue- 

ritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam. 

Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti, ac- 

cepta mercede, deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. 

Illis difficile est in potestatibus temperare, qui per am- 

bitionem sese probos simulavere : mihi, qui omnem 

aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex con- 

suetudine in naturam vertit. Bellum me gerere cum 

Jugurtha jussistis ; quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. 

Gluaeso, reputate cum animis vestris, num id mutare 

melius sit, si quern ex illo globo nobilitatis ad hoc, aut 

aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapise 

ac multarum imaginum, et nullius stipendii : scilicet ut 

in tanta re, ignarus omnium, trepidet, festinet, sumat 

aliquem ex populo monitorem officii. Ita plerumque 

evenit, ut quern vos imperare jussistis, is sibi imperato- 

rem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, post- 

quam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Grascorum mil- 

itaria praecepta legere coeperint, homines praeposteri ; nam 

gerere, quam fieri, tempore posterius, re atque usu prius 

est. Comparate nunc, Gluirites, cum illorum superbia 

me hominem novum. Qiias ill! audire et legere solent, 

eorum partim vidi, alia egomet gessi : quae ill! litteris, 

ego militando didici : nunc vos existimate, facta, an dicta 

pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam ; ego illorum 

ignaviam : mihi fortuna, illis probra objectantur. Gluam- 

qnam ego naturam unarn et communem omnium existi- 

6 # 



66 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

mo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum. Ac si 
jam ex patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset. i mene, 
an illos ex se gigni maluerint ;' quid responsuros creditis, 
nisi, l sese liberos quam optimos voluisse V Quod si jure 
me despiciunt, faciant idem majoribus suis : quibus, uti 
mihi, ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo : 
ergo iuvideaiit et labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis ; 
quoniam per hssc ilium cepi. Yerum homines corrupt! 
superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi vestros honores con- 
temnant : ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Ne illi 
falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter exspectant, ig- 
navias voluptatem, et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, 
quum apud vos. aut in senatu verba faciunt, pleraque 
oratione majores suos extollunt : eorum fortia facta 
memorando clariores sese putant: quod contra est. Nam 
quanto vita illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia 
flagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habet : majorum glo- 
ria posteris quasi lumen est ; neque bona neque mala in 
occulto patitur. Hnjusce rei ego inopiam patior, Quiri- 
tes ; verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet facta 
mihi dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint : quod 
ex alien a virtute sibi arrogant, id mihi ex mea non con- 
cedunt : scilicet, quia imagines non habeo, et quia mihi 
nova nobilitas est ; quam eerie peperisse melius est, 
quam acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, 
si jam respondere velint, abunde illis facundam et com- 
positam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro bene- 
ficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, 
non placuit reticere ; ne quis modestiam in conscientiam 
duceret. Nam me quidem, ex animi sententia, nulla 
oratio laedere potest. Quippe vera necesse est bene pras- 
dicet ; falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed quoni- 



JUGURTHA. 67 

am vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum hono- 
rem, et maximum negotium imposuistis ; etiam atque 
etiam reputate, num id poenitendum sit. Non possum, 
fidei causa imagines, neque triumphos, aut consulatus 
majorum meorum, ostentare ; at, si res postulet, hastas, 
vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona ; praeterea cicatri- 
ces ad verso corpore. Has sunt mess imagines, hsec no- 
bilitas, non hsereditate relicta, ut ilia illis ; sed quae ego 
plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt com- 
posita verba mea ; parum id facio ; ipsa se virtus satis 
ostendit : illis artificio opus est, uti turpia facta oratione 
tegant. Neque litteras Graecas didici : parum placebat, 
eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil prof- 
uerunt. At ilia multo optima reipublicae doctus sum : 
hostem ferire, praesidia agitare, nihil metuere nisi turpem 
famam ; hiemem et aestatem juxta pati ; humi requies- 
cere ; eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His 
ego prseceptis milites hortabor : neque illos arte colam, 
me opulenter ; neque gloriam meam laborem illorum 
faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque 
quum tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio eog- 
ere, id est dominum, non imperatorem esse. Hsec atque 
talia majores vestri faciendo seque remque publicam cel- 
ebravere. duis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, 
nos illorum aemulos contemnit ; et oranes honores, non 
ex merito, sed quasi debitos, a vobis repetit. Ceterum 
homines superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum om- 
nia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memo- 
riam sui praeclaram. Virtutem non reliquere ; neque 
poterant : ea sola neque datur dono, neque accipuur. 
'Sordidum me et incultis moribus' aiiint; quia parum 
scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque 



68 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

pluris pretii coquum, quam villicum, habeo : quae mihi 
libet confiteri. Nam ex parente meo, et ex aliis Sanctis 
viris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem con- 
venire ; omnibusque bonis oportere plus glorias, quam 
divitiarum ; arma, non supellectilem, decori esse. Quin 
ergo, quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faci- 
ant ; ament, potent : ubi adolescentiam habuere. ibi se- 
nectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae 
parti corporis : sudorem, pulverem, et alia talia relinquant 
nobis, quibus ilia epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum non 
est ita : nam ubi se omnibus flagitiis dedecoravere tur- 
pissimi viri, bonorum praemia ereptum eunt. Ita injus- 
tissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae artes, illis, qui colu- 
ere eas, nihil officiunt ; reipublicae innoxiae cladi sunt. 
Nunc quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum 
flagitia, poscebant, respondi : pauca de republica loquar. 
Primum omnium de Numidia bonum habetote animum, 
duirites. Nam quae ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata 
sunt, omnia removistis, avaritiam, imperitiam, superbi- 
am. Deinde exercitus ibi est locorum sciens ; sed me- 
hercule magis strenuus, quam felix ; nam magna pars 
avaritia, aut temeritate ducum attrita est. Q,uamobrem 
vos, quibus militaris aetas, adnitimini mecum et capessite 
rempublicam : neque quemquam, ex calamitate aliorum 
aut imperatorum superbia, metus ceperit. Egomet in 
agmine, in proelio, consultor idem, et socius periculi, vo- 
biscum adero ; meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta 
geram. Et profecto, diis juvantibus, omnia matura sunt, 
victoria, praeda, laus: quag si dubia aut procul essent, 
tamen omnes bonos reipublicae subvenire decebat. Ete- 
nim ignavia nemo immortalis factus : neque quisquam 
parens liberis, uti aeterni forent, optavit ; magis uti boni 



JUGURTHA. 69 

honestique vitam exigerent. Plura diceiem, Quirites, 
si timidis virtutem verba adderent ; nam strenuis abunde 
dictum puto." 

LXXXVI. Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius, post- 
quam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu, 
stipendio, armis, aliis utilibus naves onerat : cum his A. 
Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites 
scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti 
cujusque libido erat, capite censos plerosque. Id factum 
alii inopia bonorum, alii per ambitionem consulis memo- 
rabant ; quod ab eo genere celebratus auct usque erat ; et 
homini potentiam quasrenti egentissimus quisque oppor- 
tunissimus ; cui neque sua curse, quippe qua3 nulla sunt, 
et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius 
cum majore aliquanto numero, quam decretum erat, in 
Africam profectus, diebus paucis Uticam advehitur. Ex- 
ercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato. Nam Metellus 
conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita ani- 
mus tolerare nequiverat. 

LXXXVII. Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohorti- 
busque auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et prseda onustum 
proficiscitur : omnia ibi capta militibus donat. Dein 
castella, et oppida natura et viris parnm munita aggredi- 
tur ; proelia multa, ceterum alia levia aliis locis facere. 
Interim novi milites sine metu pugnse adesse ; videre fu- 
gientes capi, occidi ; fortissimum quemque tutissimum ; 
armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi ; 
gloriam atque divitias quseri. Sic brevi spatio novi vet- 
eresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At 
reges, ubi de adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos 
difficiles abeunt. Ita Jugurthae placuerat, speranti mox 
effusos hostes invadi posse ; Romanos, sicuti plerosque, 
remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros. 



70 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

LXXXVIII. Metellus interea Romam profectus, con- 
tra spem suam, laetissimis animis excipitur ; plebi patri- 
busque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta cams. Sed 
Marias impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res par- 
iter attendere : cognoscere quid boni utrisque, aut contra 
esset ; explorare itinera regum ; consilia et insidias ante- 
venire ; nihil apud se remissum, neque apud illos tatum 
pati. Itaque et Gastulos, et Jugurtham, ex sociis nostris 
prsedam agentes, seepe aggressus in itinere fuderat j ip- 
samque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exue- 
rat. Quae postquam gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandi 
cognovit ; statuit urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus, 
et adversum se, opportunissimse erant, singulas circum- 
venire : ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis nudatum, si ea pat- 
eretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios 
ad eum ssepe miserat, ( velle populi Romani amicitiam ; 
ne quid ab se hostile timeret.' Id simulaveritne, quo 
improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem 
atque bellum mutare solitus, parum exploratum. 

LXXXIX. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castella- 
que munita adire : partim vi, alia metu aut prsemia os- 
tentando, avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo mediocria 
gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in ma- 
nus venturum. Sed ubi procul abesse. et aliis negotiis 
intentum accepit : majora et magis aspera aggredi tem- 
pus visum. Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppidum 
magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa: cujus conditor 
Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugur- 
tham immunes, levi imperio, et ob ea fidelissimi habe- 
bantur ; muniti adversum hostes non moenibus modo, et 
armis atque viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum as- 
peritate. Nam, praeter oppido propinqua, alia omnia vas- 



JUGURT H A . 71 

ta 3 inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibns : quarum 
vis, sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi acrior ; ad hoc 
natura serpen tium ipsa perniciosa, siti magis, quam alia 
re, accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium maxima cupido 
invaserat, quum propter usum belli, turn quia res aspera 
videbatur. Et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria 
ceperat, haud dissimiliter situm munitumque : nisi quod 
apud Thalam haud longe a moenibus aliquot fontes 
erant; Capsenses una modo, atque ea intra oppidum, 
jugi aqua, cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique, et in 
omni Africa, quae procul a mari incultius agebat, eo fa- 
cilius tolerabatur, quia Numidae plerumque lacte et fe- 
rina carne vescebantur, neque salem, neque alia irrita- 
menta gulae quaerebant : cibus illis adversum famem at- 
que sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae, erat. 

XC. Igitur consul, omnibus exploratis, credo, dis fre- 
tus; nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis provi- 
dere non poterat : quippe etiam frumenti inopia tentaba- 
tur ; quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo 
student, et quodcumque natum fuerat, jussu regis in loca 
munita contulerant ; ager autem aridas et frugum vacuus 
ea tempestate, nam aestatis extremum erat : tamen pro 
rei copia satis providenter exornat : pecus omne, quod 
superioribus diebus prsedae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis 
agendum attribuit : A. Manlium legatum cum cohortibus 
expeditis ad oppidum Laris, ubi stipendium et commea- 
tum locaverat, ire jubet, dicitque c se praedabundum post 
paucos dies eodem venturum.' Sic incepto suo occulto 
pergit ad flumen Tanam. 

XCI. Ceterum in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui per 
centurias, item turmas, aequaliter distribuerat, et, ex coriis 
utres uti fierent, curabat : simul et inopiam frumenti 



72 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

lenire, et, ignaris omnibus, parare, quae mox usui forent. 
Denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxi- 
ma vis utrium effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento posi- 
tis, milites cibum capere, atque, uti simul cum occasu 
solis egrederentur, paratos essejubet; omnibus sarcinis 
abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, 
postquam tempus visum, castris egreditur, noctemque 
totam itinere facto, consedit : idem proxima facit. Dein 
tertia, multo ante lucis adventum, pervenit in locum tu- 
mulosum, ab Capsa non amplius duum millium inter- 
vallo ; ibique, quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus 
copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies coepit, et Numidae, nihil 
hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi ; repente omnem 
equitatum, et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere 
ad Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet : deinde ipse inten- 
tus propere sequi, neque milites prasdari sinere. Quae 
postquam oppidani cognovere ; res trepidae, metus in- 
gens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra moe- 
nia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem face- 
rent. Ceterum oppidum incensum ; Numidae puberes 
interfecti : alii omnes venum dati ; praeda militibns di- 
visa. Id facinus contra jus belli, non avaritia, neque 
scelere consulis admissum : sed quia locus Jugurthae op- 
portunus, nobis aditu difHcilis ; genus hominum mobile, I 
infidum, neque beneficio, neque metu coercitum. 

XCII. Postquam tantam rem Marius, sine ullo suorum 
incom:~iodo, patravit ; magnus et clarus antea, major et 
clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene consulta in vir- 
tutem trahebantur ; milites, modesto imperio habiti, si- 
mul et locupletes, ad coelum ferre : Numidse magis quam 
mortalem timere ; postremo omnes socii atque hostes 
credere illi aut mentem divinam, aut deorum nutu cunc- 



JUGURTHA. 73 

ta portendi. Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit, ad alia 
oppida pergit : pauca, repugnantibus Numidis, capit ; 
plura, deserta propter Capsensium miserias, igni corruin- 
pit : luctu atque caede omnia complentur. Denique mul- 
tis locis potitus, ac pie risque exercitu incruento, ad aliam 
rem aggreditur, non eadem asperitate, qua Capsensium, 
ceterum baud secus difficilem. Namque hand longe a 
flumine Mulucha, quod Jugurthae Boccbique regnum 
disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons saxeus, 
mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno 
perangusto aditu relicto : nam omnis natura, velut opere 
atque consulto, praeceps. duem locum Marius, quod 
ibi regis thesauri erant, summa vi capere intendit. Sed 
ea res forte, quam consilio, melius gesta. Nam castello 
virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis frumenti, et fons 
aquae : aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus 
locus importunus : iter castellanorum angustum admo- 
dum, utrimque prascisum : vineae cum ingenti pericu- 
lo frustra agebantur ; nam quum eae paulum processe- 
rant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur : milites neque 
pro opere consistere, propter iniquitatem loci ; neque in- 
ter vineas sine periculo administrare : optimus quisque 
cadere, aut sauciari ; ceteris metus augeri. 

XCIII. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus con- 
sumptis, anxius trahere cum animo, omitteretne incep- 
tum, quoniam frustra erat ; an fortnnam opperiretur, qua 
saepe prospere usus. Quae quum multos dies noctesque 
aestuans agitaret, forte quidam Lig\is, ex cohortibus aux- 
iliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, baud 
procul ab latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, 
animum advertit inter saxa repentes cochleas : quarum 
quum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret, studio 

7 



74 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

legendi, paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus est. 
Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humanae cu- 
pidinis ignara visendi, animum vertit. Et forte in eo 
loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa, paululum modo 
prona, dein flexa atque aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta 
gignentium natura fert : cnjus ramis modo, modo emi- 
nentibus saxis nisus Ligus, castelli planitiem perscribit ; 
quod cuncti Numidae intend proeliantibus aderant. Ex- 
ploratis omnibus, quae mox usui fore dueebat, eadem 
regreditur ; non temere, uti escenderat, sed tentans om- 
nia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta 
edocet : hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, cas- 
tellum tentet: pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. 
Marius cum Ligure, promissa ejus cognitum, ex praesen- 
tibus misit : quorum uti cuj usque ingenium erat, ita rem 
difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus ta- 
men paulum erectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cor- 
nicinum, numero quinque quam velocissimos delegit, et 
cum his, prassidio qui forent, quatuor centuriones : omnes 
Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem con- 
stituit. 

XOIV. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis 
compositisque omnibus ad locum pergit. Ceteram illi, 
qui centuriis praeerant, prasdocti ab duce, arma ornatum- 
que mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospec- 
tus nisusque per saxa facilius foret : super terga gladii et 
scuta; verum ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia 
simul, et offensa quo levius streperent. Igitur praegre- 
diens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate radices eminebant, 
laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati facilius escenderent : 
interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu : ubi 
pauio asperior ascensus, singulos prae se inermos mit- 



JUGURTHA. 75 

tere; deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi : quae dubia 
nisu videbantur, potissimus tentare, ac saepius eadem 
ascendens descendensque, dein statim digrediens, ceteris 
audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque fatigati, tan- 
dem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte ; 
quod omnes, sicuti aliis diebus, adverSum hostes aderant. 
Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae Ligus egerat, cognovit; 
quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas habuerat, 
turn vero cohortatus milites, et ipse extra vineas egres- 
sus, testudine acta succedere, et simul hostem tormentis 
sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus terrere. At Nu- 
midae ssepe antea vineis Romanorum subversis, item in- 
censis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur : sed pro 
muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis, ac 
Mario vecordiam objectare, militibus nostris Jugurthse 
servitium minari, secundis rebus feroces esse. Interim 
omnibus Romanis hostibusque proelio intentis, magna 
utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute 
certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere : ac primo mu- 
lieres et pueri, qui visum processerant, fugere ; deinde, 
uti quisque muro proximus erat, postremo cuncti armati 
inermesque. Gluod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani in- 
stare, fundere, ac plerosque tantummodo sauciare ; dein 
super occisorum corpora vadere ; avidi glorise, certantes 
murum petere ; neque quemquam omnium praeda mo- 
rari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex cul- 
pa invenit. 

XCV. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor 
cum magno equitatu in castra venit : quos uti ex Latio 
et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus erat. Sed quoniam 
tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum est, de natura 
cul tuque ejus paucis dicere : neque enim alio loco de 



76 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

Sullas rebus dicturi sumus : et L. Siseima optime et 
diligentissime omnium, qui eas res dixcre, persecutes, 
parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur Sulla 
gentis patricias nobilis fuit, familia prope jam exstincta 
majorum ignavia: litteris Graecis ac Latinis juxta, atque 
doctissime, eruditift : animo ingenti : cupidus volupta- 
tum, sed gloriae cupidior : otio luxurioso esse : tamen ab 
negotiis nunquam voluptas remorata, nisi quod de uxore 
potuit honestius consuli : facundus, callidus, et amicitia 
facilis : ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii incredib- 
ilis : multarum rerum, ac maxime pecuniae largitor. 
Atque felicissimo omnium, ante civilem victoriam, nun- 
quam super industriam fortuna fuit ; multique dubitavere, 
fortior, an felicior esset : nam, postea quae fecerit, incer- 
tum habeo, pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere. 

XCVI. Igitur Sulla, ut supra dictum, postquam in Af- 
ricam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu veni^ ; rudis 
antea et ignarus belli, solertissirnus omnium in paucis 
tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne ap- 
pellare : multis rogantibus, aiiis per se ipse, dare bene- 
ficia, in vitus accipere ; sed ea properantius, quam aes 
mutuum, reddere : ipse ab nullo repetere ; magis id la- 
borare, ut illi quam plurimi deberent ; joca atque seria 
cum humillimis agere : in operibus, in agmine atque ad 
vigilias multus adesse : neque interim, quod prava am- 
bitio solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam lasdere ; 
tantummodo neque consilio, neque manu priorem alium 
pati ; plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus brevi Mario mi- 
litibusque carissimus factus. 

XCVII. At Jngurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam ali- 
osque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam pe- 
cuniam amiserat ; ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, { quam 



JUGURTHA. 77 

primum in Numidiam copias adduceret : proelii faciendi 
tempus adesse.' Quern ubi cunctari accepit, dubium 
belli atque pacis rationes trahere : rursus, uti antea. prox- 
imos ejus donis corrumpit; ipsique Mauro pollicetur Nu- 
midiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, aut, 
integris suis finibus, bellum compositum foret. Eo pe- 
rnio illectus Bocchus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham 
accedit. Ita amborum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam 
in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte die reliqua, 
invadunt : rati noctem, quae jam aderat, victis sibi mu- 
nimento fore, et, si vicissent, nullo impedimenta, quia 
locorum scientes erant ; contra Romanis utrumque ca- 
sum in tenebris difficiliorem. Igitur simul consul ex 
multis de hostium adventu cognovit^ et ipsi hostes ade- 
rant ; et ? priusquam exercitus aut instrui, aut sarcinas col- 
ligere, denique antequam signum, aut imperium ullum 
accipere quivit, equites Mauri atque Ggetuli, non acie, 
neque ullo more proelii, sed catervatim, uti quosque fors 
conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt. Q,ui omnes trep- 
idi, improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma 
capiebant, aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant : 
pars equos ascendere, obviam ire hostibus : pugna latro- 
cinio magis, quam proelio similis fieri : sine signis, sine 
ordinibus, equites, pedites permixti ; csedere alios, alios 
obtruncare ; multos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, 
ab tergo circumvenire : neque virtus, neque arma satis 
tegere ; quod hostes numero plures et undique circum- 
fusi. Denique Romani veteres novique, et ob ea scien- 
tes belli, si quos locus, aut casus conjunxerat, orbes fac- 
ere : atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instructi 

hostium vim sustentabant. 

7* 



78 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

XCVIII. Neque in eo tarn aspero negotio territus Ma- 
rius, aut magis, quam antea, demisso animo fait : sed 
cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis, quam famil- 
iarissimis, paraverat, vagari passim ; ac modo laboranti- 
bus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi ob- 
stiterant, invadere ; manu consulere militibus, quoniam 
imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. Jamque 
dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remit- 
tere, atque, uti reges prseceperant, noctem pro se rati, 
acrius instare. Turn Marius ex copia rerum consilium 
trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus esset, colles duos 
propinquos inter se occupat : quorum in uno, castris pa- 
rum amplo, fons aquse magnus erat; alter usui opportu- 
nus, quia magna parte editus et praeceps, pauca muni- 
mento egebat. Ceterum apud aquam Sullam cum equi- 
tibus noctem agitare jubet : ipse paulatim dispersos mil- 
ites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis, in unum contra- 
hit ; dein cunctos pleno gradu in collem subducit. Ita 
reges, loci difficultate coacti, proelio deterrentur. Neque 
tamen suos longius abire sinunt ; sed, utroque colle mul- 
titudine circumdato, effusi eonsedere. Dein crebris ig- 
nibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari suo more laetari, 
exsultare, strepere vocibus ; ipsi duces feroces, quia non 
fugerant, pro victoribus agere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis, 
ex tenebris et editioribus locis facilia visu, magnoque 
hortamcnto erant. 

XCIX. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium con- 
firmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet; ne 
signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere : deinde, 
ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo ante 
somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, tur- 
marum, legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere ; 



JUGURTHA. 79 

milites clamorem tollere atque portis erumpere. Mauri 
atqne Gaetuli ignoto et horribili sonitu repente exciti, 
neque fugere, neque arma capere, neque omnino facere, 
aut providere quidquam poterant : ita cunctos strepitu, 
clamore, nullo subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, 
terrore, formido, quasi vecordia, ceperat. Denique om- 
nes fusi fugatique : arma et signa militaria pleraque cap- 
ta; pluresque eo proelio, quam omnibus superioribus in- 
terempti : nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga. 

O. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna ; quae, prop- 
ter commeatum, in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. 
Neque tamen socors victoria, aut insolens factus, sed, 
pariter ac in conspectu hostium, quadrato agmine inced- 
ere. Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos; in sinistra A, 
Manlius cum funditoribus, et sagittariis ; prseterea co- 
hortes Lignrum curabat : primos et extremos cum expe- 
ditis manipulis tribunos locaverat : perfugas, minime cari 
et regionum scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Si- 
mul consul, quasi nullo imposito, omnia providere, apud 
omnes adesse ; laudare, increpare merentes : ipse arma- 
tus intentusque, item milites cogebat. Neque secus, 
atque iter facere, castra munire ; excubitum in portas 
cohortes ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios 
mittere ; prseterea alios super vallum in munimentis lo- 
care : vigilias ipse circumire : non tarn diffidentia futuri, 
quae imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum 
imperatore labos volentibus esset. Et sane Marius illo 
et aliis temporibus belli pudore magis, quam inalo, exer- 
citum coercebat : quod multi per ambitionem fieri aie- 
bant; pars, quod a pueritia consuetam duritiam, et alia, 
qvi8B ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset : nisi ta- 
men respublica pariter ac saevissimo imperio, bene atque 
decore gesta. 



SO C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

CI. Igitur quarto denique die, haud longe ab oppido 
Cirta undique simul speculatores citi sese ostendunt : 
qua re hostis adesse intelligitur. Sed quia diversi rede- 
untes, alius ab alia parte, atque omnes idem significa- 
bant ; consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, 
nullo ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibi- 
dem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham spes frustrata, qui copias 
in quatuor partes distribuerat ; ratus, ex omnibus seque 
aliquos ab tergo hostibus ventures. Interim Sulla, quern 
primum attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam 
maxime confertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros invadunt : 
ceteri in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora 
tegere, et, si qui in man us venerant, obtruncare. Dum 
eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum peditibus, quos 
Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in 
itinere morati, adfuerant, postremam Romanorum aciem 
invadunt : turn Marius apud primes agebat, quod ibi 
Jugurtha cum plurimis. Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi 
adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites convertit : ibi La- 
tine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat, 
i nostros frustra pugnare : paulo ante Marium sua manu 
interfectum :' simul gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, 
quern in pugna, satis impigre occiso pedite nostro, cruen- 
taverat. Quod ubi milites accepere, magis atrocitate rei 
quam fide nuntii terrentur : simulque barbari animos tol- 
lere, et in perculsos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab 
fug a aberant, quum Sulla, profligatis, quos adversum 
ierat, rediens Mauris ab latere incurrit. Bocchus statim 
avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare suos et prope 
jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit, circumventus ab 
equitibus, dextra, sinistra omnibus occisis, solus inter 
tela hostium vitabundus erumpit. Atque interim Ma- 



JUGURTHA. 81 

rius, fugatis equitibus 3 accurrit auxilio suis, quos pelii 
jam acceperat. Denique hostes undique fasi. Tarn 
spectaculum horribile campis patentibus : sequi, fugere ; 
occidi, capi ; equi, viri afflicti : ac multi, vulneribus ac- 
ceptis, neque fugere posse, neque quietem pati ; niti 
modo, ac statira concidere : postremo omnia, qua visus 
erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus ; et inter ea hu- 
mus infecta sanguine. 

CII. Postea loci consul, haud dubie jam victor perve- 
nit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat. 
E6 post diem quintum, quam iterum barbari male pug- 
naverant, legati a Boccbo veniunt, qui regis verbis ab 
Mario petivere, £ duo quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret : 
velle de se, et de populi Romani commodo cum iis dis- 
serere.' Ille statim L. Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. 
dui quamqnam acciti ibant, tamen placuit verba apud 
regem facere ; ingenium aut aversum uti flecterent, aut 
cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, 
cujus facundiag, non setati a Manlio concessum, pauca 
verba hujuscemodi locutus : 

" Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem 
virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem, quam bellum, 
malles ; neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium Jugurtha 
miscendo commaculares : simul nobis demeres acerbam 
necessitudinem, pariter te errantem, et ilium sceleratissi- 
mum persequi. Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio 
melius visum amicos, quam servos, quserere : tutiusque 
rati, volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi vero nulla 
opportunior nostra amicitia : primum, quod procul absu- 
mus, in quo offensse minimum, gratia par, ac si prope 
adessemus : dein, quod parentes abunde habemus, ami- 
corum neque nobis, neque cuiquam omnium satis. At- 



82 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

que hoc utinarn a principio tibi placuisset ! Profecto ex 
populo Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona acce- 
pisses, quam mala perpessus es. Sed quoniam humana- 
rum rerum fortuna pleraque regit ; cui scilicet placuit, te 
et vim, et gratiam nostram experiri : nunc, quando per 
illam licet, festina, atque, uti ccepisti, perge. Multa at- 
que opportuna habes, quo facilius errata officiis snperes. 
Postremo hoc in pectus tuum demitte, nunquam popu- 
lum Romanum beneficiis victum : nam, bello quid va- 
leat, tute scis." 

Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne, simul pauca pro 
delicto suo, verba facit: 'Senon hostili animo, sed ob 
regnum tutandum arma cepisse : nam Numidiae partem, 
unde vi Jugurtham expulerit, jure belli suam factam ; 
earn vastari ab Mario pati nequivisse : praeterea missis 
antea Romam legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum 
Vetera omittere, ac turn, si per Marium liceret, legatos 
ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta, animus bar- 
bari ab amicis flexus, qnos Jugurtha, cognita legatione 
Sullae et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis cor- 
ruperat. 

CIII. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernis composito, 
cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur 
in loca sola, obsessum turrim regiam, quo Jugurtha per- 
fugas omnes prsesidium imposuerat. Turn rursus Boc- 
chus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant, 
seu admonitus ab amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha re- 
liquerat, ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, 
quorum et fides cognita, et ingenia validissima erant. 
Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si placeat, Romam legatos ire 
jubet; agendarum rerum, et quocumque modo belli com- 
ponendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiber- 



JUGURTHA. 83 

na Romanorum proficiscuntur : deinde in itinere a Gae- 
tulis latronibus circumventi spoliatique, pavidi, sine 
decore ad Sallam profugiunt ; quern consul in expedit- 
ionem proficiscens pro pragtore reliquerat. Eos ille non 
pro vanis hostibus. ut meriti erant, sed accurate ac libe- 
raliter habuit. Qua re barbari et famam Romanorum 
avaritiae falsam, et Sullam, ob munificentiam in sese. 
amicum rati. Nam etiam turn largitio multis ignara : 
munificus nemo putabatur, nisi pariter volens : dona 
omnia in benignitate habebantur. Igitur quaestori man- 
data Bocchi patefaciunt ; simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor 
consultorque sibi adsit : copias, fidem, magnitudinem 
regis sui, et alia, quae aut utilia, aut benevolentiae crede- 
bant, oratione extollunt: dein Sulla omnia pollicito, 
docti, quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba 
facerent, circiter dies quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur. 

CIV. Marius postquam infecto, quo intenderat, nego- 
tio, Cirtam redit ; de adventu legatorum certior factus, 
illosque et Sullam venire jubet, item L. Bellienum prae- 
torem Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii ordinis : 
quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit, quis legatis potes- 
tas eundi Romam ab consule, interea indnciae postula- 
bantur. Ea Sullae et plerisque placuere : pauci ferocius 
decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum rerum, quae fluxae 
et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur. Ceterum Mau- 
ri, impetratis omnibus rebus, tres Romam profecti cum 
Cn. Octavio Rufo, qui quaestor stipendium in Africam 
portaverat : duo ad regem redeunt. Ex his Bocchus 
quum cetera, tummaxime benignitatem et studium Sul- 
lae libens accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam ^errasse 
regem, et Jugurthae scelere lapsum,' deprecati sunt, 
amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo respondetur : 



84 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

" Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuries me- 
mor esse solet : ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, de- 
licti gratiam facit : foedus et amicitia dabuntur, quum 
meruerit." 

CV. Quis rebus cognitis, Bocchus per litteras a Mario 
petivit, uti Sullam ad se mitteret ; cujus arbitratu de 
communibus negotiis consuleretur. Is missus cum prae- 
sidio equitum atque peditum, funditorum Balearium : 
prasterea sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus ar- 
mis, itineris properandi causa; neque his secus, atque 
aliis armis, adversum tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, 
muniti. Sed in itinere, quinto denique die. Volux, filius 
Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non am- 
plius equitibus sese ostendit ; qui temere et effuse euntes 
Sullae aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero, et 
hostilem metum efficiebant. Igitur sese quisque expe- 
dire, arma atque tela ten tare, intendere : timor aliquan- 
tus ; sed spes amplior, quippe victoribuSj et adversum 
cos, quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum 
praemissi, rem, uti erat, quietam nuntiant. 

CVI. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat : l se a pa- 
tre Boccho obviam illis simul, et prassidio missum.' De- 
inde eum et proximum diem sine metu conjuncti eunt. 
Post, ubi castra locata, et die vesper erat 3 repente Maurus 
incerto vultu ad Sullam accurrit : l sibi ex speculatoribus 
cognitum Jugurtham haud procul abesse :' simul, 'uti 
noctu clam secum profugeret,' rogat atque hortatur. Ille 
animo feroci negat i se toties fusum Numidam pertimes- 
cere : virtuti suorum satis credere : etiam si certa pestis 
adesset, mansurum potius, quam proditis, quos ducebat, 
turpi fuga incertas ac forsitan post paulo morbo interiturae 
vitae parceret.' Ceterum ab eodem monitus, * uti noctu 



JUGURTHA. 85 

proficiscerentur, 5 consilium approbat : ac statim 'milites 
coenatos esse, in castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, 
dein prima vigilia silentio egredi' jubet. Jamque noc- 
turno itinere fessis omnibus, Sulla pariter cum ortu solis 
castra metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugur- 
tham circiter duum millium intervallo ante consedisse. 
Quod postquam auditum est, turn vero ingens metus nos- 
tros invadit : credere se proditos a Voluce et insidiis cir- 
cumventos : ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum, 
neque apud ilium tantum scelus inultum relinquendum. 
CVIL At Sulla, quamquam eadern existimabat, tamen 
ab injuria Maurum prohibet ; suos hortatur, 'uti fortem 
animum gererent : saepe antea paucis strenuis adversum 
multitudinem bene pugnatum : quanto sibi in proelio 
minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore : nee quemquam 
decere, qui manus armaverit, ab inermis pedibus auxili- 
um petere, in maximo metu nudum et caecum corpus ad 
hostes vertere.' Deinde Volucem, quoniam hostilia fa- 
ceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque per- 
fidiae Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille 
lacrymans orare, ' ne ea crederet : nihil dolo factum ; ac 
magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui videlicet speculanti iter 
suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque ingen- 
tem multitudinem haberet, et spes opesque ejus ex patre 
suo penderent,' credere ' ilium nihil palam ausurum, 
quum ipse filius testis adesset : quare optimum factum 
videri. per media ejus castra palam transire : sese, vel 
prasmissis, vel ibidem relictis Mauris, solum cum Sulla 
iturum.' Ea res, ut in tali negotio, probata : ac statim 
profecti, quia de improviso acciderant, dubio atque haesi- 
tante Jugurtha, incolumes transeunt. Deinde paucis 
diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est. 

8 



86 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

CVIII. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nom- 
ine, multum et familiariter agebat ; praemissus ab Jugur- 
tha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, orator, et sub- 
dole speculatum Bocchi eonsilia : praeterea Dabar, Mas- 
sugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum materno 
genere impar ; nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat ; 
Mauro ob ingenii multa bona cams acceptusque : quern 
Bocchns fidum esse multis antea tempestatibus expertus, 
illico ad Sullam nimtiatum mittit, 'paratum sese facere 
quae populus Romanus vellet : colloquio diem, locum, 
tempus ipse deligeret ; consulta sese omnia cum illo In- 
tegra habere : neu Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret ; quo 
res communis licentius gereretur ; nam ab insidiis ejus 
aliter caveri nequivisse.' Sed ego comperior Bocchum 
magis Punica fide, quarn ob ea, quag praedicabat, simul 
Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse, multumque 
cum animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis, an 
illi Sullam traderet : libidinem adversum nos, metum 
pro nobis suasisse. 

CIX. Igitur Sulla respondit, l pauca se coram Aspare 
locuturum ; cetera occulte, aut nullo, aut quam paucissi- 
mis praesentibus ;' simul edocet quae sibi responderentur. 
Postquam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit, 'se missum a 
consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem, an bellum agita- 
turus foret.' Turn rex, uti prseceptum fuerat, ' post diem 
decimum redire' jubet ; ' ac nihil etiam nunc decrevisse, 
sed illo die responsurum :' deinde ambo in sua castra 
digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a 
Boccho occulte arcessitur : ab utroque tantummodo fidi 
interpretes adhibentur ; praeterea Dabar internuntius, 
sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus : ac statim sic rex 
incipit : 



JUGURTHA. 87 

CX. " Nunquam ego rat us sum fore, uti rex maximus 
in hac terra, et omnium, quos novi, privato homini gra- 
tiam deberem. Et, mehercule, Sulla, ante te cognitum, 
multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius 
indigui. Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego 
laetor : fuerit mihi, eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua 
apud animum meum nihil carius habeo. Id adeo ex- 
periri licet : arma, viros, pecuniam, postremo quidquid 
animo libet, sume, utere : et, quoad vives, nunquam red- 
ditam gratiam putaveris ; semper apud me integra erit : 
denique nihil, me sciente, frustra voles. Nam, ut ego 
existimo, regem armis, quam munifieentia, vinci, minus 
flagitiosum. Ceterum de republica vestra, cujus cura- 
tor hue missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo 
Romano neque feci, neque factum unquam volui : fines 
meos adversum armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omit- 
to, quando vobis ita placet : gerite, uti vultis cum Ju- 
gurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulucham, quod inter me 
et Micipsam fait, non egrediar ; neque Jugurtham id in- 
trare sinam : praeterea, si quid meque vobisque dignum 
petiveris, haud repulsus abibis." 

CXI. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice ; de pace 
et de communibus rebus, multis disseruit. Denique regi 
patefecit, 'quod polliceatur, senatum et populum Roma- 
num, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in gratiam 
habituros ; faciendum aliquid, quod illorum magis, quam 
sua, retulisse videretur. Id adeo in promptu esse, quo- 
niam Jugurthae copiam haberet : quern si Romanis trad- 
idisset, fore, uti illi plurimum deberetur ; amicitiam, 
foedus, Numidise partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro 
adventuram.' Rex primo negitare: £ affinitatem, cogna- 
tionem, praeterea foedus intervenisse : ad hoc metuere, ne, 



88 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

fluxa fide usus, popularium animos averteret, quis et 
Jugurtha carus, et Romani invisi erant :' denique ssepius 
fatigatus, lenitur, et ex voluntate Sullae { omnia se factu- 
rum' promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus 
Numida, defessus bello, avidissimus, quae utilia visa, 
constituunt. Ita, composito dolo, digrediuntur. 

CXII. At rex postero die Asparem, Jugurthae legatum, 
appellat, dicitque c sibi per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, 
posse conditionibus bellum poni : quamobrem regis sui 
sententiam exquireret.' Hie laetus in castra Jugurthae ve- 
nit. Deinde, ab illo cuncta edoetus, properato itinere, post 
diem octavum redit ad Bocchum, et ei nuntiat, ' Jugur- 
tham cupere omnia, quas imperarentur, facere ; sed Mario 
parum fidere : saepe antea cum imperatoribus Romanis 
pacem conventam frustra fuisse. Ceterum Boechus, si 
ambobus consultum, et ratam pacem vellet, daret ope- 
ram, ut una ab omnibus, quasi de pace, in colloquium 
veniretur; ibique sibi Sullam traderet. Quum talem 
virum in potestatem habuisset, turn fore, uti jussu sena- 
tus atque populi Romani foedus fieret : neque hominem 
nobilem, non sua ignavia, sed ob rempublicam, in hos- 
tium potestate, relictum iri.' 

CXIII. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem 
promisit. Ceterum dolo, an vere cunctatus, parum com- 
perimus : sed plerumque regi^ voluntates, ut vehementes, 
sic mobiles, saepe ipsas sibi adversae. Postea tempore et 
loco constituto in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Boe- 
chus Sullam modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, 
benigne habere, idem ambobus polliceri : illi pariter laeti, 
ac spei bonae pleni. Sed nocte ea, quae proxima fuit 
ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis, 
ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis, dicitur secum 



JUGURTHA. 89 

ipse multa agitavisse, vultu corporis pariter atque animo 
varius : quae scilicet, tacente ipso, occulta pectoris pate- 
fecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam arcessiri jubet, et ex 
ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi dies 
advenit, et ei rmntiatum est, Jugurtham haud procul 
abesse ; cum paucis amicis et quaestore nostro, quasi ob- 
vius honoris causa, procedit in tumulum facillimum visu 
insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis 
suis, inermis, uti dictum erat, accedit ; ac statim, signo 
dato, undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri ob- 
truncati : Jugurtha Sullae vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad 
Marium deductus est. 

CXIV. Per idem tempus adversum Gallos, ab ducibus 
nostris Q,. Caepione et On. Manlio male pugnatum : quo 
metu Italia omnis contremuerat. Illique et inde usque 
ad nostram memoriam, Romani sic habuere : i alia om- 
nia virtuti suae prona esse ; cum Gallis pro salute, non 
pro gloria certare.' Sed postquam bellum in Numidia 
confectum, et Jugurtham vinctum adduci Romam nun- 
tiatum est ; Marius consul absens factus, et ei decreta 
provincia Gallia : isque calendis Januariis magna gloria 
consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civ- 
itatis in illo sitae. 



8* 



C. CRISPI 

S A L L U S T I I 

BELLUM CATILINARIUM, 

SIVE 

DE CONJURATIONE CATILINE 



I. Omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris 
animalibus, summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio 
transeant, veluti peeora, quae natura prona atque ventri 
obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in animo et 
corpore sita est : animi imperio, corporis servitio magis 
utimur: alterum nobis cum dis, alterum cum belluis 
commune est. Gluo mihi rectius videtur ingenii quam 
virium opibus gioriam quaerere, et, quoniam vita ipsa 
qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri quam max- 
ime longam efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria 
fluxa atque fragilis est ; virtus clara aeternaque habetur. 
Sed diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine cor- 
poris, an virtute animi res militaris magis procederet. 
Nam et, prius quam incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulue- 
ris, mature facto opus est. Ita utrumque, per se indi- 
gens, alterum alterius auxilio eget. 

II. Igitur initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id 
primum fuit) diversi, pars ingenium, alii corpus exerce- 
bant : etiam turn vita hominum sine cupiditate agitaba- 
tur ; sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero quam in 
Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses 



92 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

coepere urbes atque nationes subigere, libidinem domi- 
nandi causam belli habere, maximam gloriam in maximo 
imperio putare ; tarn demum periculo atque negotiis com- 
pertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quod si 
regum atque imperatorum animi virtus in pace ita uti in 
bello valeret, aequabilius atque constantius sese res hu- 
manae haberent ; neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac 
misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium facile his arti- 
bus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro 
labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque 
superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immuta- 
tur. Ita imperium semper ad optimum quemque a mi- 
nus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, navigant, 
aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales 
dediti ventri atque sotnno, indocti incultique vitam, 
sicuti peregrinantes, transiere ; quibus profecto contra 
naturam corpus voluptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego 
vitam mortemque juxta aestimo, quoniam de utraque 
siletur. Verum enim vero is demum mihi vivere atque 
frui anima videtur, qui, aliquo negotio intentus, prseclari 
facinoris aut artis bonse famam qu8erit. Sed in magna 
copia rerum aliud alii natura iter ostendit. 

III. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicae ; etiam bene 
dicere haud absurdum est ; vel pace vel bello clarum 
fieri licet ; et qui fecere, et qui facta aliorum scripsere, 
multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem, tametsi haudqua- 
quam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, 
tamen in primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere : pri- 
mura, quod facta dictis sunt exasquanda ; dehinc, quia 
plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, malevolentia et in- 
vidia dicta putant ; ubi de magna virtute et gloria bono- 
rum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat 3 aequo 



CATILINA. 93 

animo accipit ; supra ea, veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. Sed 
ego adolescentulus initio, sicuti plerique, studio ad rem- 
publicam latus sum, ibique mihi adversa multa fuere. 
Nam pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, 
largitio, avaritia vigebant. duae tametsi animus asper- 
nabatur, insolens malarum artium, tamen inter tanta 
vitia imbecilla astas ambitione corrupta tenebatur; ac 
me, quum ab reliquis malis rnoribus dissentirem, nihilo 
minus honoris cupido eadem, quae ceteros, fama atque 
invidia vexabat. 

IV. Igitur ubi animus ex muitis miseriis atque pericu- 
lis requievit, et mihi reliquam aetatem a republica procul 
habendam decrevi ; non fuit consilium socordia atque 
desidia bonum otium conterere ; neque vero agrum co- 
lendo, aut venando, servilibus officiis intentum, aetatem 
agere ; sed a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala de- 
tinuerat, eodem regressus, statui res gestas populi Romani 
carptim, ut quaeque memoria digna videbantur, perserib- 
ere ; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus reipub- 
licae animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilinae conjuratione, 
quam verissime potero, paucis absolvam. Nam id faei- 
nus in primis ego memorabile existimo, sceleris atque 
periculi novitate. De cujus hominis rnoribus pauca prius 
explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. 

V. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi 
et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic 
ab adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia 
civilis grata fuere; ibique juventutem suam exercuit. 
Corpus patiens inedias, vigiliae, algoris, supra quam cui- 
quam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, 
cujus rei libet simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, 
sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquentiae, 



94 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

sapientise parum. Vastus animus immoderata, incredi- 
bilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post domina- 
tionem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat reipublicae 
capiendas ; neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi 
regnum pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur 
magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris, 
et conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque his artibus auxerat, 
quas supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti civ- 
itatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxu- 
ria atque avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, 
quoniam de moribus, eivitatis tempus admonuit, supra 
repetere, ac paucis instituta majorum domi militiseque, 
quomodo rempublicam habuerint, quantamque relique- 
rint, ut paulatim immutata, ex pulcherrima pessima ac 
flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere. 

VI. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque 
habuere initio Trojani, qui, Aenea duce, profugi, sedi- 
bus incertis vagabantur ; cumque his Aborigines, genus 
hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, liberum at- 
que solutum. Hi postquam in una moenia convenere, 
dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, 
incredibile memoratu est, quam facile coaluerint. Sed 
postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, satis 
prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque mor- 
talium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Tgitur 
reges populique finitimi bello tentare ; pauci ex amicis 
auxilio esse : nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculis abe- 
rant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti festinare, 
parare ; alius alium hortari ; hostibus obviam ire ; liber- 
tatem, patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi 
pericula virtute propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia 
portabant ; magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis 



C A T I L I N A . 95 

amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen im- 
perii regium habebant : delecti, quibus corpus amiis in- 
firmum, ingenium sapientia validum erat, reipublicae con- 
sultabant. Hi vel aetate, vel curae similitudine, Patres 
appellabantur. Post, ubi regium imperium. quod initio 
conservandae libertatis atque augendae reipublicae fuerat, 
in superbiam dominationemque convertit, immutato mo- 
re, annua imperia, binosque imperatores sibi fecere. Eo 
modo minime posse putabant per licentiam insolescere 
animum humanum. 

VII. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extol- 
lere, magisque ingenium in promptu habere. Nam regi- 
bus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, semperque his alie- 
na virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredibile mem- 
oratu est, adepta libertate, quantum brevi creverit : tanta 
cupido gloriae incesserat. Jam primum juventus simul 
laboris ac belli patiens erat, in castris usu militiam dis- 
cebat ; magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis, 
quam in scortis atque conviviis, libidinem habebant. 
Igitur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus ullus 
asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus : 
virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen 
inter ipsos erat : sic se quisque hostem ferire, murum as- 
cendere, conspici, dum tale facinus faceret, properabat ; 
eas divitias, earn bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem 
putabant ; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberates erant ; gloriam 
ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare pos- 
sem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias populus 
Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natura munitas 
pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto tra- 
heret. 



96 C.CRISPI SULUSTII 

VIII. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur ; ea 
res cunctas, ex libidine magis quam ex vero, celebrat ob- 
scuratque. Atheniensinm res gestae, sicuti ego existimo, 
satis amplae magnificaeque fuere ; verum aiiquanto mino- 
res tamen, quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere 
ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe- 
niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui 
ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum verbis ea potu- 
ere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nun- 
quam ea copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque nego- 
tiosus maxime erat : ingenium nemo sine corpore exer- 
cebat ; optimus quisque facere quam dieere, sua ab aliis 
benefacta laudari 3 quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 

IX. Igitur domi militiseque boni mores colebantur. 
Concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; jus bonumque 
apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat. Jur- 
gia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant ; cives 
cum civibus de virtute certabant. In suppliciis deorum 
magnifici, domi parci, in amicis fideles erant. Duabus 
his artibns, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate, 
seque remque publicam curabant. Cluarum rerum ego 
maxima documenta h^c habeo ; quod in bello saepius 
vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 
pugnaverant, quique tardius, revocati, proelio excesserant, 
quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi, loco cedere ausi 
erant ; in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis quam metu 
imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ignoscere quam 
persequi malebant. 

X. Sed ubi labore atque justitia respublica crevit, reges 
magni bello domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi 
subacti, Carthago, aemula imperii Romani, ab stirpe in- 
teriit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant; saevire fortuna 



CATILINA. 97 

ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias 
atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitise, 
optandee aliis, oneri miseriasque fuere. Igitur primo pe- 
cuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit : ea quasi materies 
omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, prob- 
itatem, ceterasque artes bonas subvertit ; pro his su- 
perbiam, crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia 
habere edocuit. Ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri 
subegit ; aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promp- 
tum habere ; amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex 
commodo, sestimare ; magisque vultum quam ingenium 
bonum habere. Haec primo paulatim crescere, interdum 
vindicari : post, ubi contagio, quasi pestilentia, invasit, 
civitas immutata; imperium ex justissimo atque optimo 
crudele intolerandumque factum. 

XI. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos 
hominum exercebat ; quod tamen vitium propius virtu- 
tem erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium, bonus et 
ignavus aeque sibi exoptant ; sed ille vera via nititur ; 
huic quia bonaa artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis con- 
tendit. Avaritia pecunias studium habet, quam nemo 
sapiens concupivit : ea, quasi venenis malis imbuta, cor- 
pus animumque virilem efFeminat; semper infinita, in- 
satiabilis est ; neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed 
postqnam L. Sulla, armis recepta republica, ex bonis 
initiis malos eventus habuit, rapere omnes, trahere ; 
domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque modum neque 
modestiam victores habere, foeda erudeliaque in cives 
facinora facere. Hue accedebat, quod L. Sulla exerci- 
tum, quern in Asia ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, 
contra morem majorum, luxuriose nimisque liberaliter 
habuerat. Loca amoena, voluptaria, facile in otio feroces 

9 



98 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

militum animos molliverant. Ibi primum insuevit exer- 
citus populi Romani amare, potare ; signa, tabulas pictas, 
vasa caelata mirari ; ea privatim ac publice rapere ; de- 
lubra spoliare ; sacra profanaque omnia polluere. Igitur 
hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui 
victis fecere. Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fati- 
gant ; nedum illi, corruptis moribus, victoriae temperarent. 

XII. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere, et eas glo- 
ria, imperium, potentia sequebatur ; hebescere virtus, 
paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevolentia 
duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis juventutem luxuria atque 
avaritia cum superbia invasere : rapere, consumere ; sua 
parvi pendere, aliena cupere ; pudorem, pudicitiam, di- 
vina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque mode- 
rati habere. Operae pretium est, quum domos atque 
villas cognoveris in urbium modum exaedificatas, visere 
templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi mor- 
tales, fecere. Yerum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos 
suas gloria, decorabant ; neque victis quidquam praster 
injurias licentiam eripiebant. At hi contra ignavissimi 
homines, per summum scelus, omnia ea sociis adimere, 
quae fortissimi viri victores hostibus reliquerant ; proinde 
quasi injuriam facere, id demum esset imperio uti. 

XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi iis qui videre, 
nemini credibilia sunt, a privatis compluribus subversos 
montes, maria constructa esse ? Q,uibus mihi videntur 
ludibrio fuisse divitiae ; quippe, quas honeste habere lice- 
bat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido 
stupri, ganeae, celerique cultus non minor incesserat ; 
# # vescendi causa, terra marique omnia exquirere ; 
dormire prius quam somni cupido esset; non famem, 
aut sitim, neque frigus, neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed 



CATILINA, 99 

ea omnia luxu antecapere. Haec juventutem, ubi fa- 
miliares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. Ani- 
mus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus care- 
bat : eo profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui 
deditus erat. 

XIY. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id 
quod factu facillimum erat, omnium ilagitiorum atque 
facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, catervas habe- 
bat. Nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, * * 
bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande con- 
flaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret ; praeterea 
omnes undique parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis, aut 
pro factis judicium timentes ; ad hoc, quos manus atque 
lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat ; postremo om- 
nes quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat ; 
hi Catalinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis 
etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quo- 
tidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris 
efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium familiaritates 
appetebat ; eorum animi, molles et setate fluxi, dolis haud 
difficulter capiebantur. Nam uti cujusque studium ex 
aetate flagrabat, aliis scorta prsebere, aliis canes atque 
equos mercari ; postremo neque sumptui neque modestise 
suae parcere, dum illos obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio 
fuisse nonnullos, qui ita existimarent juventutem, quae 
domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum honeste pudiciti- 
am habuisse ; sed ex aliis rebus magis, quam quod cui- 
quam id compertum foret, haec fama valebat. 

XV. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda 
stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, 
et alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. Postremo cap- 
tus amore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus praeter formam nihil 






100 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

unquam bonus laudavit ; quod ea nubere illi dubitabat 7 
timens privignum adulta aetate, pro certo creditor, necato 
filio, vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. Quae qui- 
deni res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse facinoris 
matnrandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque 
infestus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat : 
ita conscientia mentem excitam vastabat. Igitur colos 
exsanguis, foedi oculi ; citus modo, modo tardus inces- 
sus ; prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. 

XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus ; illexe- 
rat, multis modis mala facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes 
signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem, fortunas, peric- 
ula vilia habere ; post, ubi eorum famam atque pudo- 
rem attriverat, majora alia imperabat. Si causa peccandi 
in praesens minus suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes, sicuti 
sontes, circumvenire, jugulare ; scilicet, ne per otium 
torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito potius malus 
atque crudelis erat. His amicis sociisque confisus Cati- 
lina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes terras ingens erat, 
et quod plerique Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapina- 
rum et victoriag veteris memores, civile bellum exopta- 
bant, opprimendae reipublicas consilium cepit. In Italia 
nullus exercitus ; Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum 
gerebat ; ipsi consulatum petenti magna spes : senatus 
nihil sane intent us ; tutae tranquillaBque res omnes ; sed 
ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae. 

XVII. Igitur circiter calendas Junias, L. Cassare et 
C. Figulo consulibus, prime singulos appellare ; hortari 
alios, alios tentare ; opes suas, imparatam rempublicam, 
magna praemia conjurationis docere. Ubi satis explorata 
sunt, quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus max- 
ima necessitudo et plurimum audaciae inerat. E6 con- 



CATILINA. 101 

venere senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, 
L. Cassius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae 
Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, Q,. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, 
L. Bestia, Q,. Curius ; prseterea ex equestri ordine, M. 
Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. 
Cornelius : ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi 
nobiles. Erant praeterea complures paulo occujtiiis con- 
silii hujusce participes nobiles, quos magis dominationis 
spes hortabatur quam inopia, aut alia necessitudo. Cet- 
erum juventus pleraque, sed maxime nobilium, Catilinae 
inceptis favebat. Quibus in otio vel magnifice vel moi- 
liter vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam 
pacem malebant. Fuere item ea tempestate, qui cred- 
erent M. Licinium Crassum non ignarum ejus consilii 
fuisse ; quia Cn. Pompeius, invisus ipsi, magnum exer- 
citum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius po- 
tentiam crescere ; simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, 
facile apud illos principem se fore. 

XVIII. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci contra rem- 
publicam, in quibus Catilina fuit. De qua, quam veris- 
sime potero, dicam. L. Tullo, M. Lepido consulibus, P. 
Autronius et P. Sulla, designati consules, legibus ambitus 
interrogati poenas dederant. Post paulo Catilina, pecu- 
niarum repetundarum reus, prohibitus erat consulatum 
petere, quod intra legitimos dies profited nequiverit. 
Erat eodem tempore Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, sum- 
mse audaciae, egens, factiosus, quern ad perturbandam 
rempublicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. Cum 
hoc Catilina et Autronius, circiter nonas Decembres con- 
silio communicato, parabant in Capitolio calendis Janu- 
ariis L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere; 
ipsi, fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obti- 

9* 



102 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

nendas duas Hispanias mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus 
in nonas Februarias consilium casdis transtulerant. Jam 
turn non consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus per- 
niciem machinabantur. duod ni Catilina maturasset 
pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die, post conditam urbem 
Romam, pessimum facinns patratum foret. duia non- 
dum frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium 
diremit. 

XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor 
pro praetore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infes- 
tum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. Neque tamen 
senatus provinciam invitus dederat : quippe foedum hom- 
inem a republica procul esse volebat ; simul, quia boni 
complures presidium in eo putabant ; et jam turn poten- 
tia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in pro- 
vincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, 
iter faciens occisns est. Sunt, qui ita dicunt imperia 
ejus injusta, superba, crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati ; 
alii autem, eqnites illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque 
clientes, voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos ; nunquam 
Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia sagva 
multa antea perpessos. Nos earn rem in medio relinque- 
mus. De superiore conjuratione satis dictum. 

XX. Catilina, ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, 
convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, 
tamen in rem fore credens uni versos appellare et cohor- 
tari. in abditam partem agdium sececlit ; atque ibi, omni- 
bus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujuscemodi hab- 
uit : 

" Ni virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, ne- 
quidquam opportuna res cecidisset ; spes magna, domi- 
natio in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego per ignavi- 



CATILINA. 103 

am, aut vana ingenia, incerta pro certis captarem. Sed 
quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes 
fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maximum atque pul- 
cherrimum facinus incipere ; simul quia vobis eadem, 
quae mihi, bona malaque esse intellexi. Nam idem velle 
atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed, 
ego quae mente agitavi, omnes jam antea diversi audistis. 
Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, quum 
considero, quae conditio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi 
vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam respublica in 
paucorum potentium jus atque ditionem concessit, sem- 
per illis reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse ; populi, nationes 
stipendia pendere ; ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles 
atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine gratia, sine auctori- 
tate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica valeret, formidini 
essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitias 
apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt ; nobis reliquere, 
pericula, repulsas, judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque 
tandem patiemini, fortissimi viri ? Nonne emori per 
virtutem prsestat, quam vitam miseram atque inhones- 
tam, ubi aliena3 superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus 
amittere ? Verum enim vero, pro deum atque hominum 
fidem ! victoria in manu nobis est. Viget aetas, animus 
valet : contra illis, annis atque divitiis, omnia consenue- 
runt. Tantummodo incepto opus est ; cetera res ex- 
pediet. Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium 
inest, tolerare potest, illis divitias superare, quas profun- 
dant in exstruendo mari et montibus coaequandis ; nobis 
rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse ? illos binas, 
aut amplius, domos continuare ; nobis larem familiarem 
nusquam ullum esse ? Quum tabulas, signa, toreumata 
emunt, nova diruunt, alia asdificant ; postremo omnibus 



. 



104 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant ; tamen summa libidine 
divitias vincere nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris 
aes alienum ; mala res, spes multo asperior. Denique, 
quid reliqui habemus, praeter miseram animam ? Quia 
igitur expergiscimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe optastis, 
libertas ; praeterea divitias, decus, gloria in oculis sita 
sunt ! fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. Res, 
tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis, 
quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. Vel imperatore, vel 
milite me utimini. Neque animus, neque corpus a vobis 
aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam ; 
nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos servire magis, quam im- 
perare parati estis." 

XXI. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala 
abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla ; 
tametsi illis quieta movere, magna merces videbatur ; 
tamen postulare plerique, uti proponeret, quae conditio 
belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis 
aut spei haberent. Turn Catilina polliceri tabulas no- 
vas, proscriptionem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, 
rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum atque libido victorum 
fert. Praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, in 
Mauritania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii 
sui participes: petere consulatum C. Antonium, quern 
sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem, et 
omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum : cum eo se 
consulem initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc maledictis 
increpat omnesbonos: suorum unumquemque nominans 
laudare ; admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis 
suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae, multos victorias 
Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium 
anirnos alacres videt, cohortatus, ut petitionem suam 
curae haberent, conventum dimisit. 



CATILINA. 105 

XXII. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent Catilinam, 
oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum populares sceleris 
sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem vino permix- 
tum in pateris circumtulisse ; inde, quum post exsecra- 
tionem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in solemnibus sa- 
cris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum ; atque 
eo, dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se magis fidi forent, alius 
alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli ficta et haec, et 
multa praeterea, existirnabant ab its, qui Ciceronis invid- 
iam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate scel- 
eris eorum, qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro mag- 
nitudine parum comperta est. 

XXIII. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q,. Curius, natus 
haud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus ; 
quern censores senatu probri gratia moverant. Huic 
homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia ; neque 
reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet ipse scelera occul- 
tare. Prorsus neque dicere, neque facere quidquam pen- 
si habebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri 
vetus consuetudo : cui quum minus gratus esset, quia 
inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians mariamon- 
tesque polliceri coepit ; minari interdum ferro, nisi ob- 
noxia foret ; postremo ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. 
At Fulvia, insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum 
reipublicae haud occultum habuit ; sed, sublato auctore^ 
de Catilinae conjuratione, quae quoque modo audierat, 
compluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia hominum 
accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. 
Nam que antea pleraque nobilitas invidia sestuabat ; et 
quasi pollui consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egre- 
gius, homo novus adeptus foret. Sed ubi periculum 
advenit, invidia atque superbia postfuere. 



106 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

XXIV. Igitur comitiis habitis, consules declarantur 
M. Tullius et 0. Antonius ; quod factum primo populares 
conjurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinag furor 
minuebatur ; sed in dies plnra agitare ; arma per Italiam 
locis opportunis parare ; pecuniam, sua aut amicorum 
fide sumptam mutuam. Faesulas ad Manlium quemdam 
portare, qui postea princeps fuit belli faciendi. Ea tem- 
pestate plurimos cujusque generis homines adscivisse 
sibi dicitur; mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo ingentes 
sumptus stupro corporis toleraverant ; post, ubi setas tan- 
tummodo quaestui, neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes 
alienum grande conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina crede- 
bat posse servitia urbana sollicitare, urbem incendere, 
viros earum vel adjungere sibi, vel interficere. 

XXV. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe 
virilis audaciae facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere 
atque forma, praeterea viro atque liberis, satis fortunata 
fuit ; litteris Graecis atque Latinis docta ; psallere, et sal- 
tare elegantius, quam necesse est probae ; multa alia, 
quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper 
omnia, quam decus atque pudicitia fuit. Pecuniae an 
famae minus parceret, haud facile discerneres ; libidine sic 
accensa, ut saepius peteret viros, quam peteretur. vSed 
ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, 
caedis conscia fuerat, laxuria atque inopia praeceps abie- 
rat. Verum ingenium ejus haud absurdum ; posse ver- 
sus facere, jocum movere, sermone uti vel modesto, vel 
molli, vel procaci : prorsus multae facetiae multusque 
lepos inerat. 

XXVI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo minus in 
proximum annum consulatum petebat ; sperans, si desig- 
natus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Ne» 



CATILINA. 107 

que interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias 
parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus, 
aut astutias deerant. Namque a principio constilatus sui, 
multa pollicendo per Fulviam, effecerat, ut d. Carins, 
de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinag sibi prod- 
eret. Ad hoc collegam suum Antonium pactione pro- 
vinciae perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret. Cir- 
cum se praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habe- 
bat. Postquam dies comitiorum venit, et Catilinas neque 
petitio, neque insidias, quas consuli in campo fecerat, 
prospere cessere ; constituit bellum facere, et extrema 
omnia experiri, quoniam quce occulte tentaverat, aspera 
fosdaque evenerant. 

XXVII. Igitur C. Manlium Fassulas atque in earn 
partem Etruriae, Septimium quemdam Camertem in 
agrum Picenum, C. Julium in Apuliam, dimisit ; pras- 
terea alium alio, quern ubique opportunism sibi fore cre- 
debat. Interea Romas multa simul moliri ; consuli in- 
sidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna loca armatis 
hominibus obsidere ; ipsi cum telo esse, item alios ju- 
bere ; hortari, uti semper intenti paratique essent ; dies 
noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque la- 
bore fatigari. Postremo ubi multa agitanti nihil proce- 
dit ; rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis principes con- 
vocat per M. Porcium Lsecam : ibique multa de ignavia 
eorum questus, docet, ' se Manlium prasmisisse ad earn 
multitudinem, quani ad capienda arma paraverat ; item 
alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium belli facerent ; 
seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem 
oppressisset ; eum suis consiliis multum officere.' 

XXVIII. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, C 
Cornelius, eques Romanus, operam suam pollicitus, et 



108 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

cum eo L. Vargunteins senator, constituere ea nocte 
paulo post, cum armatis hominibus, sicuti salutatum, in- 
troire ad Ciceronem, ac de improvise* domi suae impara- 
turn confodere. Curius ubi intelligit quantum periculi 
consuli impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, 
qui parabatur, enuntiat. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tan- 
tum facinus frustra susceperant. 

Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate 
simul, ac dolore injurise novarum rerum cupidam, quod 
Suite dominatione agros bonaque omnia amiserat ; prse- 
ierea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione 
magna copia erat ; nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus 
libido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fec- 
erant. 

XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo 
permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis privato consilio 
longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii quantus, aut 
quo consilio foret, satis compertum habebat, rem ad se- 
natum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam. 
Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci negotio solet, senatus 
decrevit, 'darent operam consules, ne quid respublica 
detrimenti caperet.' Ea potestas per senatum, more Ro- 
mano, magistratui maxima permittitur: exercitum pa- 
rare, bellum gerere ; coercere omnibus modis socios at- 
que cives, domi militiseque imperium atque judicium 
summum habere ; aliter, sine populi jussu, nulli earum 
rerum consuli jus est. 

XXX. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatul 
litteras recitavit, quas Fgesulis allatas sibi dicebat : in 
quibus scriptum erat, 'C. Manlium arma cepisse, cum 
magna multitudine, ante diem sextum calendas Novem- 
bres.' Simul, id, quod in tali re solet, alii portenta atque 



CATILINA, 109 

prodigia nuntiabant, alii c conventus fieri, arma portari,' 
Capuae atque in Apulia servile bellum moved. Igitur 
senati decreto Q,. Marcius Rex Fsesulas, Q,. Merellus 
Creticus in Apuliam circumque loca missi : hi unique ad 
urbem imperatores erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, ca- 
lumnia paucorum, quibus omnia, honesta atque inhones- 
ta, vendere mos erat. Sed praetores Q. Pompeius Ru- 
fus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in agrum Picenum; his- 
que permissum, ' uti pro tempore atque periculo exerci- 
tum compararent.' Ad hoc, 'si quis indicavisset de con- 
juratione, quae contra rempublicam facta erat, praemium' 
decrevere ( servo libertatem et sestertia centum; libero 
impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta ;' Itemque dec- 
revere, l uti gladiatorise familiae Capuam et in cetera 
municipia distribuerentur, pro cujusque opibus ; Romee 
per totam urbem vigilise haberentur, hisque minores 
magistratus praeessent.' 

XXXI. dnibus rebus permota civitas, atque iramu- 
tata urbis facies : ex summa lsetitia atque lascivia, quae 
diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes tristitia invasit. 
Festinare, trepidare ; neque loco, nee homini cuiquam 
satis credere ; neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere; 
suo quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, 
quibus, reipublicae magnitudine, belli timor insolitus in- 
cesserat, afflictare sese, manus supplices ad coelum ten- 
dere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia pavere, su- 
perbia atque deliciis omissis, sibi patriaeque diffidere. At 
Catilinae crudelis animus eadem ilia movebat ; tametsi 
praesidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus 
erat ab L. Paulo. Postremo dissimulandi causa, atque 
sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum 
venit. Turn M. Tullius consul, sive praesentiam ejus 

10 



110 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

timens, sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam 
atque utilem reipublicas, quam postea scriptam edidit. 
Sed, ubi ille assedit, Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimu- 
landa omnia, demisso vultu, voce supplici postulare, 
'patres conscripti ne quid de se temere crederent : ea 
familia ortum, ita ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut 
omnia bona in spe haberet : ne existimarent, sibi, patric- 
io homini, ciijus ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia 
in plebem Romanam essent, perdita republica, opus esse, 
quum earn servaret M. Tullins, inquilinus civis urbis 
Romas.' Ad hasc maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrep- 
ere omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. Turn ille 
furibundus: " duoniam quidem circumventus," inquit, 
"ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina res- 
tinguam." 

XXXII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit. Ibi multa 
secum ipse volvens, quod neque insidia3 consuli procede- 
bant, et ab incendio intelligebat urbem vigiliis munitam, 
optimum factum credens, exercitum augere, ac, prius 
quam legiones scriberentur, antecapere, quae belio usui 
forent; nocte intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra 
profectus est. Sed Cethego atque Lentulo, ceterisque, 
quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, 'quibus 
rebus possent, opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli 
maturent, caedem. incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent: 
sese propediem cum magno exercitu ad nrbem accessu- 
rum.' Dum haec Romas geruntur, C. Manlius ex suo 
numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit, cum manda- 
tis hujuscemodi : 

XXXIII. " Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos 
arma neque contra patriam cepisse, neque quo periculum 
aliis faceremus; sed uti corpora nostra ab injuria tuta 



CATILINA. Ill 

forent ; qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate 
foeneratorum, plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque for- 
tunis expertes sumus : neque cuiquam nostrum licuit, 
more majorum, lege uti ; neque, amisso patrimonio, libe- 
rum corpus habere : tanta saevitia foeneratorum atque 
praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum, miseriti plebis 
Romanae, decretis suis inopiae opitulati sunt : ac novis- 
sime, memoria nostra, propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, 
volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum aere solutum est. 
Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, aut su- 
perbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos 
non imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum 
causa bella atque certamina omnia inter mortales sunt ; 
sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus, nisi cum anima simul, 
amittit. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis mise- 
ris civibus ; legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris 
eripuit, restituatis ; neve earn nobis necessitudinem im- 
ponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo, maxime ulti san- 
guinem nostrum, pereamus." 

XXXIV. Ad hsec &. Marcius respondit : i Si quid ab 
senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam sup- 
plies proficiscantur : ea mansuetudine atque misericor- 
dia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut 
nemo unquam ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit.' At 
Catilina ex itinere plerisque consularibus, praeterea op- 
timo cuique, litteras mittit : < Se falsis criminibus cir- 
cumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum resistere ne- 
quiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam in exsilium proficis- 
ci : non quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset ; sed uti res- 
publica quieta foret j neve ex sua contentione seditio 
oriretur.' Ab his longe diversas litteras Q,. Catulus in 
senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas dice- 
bat. Earum exemplum infra scriptum. 



112 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

XXXV. " L. Catilina a. Catulo S. Egregia tua fides 
re cognita gratam in magnis meis periculis fiduciam com- 
mendationi mese tribnit. Quamobrem defensionem in 
novo consilio non statui parare : satisfactionem ex nulla 
conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi : quam, me dius 
fidius, veram licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque 
concitatus, quod, fructu laboris industriaeque meee priva- 
tus, statum dignitatis non obtinebam, publicam misero- 
rum causam, pro mea consuetudine, suscepi : non quin 
bbs aiienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere 
possem ; quum alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae 
suis filiseque copiis persolveret ; sed quod non dignos 
homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa sus- 
picione alienatum esse sentiebam. Hoc nomine satis 
honestas pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservan- 
dae sum secutus. Plura quum scribere vellem, nuntia- 
tum est vim mihi parari. Nunc Orestillam commendo, 
tuaeque fidei trado. Earn ab injuria deferdas, per libe- 
ros tuos rogatus. Haveto." 

XXXVI. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud C. 
Flammium in agro Arretino, dnm vicinitatem, antea sol- 
licitatam, armis exornat ; cum fascibus atque aliis impe- 
rii insignibus in castraad Manlium contendit. Haec ubi 
Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et -Manlium 
hostes judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante 
quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, praeter re- 
rum capitalium condemnatis. Praeterea decernit, 'uti 
consules delectum habeant ; Antonius cum exercitu Cat- 
ilinam persequi maturet ; Cicero urbi prsesidio sit.' Ea 
tempestate mihi imperium populi Romani multo maxime 
miserable visum est : cui quum ad occasum ab ortu so- 
lis omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque divit- 



C ATILIN A. 



113 



iee. quae prima mortales putant, affluerent ; fuere tamen 
cives, qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis per- 
ditum irent. Namque duobus senati decretis, ex tanta 
multitudine, neque praemio inductus conjurationem pate- 
fecerat, neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium dis- 
cesserat. Tanta vis morbi, uti tabes, plerosque civium 
animos invaserat. 

XXXVII. Neque solum iliis aliena mens erat, qui 
conscii conjurationis fuerant ; sed omnino cuncta plebes, 
novarum rerum studio, Catilinae incepta probabat. Id 
adeo more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civi- 
tate, quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis invident, malos ex- 
tollunt ; Vetera odere, nova exoptant ; odio suarum re- 
rum mutari omnia student ; turba atque seditionibus 
sine cura aluntur, quoniam egestas facile habetur sine 
damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero praeceps ierat mul- 
tis de causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro at- 
que petulantia maxime praestabant ; item alii, per dedec- 
ora patrimoniis amissis : postremo omnes, quos flagitium 
aut facinus domo expnlerat, hi Romam, sicuti in senti- 
nam, confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullana3 
victoriae, quod ex gregariis militibus alios senatores vide- 
bant, alios ita divites, uti regio victu atque cultu eetatem 
agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex victoria talia 
sperabant. Prasterea juventus, quae in agris manuum 
mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis lar- 
gitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori praetule- 
rat. Eos atque alios omnes malum publicum alebat. 
Quo minus mirandum'est, homines egentes, malis mori- 
bus, maxima spe, reipublicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse. 
Praeterea quorum, victoria Bullae, parentes proscripti, 
bona erepta, jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane 

10* 



114 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

alio animo belli eventum exspectabant Ad hoc, qui- 
cumque atiarum atque senati partium erant, conturbari 
rempublicam, quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo 
malum multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. 

XXXVIII. Nam postquam, Cn. Pompeio et M. Cras- 
so consulibus, tribunicia potestas restituta est, homines 
adolescentes, summam potestatem nacti, quibus aetas 
animusque ferox erat, coepcre, senatum criminando, pie- 
bem exagitare ; dein largiendo atque pollieitando magis 
incendere ; ita ipsi clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos 
summa ope nitebatur pleraque nobilitas, senati specie, 
pro sua magnitudine. Namque, uti paucis verum ab- 
solvam, per ilia tempora quicumque rempublicam agi- 
tavere, honestis nominibus, alii, sicuti populi jura defen- 
derent, pars, quo senati auctoritas maxima foret, bonum 
publicum simulantes, pro suaquisque potentia certabant, 
Neque illis modestia, neque modus contentions erat : 
utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant. 

XXXIX. Sed postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum 
maritirr.um atque Mithridaticum missus est, plebis opes 
imminutse, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi magistratus, 
provincias, aliaque omnia tenere ; ipsi innoxii, florentes, 
sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo 
plebem in magistratu placidius tractarent. Sed ubi pri- 
mum dubiis rebus novandis spes oblata est, vetus cer- 
tamen animos eorum arrexit. Quod si primo proelio 
Catilina superior, aut sequa manu discessisset, profecto 
magna clades atque calamitas rempublicam oppressisset ; 
neque illis, qui victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti 
licuisset, quia defessis et exsanguibus, qui plus posset, 
imperium at_iue libertatem extorqueret. Fuere tamen 
eltra conjumtionem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio 



CATILINA. 115 

profecti sunt. In his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, 
quern retractum ex itinere parens necari jussit. Isdem 
temporibus Romae Lentulus, sieuti Catilina praceperat, 
quoscumque rnoribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos 
credebat, aut per se, aut per alios sollicitabat ; neque 
solum cives, sed cujusque modi genus hominum, quod 
modo bello usui foret. 

XL. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti le- 
gatos AUobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impellat ad 
societatem belli ; existimans publice privatimque aere 
alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens Gallica bel- 
licosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. 
Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque prin- 
cipibus civitatium notus erat, atque eos noverat. Itaque 
sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, percon- 
tatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, 
requirere coepit, i quern exitum tantis malis sperarent?' 
Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, 
accusare senatum, quod in eo auxilii nihil esset, miseriis 
suis remedium mortem exspectare : "At ego," inquit, 
" vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua 
tanta ista mala effugiatis." Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in 
maximam spem adducti Umbrenum orare, ' uti sui miser- 
eretur : nihil tarn asperum neque tarn difficile esse, quod 
non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem aere 
alieno liberaret. ? Ille eos in domum D. Bruti perducit-; 
quod foro propinqua erat, neque aliena consilii, propter 
Semproniam ; nam turn Brutus ab Roma aberat. Prae- 
te:*ea Gabinium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni 
inesset. Eo praesente, conjurationem aperit ; nominat 
socios ? praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo 
le^atis animus amplior esset : deinde eos pollicitos ope- 
ram suam dimittit. 



116 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

XLT. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam 
consilii caperent. In altera parte erat aes alienum, stu- 
dium belli, magna merces in spe victoriae ; at in altera 
majores opes, tuta consilia, pro ineerta spe certa praemia. 
Hagc illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna reipublicae. 
Itaque &. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas pluri- 
mum utebatur, rem omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. 
Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, legatis praecepit, ut 
studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros ade- 
ant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam 
maxime manifestos habeant. 

XLII. Isdem fere temporibus, in Gallia citeriore atque 
ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia motus erat. 
Nam que illi, quos antea Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte 
ac veluti per dementiam, cuncta simul agebant : noctur- 
es consiliis, armorum atque telornm portationibus, festi- 
nando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effece- 
rant. Ex eo numero complnres Q,. Metellus Celer pras- 
tor, ex senati consultu, causa cognita, in vincula con- 
jecerat ; item in ulteriore Gallia C. Murena, qui ei pro- 
vinciae legatus praeerat. 

XLIII. At Romae Lentulus, cum ceteris, qui principes 
conjurationis erant, paratis, ut videbantur, magnis copiis, 
constituerant, uti, quum Catilina in agrum Faesulanum 
cum exercitu venisset, L. Bestia, tribunus plebis, con- 
cione habita, querereturde actionibus Ciceronis, bellique 
gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli imponeret ; eo signo, 
proxima nocte cetera multitudo conjurationis suum quis- 
que negotinm exsequeretur. Sed ea divisa hoc modo 
dicebantur : Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu 
duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo 
tumultu facilior aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus 



CATILINA. 117 

insidiae parabantur, fieret ; Cethegus Ciceronis januam 
obsideret, eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem alium ; 
sed filii familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars 
erat, parentes interficerent ; simul, caede et incendio per- 
culsis omnibus, ad Catilinam erumperent. Inter hasc 
parata atque decreta Cethegus semper querebatur de ig- 
navia sociorum : ' illos dubitando et dies prolatando mag- 
nas opportunitates corrumpere ; facto, non consulto in tali 
periculo opus esse ; seque, si pauci adju parent, languen- 
tibus aliis, impetum in curiam facturum.' Natura ferox, 
vehemens, manu promptus erat ; maximum bonum in 
celeritate putabat. 

XLIV. Sed Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Ga- 
binium ceteros conveniunt; ab Lentulo, Cethego, Sta- 
tilio, item Cassio postulant jusjurandum, quod signatum 
ad cives perferant : ' aliter haud facile eos ad tantum ne- 
gotium impelli posse.' Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant ; 
Cassius semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur, ac paulo ante 
legatos ex urbe proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Vol- 
turcium quemdam Crotoniensem mittit, uti Allobroges, 
prius quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina, data et ac- 
cepta fide, societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio lit— 
teras ad Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum 
est : 

" Gluis sim, ex eo ; quern ad te misi, cognosces. Fac 
cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum 
esse ; consideres, quid tuas rationes postulent : auxilium 
petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis." 

Ad hoc mandata verbis dat : • quum ab senatu hostis 
judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet ? in urbe pa- 
rata esse, ques jusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse propius acced- 
ere. J 



118 



CRISPI SALLUSTII 



XLV. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua prof- 
iciscerentur, Cicero, per legatos cuncta edoctus, L. Va- 
lerio Flacco et C. Pomptino praetoribus imperat, uti in 
ponte Mulvio per insidias Allobrogum comitatus depre- 
hendant ; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur ; 
cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, hom- 
ines militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti 
pragceptum erat, occulte pontem obsidunt. Postquam 
ad id loci legati cum Volturcio venerunt, et simul utrim- 
que clamor exortus est : Galli, cito cognito consilio, sine 
mora praetoribus se tradnnt. Volturcius primo, cohorta- 
tusceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit ; deinde, ubi 
a legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pompti- 
num obtestatus, quod ei notus erat : postremo timidus 
ac vitas diffidens, velut hostibus, sese praetoribus dedit. 

XL VI. duibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per 
nuntios consuli declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque 
laetitia simul occupavere. Nam laetabatur, intelligens, 
conjuratione patefacta. civitatem periculis ereptam esse ; 
porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere 
tantis civibus deprehensis, quid facto opus esset ; poenam 
illorum sibi oneri, impunitatem perdendae reipublicae fore 
credebat. Igitur, confirmato animo, vocari ad sese jubet 
Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, itemque 
Coeparium quemdam Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad 
concitanda servitia proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora 
veniunt : Coeparius, paulo ante domo egressus, cognito 
indicio, ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod 
praetor erat, ipse manu tenens perducit ; reliquos cum 
custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. E6 sena- 
turn advocat, magnaque frequentia ejus ordinis, Voltur- 
cium cum legatis introducit ; Flaccum praetorem scrini- 



C ATILIN A . 119 

um cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre 
jubet. 

XL VII. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, 
postremo quid, aut qua de causa consilii habuisset, pri- 
me fingere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione ; post, ubi 
fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti gesta erant, ape- f 
rit ; docetque ( se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Coepa- 
rio socium adscitum, nihil amplius scire, quamlegatos; 
tantummodo audire solitum ex Gabino P. Autronium, 
Serviam Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos prseterea in ea 
conjuratione esse.' Eadem Galli fatentur; ac Lentulum 
dissimulantem coarguunt, praster litteras, sermonibus, 
quos ille habere solitus erat : l Ex libris Sibyllinis regnum 
Romae tribus Corneliis portendi ; Cinnam atque Sullam 
antea; se tertium esse, cui fatum foret urbis potiri ; pras- 
terea ab incenso Capitolio ilium esse vigesimum annum, 
quern saepe ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello 
civili cruentum fore.' Igitur perlectis litteris, quum pri- 
us omnes signa sua cognovissent, senatus decernit, ' uti 
abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque ceteri in liberis 
custodiis haberentur.' Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo Spin- 
theri, qui turn aedilisnerat, Cethegus d. Cornificio, Sta- 
tilius C. Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Coeparius (nam is 
paulo ante ex fuga retractus erat) Cn. Terentio senatori 
traduntur. 

XLVIII. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae 
primo cupida rerum novarum nimis bello favebat, muta- 
ta mente, Catilinas consilia exsecrari, Ciceronem ad coe- 
lum tollere ; veluti ex servitute erepta, gaudium atque 
lastitiam agitabat. Namque alia, belli facinora pragdas 
magis quam detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, 
immoderatum, ac sibi maxime calamitosum putabat ; 



120 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

quippe cui omnes copiae in usu quotidiano et cultu cor- 
poris erant. Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad 
senatum adductus erat, quern ad Catilinam proficiscen- 
tem ex itinere retractum aiebant. Is, quum se diceret 
indicatarum de conjuratione, si fides publica data esset, 
jussus a consule, quae sciret, edicere, eadem fere, quae Vol- 
turcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itin- 
ere hostium senatum docet : praeterea l se missum a M. 
Crasso qui Catilinae nuntiaret, ne eum Lentulus, et Cethe- 
gus, aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi terrerent: eoque 
magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum 
animos reficeret, et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur.' 
Sed ubi Tarquinius Orassum nominavit, hominem nob- 
ilem, maximis divitiis, summa potentia; alii, rem in- 
credibilem rati ; pars, tametsi verum existimabant, ta- 
men, quia in tali tempore tanta vis hominis lenienda 
magis, quam exagitanda videbatur ; plerique Crasso ex 
negotiis privatis obnoxii conclamant, l indicem falsum 
esse,' deque ea re postulant, uti referatur. Itaque, con- 
sulente Cicerone, frequens senatus decernit : ' Tarquinii 
indicium falsum videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum. 
neque amplius potestatem faciendam, nisi de eo indica- 
ret, cujus consilio tantam rem mentitus esset.' Erant eo 
tempore, qui existimarent indicium illud a P. Autronio 
machinatum, quo facilius, appellato Crasso, per societa- 
tem periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tar- 
quinium a Cicerone immissum aiebant, ne Crassus, more 
suo, suscepto malorum patrocinio, rempublicam contur- 
baret. Ipsum CrawSsum ego postea praedicantem audivi, 
{ tantam illam contumeliam sibi ab Cicerone impositam.' 
XLIX. Sed isdem temporibus Q, Catulus et C. Piso 
neque precibus, neque gratia, neque pretio Ciceronem 



CATILINA. 121 

impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges, aut per alium indi- 
cem, C. Ca3sar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum 
illo graves inimicitias exercebant : Piso oppngnatns in 
judicio pecuniarum repetundarum, propter cnjusdam 
Transpadani supplicium injustum ; Catulus ex petitione 
pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis 
honoribus usus, ab adolescentulo Caesare victus discesse- 
rat. Res autem opportuna videbatur ; quod is privatim 
egregia liberalitate, publice maximis muneribus grandem 
pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantnm faci- 
nus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo, 
atque ementiendo, quas se ex Voltnrcio aut Allobrogibus 
audisse dicerent, magnam tilt invidiam conflaverant ; us- 
que adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui prsesidii causa 
cum telis erant circum aedem Concordiee, sen periculi 
magnitudine, seu animi nobilitate impulsi, quo studium 
suum in rempublicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu 
Csesari gladio minitarentur. 

L. Dnm haec in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis Allob- 
rogum et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum indicio, 
praemia decernuntur ; liberti, et pauci ex clientibus Len- 
tuli, diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in vicis ad 
eum eripiendum sollicitabant; partim exquirebant duces 
multitudinum, qui pretio rempublicam vexare soliti erant. 
Cethegus autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, 
lectos et exercitatos in audaciam, orabat, ut, grege facto, 
cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, ubi ea parari 
cognovit, dispositis prsssidiis, ut res atque tempus mone- 
bat, convocato senatu, refert, 'quid de his fieri placeat, 
qui in custodiam traditi erant.' Sed eos paulo ante fre- 
quens senatus judicaverat 'contra rempublicam fecisse.' 
Turn D. Junius Silanus, .primes sententiam rcgatus, quod 

11 



122 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

eo tempore consul designates erat, de his, qui in custodiis 
tenebantur, praetereade L. Cassio, P. Furio, P. Umbreno, 
d. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum 
decreverat : isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris, 
pedibus in sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum se dixerat ; 
quod de ea re, prassidiis additis, referendum censuerat. 
Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam 
a eonsule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est : 

LI. " Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus 
dubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque misericor- 
dia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile animus verum prov- 
idet, ubi ilia officiunt ; neque quisquam omnium libidini 
simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet ; si 
libido possidet, ea dominatur ; animus nihil valet. Magna 
mihi copia est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui reges atque 
populi, ira aut misericordia impulsi, male consuluerint ; 
sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri, contra libidinem 
animi sui, recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, 
quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, mag- 
na atque magnifica, quae populi Romani opibus creverat, 
infida atque adversa nobis fuit : sed postquam, bello con- 
fecto, de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis 
divitiarum magis, quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum 
diceret, impunitos eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis 
omnibus, quum saspe Carthaginienses et in pace et per 
inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi 
per occasionem talia fecere : magis, quid se dignum 
foret, quam quid in illis jure fieri posset, quaerebant. 
Hoc idem vobis providendum est, patres conscripti, ne 
plus valeat aqud vos P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus, 
quam vestra dignitas ; neu magis irae vestrae quam famse 
consulatis. Nam si digna poena pro factis eorum reperi- 



CATILINA. 123 

tur, novum consilium approbo ; sin magnitudo sceleris 
omnium ingenia exsuperat, his utendum censeo, quae 
legibus comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me 
sententias dixerunt, composite atque magnifice casum 
reipublicae miserati sunt : quae belli saevitia esset, quae 
victis acciderent enumeravere : rapi virgines, pueros ; 
divelli liberos a parentum complexu ; matres familiarum 
pati, quae victoribus collibuissent ; fana atque domos ex- 
spoliari ; caedem, incendia fieri ; postremo armis, cada- 
veribus, cruore, atque luctu omnia compleri. Sed, per 
deos immortales ! quo ilia oratio pertinuit ? an uti vos 
infestos conjurationi faceret? Scilicet, quern res tanta 
atque tarn atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet ! 
Non ita est : neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae par- 
vae videntur : multi eas gravius aequo habuere. Sed 
alia aliis licentia est, patres conscripti. Qui demissi in 
obscuro vitam habent, si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci 
sciunt ; fama atque fortuna eorum pares sunt : qui mag- 
no imperio praediti in excelso aetatem agunt, eorum facta 
cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima 
licentia est. Neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime 
irasci decet. Quae apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in 
imperio superbia atque crudelitas appeliatur. Equidem 
ego sic existimo, patres conscripti, omnes cruciatus mi- 
nores, quam facinora illorum esse ; sed plerique mortales 
postrema meminere, et, in hominibus impiis sceleris 
eorum obliti, de poena disserunt, si ea paulo severior fuit. 
D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, 
quae dixerit, studio reipublic^ dixisse, neque ilium in 
tanta re gratiam aut inimicitias exercere. Eos mores, 
earn modestiam viri cognovi. Verum sententia ejus mi- 
hi non crudelis, (quid enim in tales homines crudele fieri 



124 C. CRISP! SALLUSTII 

potest ?) sed aliena a re pub lie a nostra videtur. Nam pro- 
fee;© aut metus aut injuria te subegit, Silane, consulem 
designatum, genus poenae novum deeernere. De timore 
supervacaneum est disserere, quum praesertim diligentia 
clarissimi viri consulis tanta praesidia sint in armis. De 
poena possumus equidem dicere id, quod res habet : in 
luctu atque miseriis mortem, asrumnarum requiem, non 
cruciatum esse ; earn cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere ; 
ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per 
deos immortales ! quamobrem in sententiam non addi- 
iistij uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur ? An, 
quia lex Porcia vetat ? At alias leges item condemnatis 
civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permitti jubent. 
An, quia gravius est verberari, quam necari ? Quid au- 
tem acerbum aut nimis grave in homines tanti facinoris 
convictos ? Sin, quia levius est ; qui convenit in minore 
negotio legem timere, quum earn in majore neglexeris? 
At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas reipublicae 
deeretum erit ? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gen- 
tibus moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit ; 
ceterum vos, patres eonscripti, quid in alios statuatis, 
considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt : 
sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, 
novum illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos 
et non idoneos transfertur. Lacedsemonii, devictis Athe- 
niensibus, triginta viros imposuere, qui rempublicam eo- 
rum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum quemque 
et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare : ea populus 
laetari et merito dicere fieri. Post, ubi paulatim licentia 
crevit, juxta bonos et malos libidinose interficere, ceteros 
metu terrere. Ita civitas servitv te oppressa stultas laetit- 
iae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla 



CATILINA. 125 

quum Damasippum et alios hujusmodi, qui malo reipub- 
licas creverant, jugulari jussit ; quis non factum ejus lau- 
dabat ? Homines scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus 
rempublicam exagitaverant, merito necatos aiebant. Sed 
ea res magnas initium cladis fuit : nam uti quisque do- 
mum aut villam, postremo aut vas aut vestimentum 
alicujus concupiverat, dabat operam, uti is in proscripto- 
rum numero esset. Ita illi, qtiibus Damasippi mors lae- 
titiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur: neque prius 
finis jugulandi fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos divitiis ex- 
plevit. Atque ego haec non in M. Tnllio, neque his 
temporibus vereor ; sed in magna civitate multa et varia 
ingenia sunt. Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item 
exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credi. Ubi 
hoe exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxe- 
rit, quis illi finem statuet, aut quis moderabitur? Majores 
nostri, patres conscripti, neque consilii neque audaciae 
unquam eguere ; neque illis superbia obstabat, quo minus 
aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. Arma 
atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum 
ab Tuscis pleraque sumpserunt : postremo, quod ubique 
apud socios aut hostes idoneum videbatur, cum summo 
studio domi exsequebantur : imitari, quam invidere bonis 
malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeciae morem im- 
itati, verberibus animadirertebant in cives ; de condem- 
natis summum supplicium sumebant. Postquam respub- 
lica adolevit, et multitudine civium factiones valuere, 
circumveniri innocentes, alia hnjuscemodi fieri coepere. 
Turn lex Porcia aliseque leges paratae sunt, quibus legi- 
bus exsilium damnatis permissum est. Hanc ego cau- 
sam, patres conscripti, quo minus novum consilium capi- 
amus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque 

11* 



126 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

sapientia major in illis fait, qui ex parvis opibus tantum 
imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta vix 
retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti, et augere exercitum 
Catilinae ? Minime. Sed ita censeo : l publicandas eo- 
rum pecunias, ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia, 
qua3 maxime opibus valent ; neu qnis de his postea ad 
senatum referat, neve cum populo agat : qui aliter fece- 
rit, senatum existimare, eum contra rempublicam et salu- 
tem omnium facturum.' " 

LII. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri ver- 
bo, alius alii varie assentiebantur : at M. Porcius Cato, 
rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi orationem habuit : 

"Longemihi alia mens est, patres conscripti, quum 
res atque pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias 
nonnullorum mecum ipse reputo. Illi mihi disseruisse 
videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, parentibus, aris at- 
que focis suis bellum paravere : res autem monet cavere 
ab illis magis, quam, quid in illis statuamus, consultare. 
Nam cetera maleficia turn persequare, ubi facta sunt : 
hoc, nisi provideris, ne accidat, ubi evenit, frustra judicia 
implores : capta urbe, nihil fit reliqui victis. Sed, per 
deos immortales ! vos ego appello, qui semper domos, 
villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rempublicam 
fecistis ; si ista, cujuscumque modi sunt, quae amplex- 
amini, retinere, si voluptatibus vestris otium prsebere 
vultis, expergiscimini aliquando, et capessite rempub- 
licam. Non agitur de vectigalibus, neque de sociorum 
injuriis ; libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Ssepe- 
numero, patres conscripti, multa verba in hoc ordine 
feci ; saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium 
questus sum ; multosque mortales ea causa adversos 
habeo. Qui mihi atque animo meo nullius unquam de- 



CATILINA. 127 

licti gratiam fecissem, haud facile alterins libidini male- 
facta condonabam. Sed, ea tametsi vos parvi pendeba- 
tis, tamen respublica firma erat ; opulentia negligentiam 
tolerabat. Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis 
moribus vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum 
imperium populi Romani sit ; sed, cujus hsec cumque 
modi videntur, nostra, an nobiscum una hostium futura 
sint. 

" Hie mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordi- 
am nominat. Jampridem equidem nos vera rerum vo- 
cabula amisimus ; quia bona aliena largiri, liberalitas ; 
malarum rerum audacia, fortitudo vocatur ; eo respub- 
lica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mo- 
res habent, liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericor- 
des in furibus aerarii : ne illi sanguinem nostrum largian- 
tur; et, dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, bonos omnes 
perditum eant. Bene et composite C. Caesar paulo ante 
in hoc ordine de vita et morte disseruit : credo, falsa 
existimans ea, quae de inferis memorantnr ; diverso itin- 
ere malos a bonis loca tetra, inculta, foeda atque formid- 
olosa habere. Itaque censuit 'pecunias eorum publi- 
candas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos ; ? videl- 
icet timens, ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conju- 
rationis, aut a multitudine conducta per vim eripiantur. 
Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in urbe, et 
non per totam Italiam sint ; aut non ibi plus possit au- 
dacia, ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Q,uare 
vanum equidem hoc consilium est, si periculum ex illis 
metuit : sin in tanto omnium metu solus non timet, eo 
magis refert me mihi atque vobis timere. 

" duare quum de P. Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro 
certo habetote vos simul de exercitu Catilinae et de om- 



128 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

nibus conjuratis decernere. Quanto vos attentius ea 
agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit : si paululum 
modo vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt. 
Nolite existimare majores nostros armis rempublicam ex 
parva magnam fecisse. Si ita res esset, multo pulcher- 
rimam earn nos haberemus : quippe sociorum atque civ- 
ium, prasterea armorum atque equorum, major nobis co- 
pia quam illis. Sed alia fuere. quae illos magnos fecere. 
quae nobis nulla sunt ; domi industria, foris justum im- 
perium, animus in consulendo liber, neqne delicto neque 
libidini obnoxius. Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque 
avaritiam ; publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam ; lau- 
damus divitias, sequimur inertiam ; inter bonos et malos 
discrimen nullum; omnia virtutis praemia ambitio possi- 
det. Neque mirum, ubi vos separatim sibi quisque con- 
silium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus 3 hie pecuniae aut 
gratiae servitis ; eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam rem- 
publicam. Sed ego haec omitto. 

" Oonjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam incendere : 
Gallorum gen tern infestissimam nomini Romano ad bel- 
lum arcessunt ; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput 
est : vos cunctamini etiam nunc, quid intra moenia dep- 
rehensis hostibus faciatis ? Misereamini, censeo ; deli- 
quere homines adolescentuli per ambitionem : atque 
etiam armatos dimittatis. Ne ista vobis mansuetudo et 
misericordia, si illi arma ceperint, in miseriam vertet. 
Scilicet res ipsa aspera est ; sed vos non timetis earn. 
Immo vero maxime ; sed inertia et mollitia animi alius 
alium exspectantes cunctamini ; videlicet dis immortali- 
bus confisi, qui hanc rempublicam in maximis saepe peric- 
ulis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus 
auxilia deorum parantur ; vigilando, agendo, bene con- 



CATILINA. 129 

sulendo prospera omnia cedunt : ubi socordiae te atque 
ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos implores ; irati in- 
festique sunt. Apud majores nostros T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus bello Gallico filium suum. quod is contra impe- 
rium in hostem pugnaverat, necari jussit ; atque ille 
egregius adolescens immoderatas fortitudinis morte poe- 
nas dedit : vos de crudelissimis parricidis quid statuatis, 
cunctamini ? Videlicet vita cetera eorum huic sceleri 
obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudi- 
citise, si famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis 
pepercit : ignoscite Cethegi adolescentise, nisi iterum 
patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de Gabinio, Sta- 
tilio, Coepario loquar? quibus si quidquam unquam pensi 
fuissetj non ea consilia de republica habuissent. 

u Postremo, patres conscripti, si mehercule peccato 
locus esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, quoniam 
verba comtemnitis ; sed undique circumventi sumus. 
Catilina cum exercitu faucibus urget ; alii intra mosnia 
atque in sinu urbis sunt hostes ; neque parari, neque 
consuli quidquam occulte potest : quo magis properan- 
dum est. Quare ita ego censeo : ' quum nefario con- 
silio sceleratorum civium respublica in maxima pericula 
venerit, hique indicio T. Volturcii et legatorum Allobro- 
gum convicti confessique sint, caedem ; incendia, aliaque 
se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque para- 
visse ; de confessis, sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium, 
more majorum supplicium sumendum.' " 

LIII. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes, item- 
que senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, virtu- 
tern animi ad coelum ferunt ; alii alios increpantes timi- 
dos vocant : Cato clarus atque magnus habetur : senati 
decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa le- 



130 



C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 



genti, multa audienti, quae populus Romanus domi mi- 
litiaeque. marl atque terra, prasclara facinora fecit, forte 
libuit at;;endere, quae res maxime tanta negotia sustinu- 
isset. Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis 
legionibus hostium contendisse ; cognoveram parvis eo- 
piis bella gesta cum opulentis regibus ; ad hoc saepe for- 
tunae violentiam toleravisse ; facundia Graeccs, gloria 
belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse : ac mihi multa agitanti 
constabat paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta 
patravisse ; eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multi- 
tudinem paucitas superaret. Sed postquam luxu atque 
desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus respublica magnitu- 
dine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia susten- 
tabat ; ac, sicuti effeta parentum, multis tempestatibus 
haud sane quisquam Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed 
memoria mea, ingenti virtute, diversis moribus, fuere 
viri duo, M. Cato et C. Caesar: quos, quoniam res obtu- 
lerat, silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin utriusque 
naturam et mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem. 

LIV. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia 
fuere : magnitude animi par, item gloria ; sed alia alii. 
Caesar benefieiis atque munincentia magnus habebatur ; 
integritate vitae Cato. Hie mansuetudine et misericordia 
clarus factus ; huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. Cae- 
sar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo ; Cato nihil largiendo 
gloriam adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium ; in 
altero malis pernicies ; illius facilitas, hujus constantia 
laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum induxerat lab- 
orare, vigilare ; negotiis amicorum intentus, sua neg- 
ligere ; nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset ; sibi 
magnum imperium, exercitum, novum bellum exopta- 
bat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium 



CATILINA. 131 

modesties, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat : non di- 
vitiis cum divite, neque factione cum factioso ; sed cum 
strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, cum innocente 
abstinentia certabat; esse, quam videri bonus malebat : 
ita. quo minus gloriam petebat, eo magis sequebatur. 

LV. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam 
discessit, consul optimum factum ratus noctem, quse in- 
stabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novaretur, triumvi- 
ros, quse supplicium postulabat, pararejubet: ipse, dis- 
positis praesidiis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit ; idem 
fit ceteris per praetores. Est locus in carcere, quod Tul- 
lianum appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, 
circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt 
undique parietes, atque insuper camera lapideis fornici- 
bus vincta ; sed incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque ter- 
ribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus 
est Lentulus, vindices rerum capitalium, quibus prsecep- 
tum erat, laquco gulam fregere. Ita ille patricius, ex 
clarissima gente Comeliorum, qui consulare imperium 
Romse habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis exitium 
vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Coepario 
eodem modo supplicium sumptum est. 

LVI. Dum ea Romas geruntur, Catilina ex omni co- 
pia, quam et ipse adduxerat, et Manlius habuerat, duas 
legiones instkuit ; cchortes pro numero militum com- 
plet : deinde, ut quisque voluntarius, aut ex sociis in 
castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat ; ac brevi spatio 
legiones numero hominum expleverat ; quum initio non 
amplius duobus millibns habuisset. Sed ex omni copia 
circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis instructa; cet- 
eri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos, aut lanceas, alii 
prasacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius cum 



132 C. CRISPl SALLUSTIl 

exercitu adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, s 
modo ad urbem, modo in Galliam versus castra movere :j 
hostibns occasionem pugnandi non dare. Sperabat pro~j 
pediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae sociif 
incepta patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, eujusj 
initio ad eum magnae copiae concurrebant, opibus conju-) 
rationis fretus, simul alienum suis rationibus existimans.| 
videri causam civium cum servis fugitivis communica-j 
visse. 

LVII. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romae;! 
conjurationem patefactam, de Lentulo, Cethego, ceteris, j 
quos supra memoravi, supplicium sumptum ; plerique. 
quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum rerum stu- 
dium illexerat, dilabuntur : reliquos Catilina per montes 
asperos magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem abdu- 
cit ; eo consilio, uti per tramites occulte perfugeret in Gal- 
liam. At Q,. Metellus Celer cum tribus legionibus in| 
agro Piceno prsesidebatj ex difficultate rerum eadem ilia 
existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. Igi- 
tur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere 
movit, ac sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi 
descensus erat in Galliam properanti. Neque tamen An- 
tonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu, locis 
aequioribus expeditus in fuga sequeretur. Sed Catilina, 
postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clau- 
sum, in urbe res adversas, neque fugas neque praesidii 
ullam spem, optimum factum ratus in tali re fortunam 
belli tentare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum con- 
fligere. Itaque, concione advocata, hujuscemodi ora- 
tionem habuit : 

LVIII. " Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtu- 
tem non addere ; neque ex ignavo strenuum, neque 



CATILINA. 133 

fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris fieri. 
Quanta cuj usque animo audacia natura aut moribus in- 
est, tanta in bello patere solet : quern neque gloria neque 
pericula excitant, nequidquam hortere : timor animi au- 
ribus officit. Sed ego vos, quo pauca monerem, advo- 
cavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis 
equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam 
ipsi cladem nobisque attulerit ; quoque modo, dum ex 
urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam proficisci nequiverim. 
Nunc vero quo in loco res nostrae sint, juxta mecum 
omnes intelligitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab 
urbe, alter a Gallia, obstant : diutius in his locis esse, 
si maxime animus ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum 
egestas prohibet. Quocumque ire placet, ferro iter ape- 
riendum est. Quapropter vos moneo, uti forti atque pa- 
rato animo sitis ; et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis 
vos divitias, decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem atque 
patriam in dextris vestris portare. Si vincimus, omnia 
nobis tuta erunt ; commeatus abunde, coloniae atque 
municipia patebunt. Sin metu cesserimus, eadem ilia 
adversa fient : neque locus neque amicus quisquam te- 
get, quern arma non texerint. Praeterea, milites, non 
eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet : nos pro pa- 
tria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum 
est pugnare pro potentia paucorum. Quo audacius ag- 
gredimini, memores pristinse virtutis. Licuit vobis cum 
sumraa turpitudine in exsilio aetatem agere : potuistis 
nonnulli Romse, amissis bonis, alienas opes exspectare. 
Quia ilia foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec 
sequi decrevistis. Si haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus 
est : nemo, nisi victor, pace bellum mutavit. Nam in 
fuga salutem sperare, quum arma, quis corpus tegitur, 

12 



134 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 

ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in 
proelio iis maximum est pericuium, qui maxime liment ; 
audacia pro muro habetur. Gluum vos consider©. Hali- 
tes, et quum facta vestra aestimo, magna me spes victo- 
rias tenet. Animus, aetas. virtus vestra me hortantur ; 
praeterea necessitudo, quas etiam timidos fortes facit. 
Nam multitudo hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohi- 
bent angustise loci. Quod si virtuti vestras fortuna in- 
viderit, cavete inulti animam amittatis ; neu capti potius, 
sicuti pecora, trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnan- 
tes, crnentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relin- 
quatis." 

LIX. Heec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa 
canere jubet, atque instructos ordines in locum asquum 
deducit : deinde, remotis omnium equis quo militibus, 
exaequato periculo, animus amplior esset, ipse pedes ex- 
ercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planit- 
ies erat inter sinistros montes, et, ab dextra rupes as- 
pera, octo cohortes in fronte constituit ; reliqua signa in 
subsidio artius collocat. Ab his centuriones omnes lec- 
tos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militibus optimum 
quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit. C. Man- 
lium in dextera, Psesulanum quemdam in sinistra parte 
curare jubet : ipse cum libertis et colonis propter aqui- 
lam assistit, quam bello Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu 
habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte C. Antonius, 
pedibus aeger, quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio 
legato exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas 
tumulti causa conscripserat, in fronte : post eas ceterum 
exercitum in subsidiis locat. Ipse equo circumiens, 
unumquemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, uti 
meminerint se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro 



CATILINA. 135 

liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere. Homo milita- 
ris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus, aut praefectus, 
aut legatus, aut prastor cum magna gloria in exercitu 
fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat ; ea 
commemorando militum animos accendebat. 

LX. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba 
signum dat, cohortes paulatim incedere jubet ; idem facit 
hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum est, unde a 
ferentariis proelium committi posset, maximo clamore 
cum infestis signis concurrunt; pila omittunt ; gladiis 
res geritur. Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, corn- 
minus acriter instare ; illi haud timidi resistunt. Maxi- 
ma vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima 
acie versari, laborantibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis 
arcessere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare, saepe 
hostem ferire : strenui militis, et boni imperatoris officia 
simul exsequebatur. Petreius, ubi videt Catilinam, con- 
tra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem prsetoriam 
in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios 
alibi resistentes interficit ; deinde utrimque ex lateribus 
ceteros aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pug- 
nantes cadunt. Postquam fusas copias, seque cum pau- 
cis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis atque pristinae 
dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit, ibique pug- 
nans confoditur. 

LXI. Sed confecto proelio, turn vero cerneres, quanta 
audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. 
Nam fere quern quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat, 
eum, amissa anima, corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos 
medios cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed 
omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina 
vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, 



136 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII CATILINA. 

paululum etiam spiralis, ferociamque animi, quam habu- 
erat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia 
neque in prcElio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus 
captus est : ita cuncti suse hostiumque vitse juxta peper- 
cerant. Neque tarnen exercitus populi Romani lsetam 
aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat ; nam strenuissi- 
mus quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut graviter vulne- 
ratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visendi 
aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia ca- 
davera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperi- 
ebant ; fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita 
varie per omnem exercitum tetitia, moeror, luctus atque 
gaudia agitabantur. 






DICTIONARY. 



A., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Aldus. 

A, Ab, Abs, prep, with the abl. § 195, 
R. 2. From ; in regard to, in respect 
of. Before the agent of a passive 
verb, by, Denoting relative posi- 
tion, on ; as, ab dextera parte, on the 
right side. Denoting order of time, 
after. In composition, see § 196, 1, 
& § 197, 1. 

Abdicatus, a, um, part., disinherited, 
dismissed, deposed : from 

Abdico, are, avi, dtum, a. (ab fy dico, 
are, to give), to turn out of doors, 
disinherit ; to depose ; to lay down, 
resign, abdicate. 

Abditus, a, um, part, fy adj., hidden, 
concealed, removed, secret, retired, 
private. Abditce regiones, unknown 
regions : from 

Abdo, ere, idi, itum, a. (ab fy do), tore- 
move from view, hide, conceal, se- 
crete ; to remove. 

Abduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ab fy dueo), 
to take away, remove ; to lead, lead 
away or off, lead aside, carry ; to 
draw off, withdraw. 

Abeo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. n. (ab fy eo), to 
go away, depart, go off, go. PrcB- 
ceps abire, to go headlong, to plunge 
headlong into crimes. 

Abjectus, a, um, part., cast off, thrown 
away, cast down, thrown aside : 
from 

Abjicio, ere, jeer, jectum, a. (ab tifjacio), 
to cast, throw, throw or cast away ; 
to throw on the ground, prostrate ; 
to lay bv, throw aside, remove. 

12* 



ABSTRAHO 

Abjuro, are, avi, dtum, a. (ab fy juro), 
to deny falsely upon oath. Abju- 
rare creditum, to forswear a debt, 
falsely to deny under oath one's in- 
debtedness. 

Abnuo, ere, ui, a. (ab fy nuo, obs.), to 
deny or refuse by countenance or 
gesture; to express dissent by a 
nod or shake of the head ; to refuse, 
deny, decline, reject. Milites fessi 
et abnuentes omnia, — declining all 
farther efforts. 

Aborigines, um, m. pi. (ab fy origo), a 
people of Italy who anciently in- 
habited the region where Rome was 
afterwards built, and whose kings 
were Saturn and Janus ; the Abo- 
rigines. 

Absens, entis, adj. (abs § ens, § 154, 1.), 
absent, abroad. 

Absolvo, ere, olvi, olutum, a. (ab § sol- 
vo), to loose, unloose ; to set at lib- 
erty, discharge, release, liberate : 
to despatch, dismiss ; to finish, com- 
plete. Absolvere paucis, to despatch 
in a few words, declare briefly, 
speak concisely. 

Abstinentia, ce, f. (abstinens, tempe- 
rate), abstinence, moderation; free- 
dom from avarice, uprightness, dis- 
interestedness ; temperance, sobri- 
ety. 

Abstineo, ere, ui, a. (abs fy teneo), to 
abstain from, keep from, refrain 
from. 

Abstractus, a, um, part. : from 

Abstraho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. (abs § 
traho), to draw or tear away ; ta*e 



ABSUM 



138 



ACERBUS 



away by force, lead away, lead or 
draw aside ; to tear, rend, divide. 

Absum, esse, fui, irr. n. (ab fy sum), to 
be absent; to be distant; to be 
wanting in assistance, withhold 
one's help, keep or stand aloof. 
Paulum abesse, to be near, be upon 
the point, want but little. 

Absumo, ere, psi, ptu?n, a. (ab fysumo), 
to consume, destroy ; to slay, cut off. 

Absumptus, a, um, part, (absumo). 

Absurdus, a, um, adj. (ab fy surdus, 
deaf), absurd, inconsistent, foolish, 
ridiculous, unapt, unbecoming ; des- 
picable, contemptible. 

Abundantia, ce, f. (abundans, abun- 
dant), abundance, plenty. 

Abunde, adv. (abundus, abundant), 
abundantly, in abundance, amply, 
sufficiently, plentifully ; enough, 
plenty. 

Abutor, i, usus sum, dep. (ab <$f utor), 
to abuse, turn to an improper use. 

Ac, conj. the same as atque, % 198, R. 1. 
and ; but. After alius, aliter,juxta, 
similiter, par, similis, etc. than or as. 
Ac si, as if. 

Accedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ad fy cedo), 
to draw near, approach, arrive at, 
come, come to, resort to, accost ; to 
go ; to attack ; to be added to, join- 
ed, annexed. Hue accedebat, to this 
was added. 

Accendo, ere, di, sum, a. (ad fy cando, 
obs.), to set on fire, light up, kindle ; 
to burn. Fig. to excite, inflame, 
stir up, heighten, increase. Accen- 
di ad dominationem, to be inflamed 
with a lust of power. 

Accensus, a, um, part, fy adj. (accendo), 
set on fire, &c. Fig. excited, in- 
flamed, stirred up, animated, stimu- 
lated, prompted ; exasperated. 
Acceptio, onis,f. (accipio), an accept- 
ing or receiving. 
Acceptus, a, um, part, fy adj. (accipio), 
received, accepted, heard, &c. ; 
grateful, pleasing, acceptable. 



Accido, ere, cidi, n. (ad tycado), to fall, 
fall down at or before ; to arrive, 
come. Quo gravior accideret, that 
he might fall (upon him) with great- 
er weight or effect : — to happen, oc- 
cur, befall. Si quid accidisset, if 
any calamity had occurred. 

Accio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. (ad fy do, to 
move), to send for, call, call in, 
summon, desire to come, invite. 

Accipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ad fy capio), 
to receive, take ; to bear, suffer, 
bear with ; to hear, learn, be in- 
formed, comprehend, understand; 
to admit ; to obtain, gain, get ; to 
accept of. In regnum accipere, to 
adopt as an heir to the throne, to 
admit to a participation of sove- 
reignty. 

Accitus, a, um, part, (accio). 

Accurate, adv. (accuratus, accurate), 
diligently, accurately, carefully, at- 
tentively, cautiously. Habere accu- 
rate, to treat with attention. Accu- 
ratissime recipere, to receive with 
every attention. 

Accurro, ere, curri ty cucurri, cursum, 
n. (ad ty curro, to run), to run to ; to 
run. 

Accuso, are, avi, atum, a. (ad fy causa), 
to accuse, arraign, impeach ; to 
blame, chide, complain of, find fault 
with, censure. 

Acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, sour, 
acrid. Fig. sharp, brisk, powerful, 
vehement ; cruel, savage ; fiery, im- 
petuous, furious ; severe ; brave, 
bold, enterprising, gallant, fierce, 
courageous ; diligent, strenuous ; 
acute, quick, keen, penetrating ; vi- 
olent, energetic, vigorous. 
Acerbe, adv., sharply, severely, bitter- 
ly, harshly, cruelly : from 
Acerbus, a, um, adj., unripe, sour. 
Fig. cruel, inimical, bitter ; hurtful, 
troublesome, disagreeable, unpleas- 
ant; hard, severe, harsh; austere, 
morose. 






ACERRIME 



139 



ADIGO 



Acerrime, see Acriter. 

Acies, ei,f., the sharp edge or point of 
any thing ; the organ of sight, the 
pupil of the eye, the eye ; a line 
of soldiers, file, battalion. Prima 
acies, the first rank or van of an ar- 
my. Postrema acies, the rear rank, 
the rear : — an army ; an army in bat- 
tle array, force, power; acuteness, 
shrewdness, talent. Statuit non 
prceliis neque acie helium gerendum, 
— not by pitched battles, nor by 
regular warfare. 

Acquiro, ere, quislvi, quis'dum, a. (ad 
fy quaro), to acquire, get, procure, 
gain, obtain. 

Acriter, adv. comp. acriiis, sup. acer- 
rime (acer), vehemently, sharply, 
keenly, eagerly ; valiantly, stoutly, 
courageously; vigorously; exceed- 
ingly ; studiously, diligently ; se- 
verely, cruelly. 

Acta, drum, n. pi. (actus), acts, actions, 
deeds ; glorious exploits. 

Actio, onis, f. (ago), an act, action, 
proceeding, measure ; an accusa- 
tion, charge ; an action at law, ar- 
raignment, judicial process or pro- 
ceeding. 

Actus, a, um, part, (ago), led, conduct- 
ed, &c. ; brought up or near. Acta 
testudine, the testudo being brought 
up : — forced, compelled ; finished, 
achieved, performed, done ; past, 
over, gone by, spent. Acta edo- 
cere, to make known what has been 
done. 

Ad, prep, with the ace, to, unto ; at, 
near, hard by ; in ; even to ; tow- 
ards ; about ; against ; according 
to ; besides, in addition to ; after ; 
for. Ad hoc, besides this, add to 
this, moreover. In composition, see 
§ 196, 2. & $ 197, 2. 

Adcequo, are, am, atum, a. (ad fy cequo, 
to level), to equal, level ; to equal, 
make equal. 

Additus, a, um, part, fy adj., added ; 



appointed ; placed near or over : 
from 

Addo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (ad ty do), to 
add ; to throw, cast in or upon ; to 
appoint, give, put, impart, bestow. 
Addere nomen gloriamque sibi, to ac- 
quire, gain — . Addere muitum rei- 
publica?, to aid, assist, benefit — . 

Adduco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (ad fy duco), 
to conduct, bring, lead ; to induce, 
cause ; to bring to, reduce ; to bring, 
persuade. 

Adductus, a, um, part, (adduco), 
brought, brought to, led to, con- 
ducted ; induced. Adductus in 
spem, led to hope or to entertain 
hopes. 

Ademptus, a, um, part, (adimo), taken 
aw T ay. 

Adeb, adv. (ad ty eb), so, so far, to such 
a degree, insomuch; too, indeed; 
but, but also ; aye, aye and, and 
what is more, nay ; then, therefore, 
accordingly. 

Adeo, ire, ii, ttum, irr. n.fya. (ad fy eo), 
to go to ; to approach ; to review, 
reconnoitre ; to come near ; to ap- 
proach in a hostile manner, attack ; 
to undertake. 

Adeptus, a, um, part, (adipiscor), that 
has obtained, gained, acquired. 
Pass, obtained, acquired, gained, 
$ 162, 17. 

Adesse, Aderam, etc., see Adsum. 

Adherbal, alis, m., a Numidian prince, 
the son of Micipsa. 

Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ad fy habeo), 
to adopt, use, employ ; to take, ad- 
mit, receive ; to apply ; to bring, 
bring on ; to offer, pay ; to treat, 
use. 

Adhibitus, a, um, part, (adhibeo), sent 
for, called for, admitted. 

Adhuc, adv. (ad fy hue), hitherto, thus 
far, as yet, still, even yet. 

Adigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (ad fy ago), 
to drive, thrust, impel ; to force, 
compel. Adigere ad jusjurandum, 



ADIMO 



140 



ADSTRINGO 



to oblige to make oath, to bind by 
an oath. 

Adimo, ere, emi, emptum. a. (ad fyemo), 
to take away, remove, deprive of. 

Adipiscor, i, adeptus sum, dep. (ad § 
apiscor, to get), to acquire, get, ob- 
tain, gain, procure ; to reach, over- 
take ; to undertake, assume, take 
upon one's self. 

Aditus, us, m. (adeo), a going to, ap- 
proach, access ; an entrance. 

Adjumentum, i, n. (adjuvo), aid, help, 
assistance. Adjumenta ignavice, the 
promoters of sloth. 

Adjungo, ere, junxi, junctum, a. (ad ty 
jungo, to join), to add, join, annex, 
unite ; to admit as an associate ; to 
conciliate ; to acquire, obtain. 

Adjidor, oris, m., an aider, abettor, 
helper, assistant : from 

Adjuvo, are,juvi,jutum, a. (ad fyjuvo), 
to help, succor, aid, assist. 

Administer, tri, m. (ad fy minister, a 
servant), a servant, inferior officer, 
manager ; a laborer, workman ; an 
assistant, promoter, abettor. 

Administro, are, am, cttum, n. § a. (ad 
&f ministro, to serve), to act, minis- 
ter, attend, serve, work, do work or 
service; to perform one's part; to 
administer, manage, conduct, direct, 
govern, regulate. Ad?ninistrare hel- 
ium, to have the management of, or 
to be the leader in a war, to wage 
war, to carry on war. 

Admirandus, a, um, part, ty adj., admi- 
rable, worthy of admiration, aston- 
ishing, amazing, wonderful : from 

Admlror, ari, alus sum, dep. (ad fy mi- 
ror), to wonder greatly, marvel, be 
astonished or surprised ; to look at 
with admiration, admire. 

Admissus, a, um, part. : from 

Admitto, tre, mlsi, missum, a. (ad fy 
mitto), to send to, or onward ; to 
receive, admit : Fig. to commit a 
crime ; to permit, allow. 

Admodum, adv. (ad § modus), very, 



exceedingly, much, greatly, truly, 
about. 

Admoneo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ad fymoneo), 
to remind, put in mind, warn, ad- 
monish, advise, suggest ; to incite, 
encourage, stimulate, urge on. 

Admonitus, a, um, part, (admoneo). 

Adnltens, lis, part., striving, exerting 
one's self, using one's interest : from 

Adnltor, i, Isus fy ixus sum, dep. (ad <$' 
nitor), to rest or lean upon ; to strive, 
aim at, exert one's self to reach or 
obtain. 

Adolescens, entis, adj. fy subs. m. fy f. 
(adolesco), young ; a young man or 
woman ; a youth, one growing to 
maturity. 

Adolescentia, cb, f. (adolescens), youth, 
the period of life intervening be- 
tween one's fourteenth and twenty- 
eighth years, or, as others say, be- 
tween one's fifteenth and thirtieth 
years. 

Adolescentulus, i, m. dim. (adolescens), 
a young man, youth, stripling. Also 
adj., young, very young. 

Adolesco, ere, olevi, adultum, n. (ad § 
olesco, to grow), to grow, grow up, 
increase. Fig. to advance, increase, 
become greater ; to mature, ripen. 

Adoptatio, onis, f. (adopto), an adopt- 
ing, adoption. 

Adoptatus, a, um, part. : from 

Adopto, are, avi, atum, a. (ad fy opto), 
to choose, assume, take ; to select ; 
to adopt, take for a son. 

Adscisco, ere, sclvi, scltum, a. (ad fy 
scisco, to inquire), to take, receive, 
approve, admit, unite ; to gain over, 
enlist in one's cause. 

Adscltus, a, um, part, (adscisco), re- 
ceived, admitted. 

Adsisto, see Assisto. 

Adstrictus, a, um, part., straitened, 
bound ; occupied, engaged, engross- 
ed, absorbed, earnestly intent -.from 

Adstringo, ere, nxi, ictum, a. (ad fystrin- 
go, to bind), to bind close, tie, fasten. 



AD SUM 



141 



iEGYPTUS 



Adsum, adesse, adfui, irr. n. (ad fy sum), 
to be present, be at hand, be here ; 
to arrive, come ; to defend, aid, as- 
sist, succor, stand by ; to come up- 
on, fall on, press on or upon ; to be ; 
to be near, be fast approaching ; to 
give attention. 

Adulter, tri, m., an adulterer ; a de- 
bauchee, seducer. 

Adulterants, a. urn, adj. (adulter), adul- 
terous, spurious ; adulterated, forg- 
ed, false. 

Adultus, a, um, part. $ adj. (adolesco), 
grown up; full grown, adult, per- 
fect, mature, ripe. 

Advectitius, a, um, adj., brought from 
abroad, foreign, imported : from 

Adveho, ere, exi, ectum, a. (ad fy veho, 
to carry), to conduct, carry to, carry 
or remove; to import, convey, bring. 

Advenio, Ire, eni, entum, n. (adfyvenio), 
to come, come to, arrive. 

Advento, are, avi, n. freq. (advenio), to 
come frequently; to come on, come, 
approach, arrive at. 

Adventus, us, m. (advenio), a coming, 
arrival, approach. 

Adversarius, i, m., an adversary; an 
enemy : from 

Adversor, art, atus sum, dep. freq. (ad- 
verto), to oppose, resist. 

Adversus, a, um, part, fy adj. (adverto), 
opposite, over against, fronting, in 
front. Vulnera adversa, wounds in 
front. Adverso corpore, in front, 
in the fore part of the body ; — ad- 
verse, hostile, contrary, opposing; 
opposed, averse, unfavorable, bad. 
Adversa res, calamities, misfor- 
tunes, adversity. Voluntates ipsce 
sibi adversce, — inconsistent, — at va- 
riance with. Adverso colle evadere, 
to ascend the hill in front. Adver- 
sis equis concurrere, to charge di- 
rectly forward. Adversus, i, m., an 
adversary, enemy, opponent. Me- 
tello adverso populi partium. 

Adversus ty Adversiun, adv. § prep. 



with the ace, against, in front of, op- 
posite to, over against, facing ; unfa- 
vorable to ; towards. Cibus illis 
adversum famem erat, their food was 
for the removal of hunger : from 

Adverto, ere, erti, ersum, a. (ad fy verto), 
to turn to or towards. Fig. to advert 
to, apply one's thoughts to, attend, 
heed, observe, perceive, under- 
stand; so, adverto animum, or Ani- 
madverto, which see. 

Advocafus, a, um, part., being called, 
summoned, invited, called together : 
from 

Advbco, are, avi, atum, a. (ad fy voco), 
to call, call to ; to summon, employ, 
use. 

JEdes fy JEdi.s, is, f, in the sing., a 
room, chamber, apartment ; a tem- 
ple ; in the pi., a house, habitation, 
dwelling, edifice ; temples. 

JEdificium, i. n., an edifice, structure, 
building : from 

JEdifico, are, avi, atum, n. fy a. (&cies 
fy facio), to build ; to erect or rear a 
building; to construct. 

JEd'ilis, is, m. (&des), an edile, a Ro- 
man magistrate who superintended 
the repairs of the temples and other 
public buildings. 

JEger, csgra, cegrum, adj., weak, in- 
firm, lame, diseased, corrupted ; 
faint, sick, ill ; sorrowful, unhappy, 
troubled, afflicted. 

JEgre, adv. comp. cegrius, sup. &gerfi- 
me, (&ger), unwillingly, disconten- 
edly ; with inconvenience ; hardly, 
scarcely, with difficulty, with much 
ado. JEgre ferre, to dislike, be 
offended with, displeased, bear ill. 

JEgritudo, mis,f (oeger), sorrow, grief, 
affliction, anguish, solicitude, care, 
trouble. Nimis molliter <zgritudi- 
nem pati, to take trouble too much 
to heart, to brook misfortunes too 
impatiently ; — bodily infirmity, ill- 
ness. 

^Egyptus, i, f, Egypt, a large coun- 



JEMILIUS 



142 



JEVUM 



try in the northeastern part of Afri- 
ca ; but, by some of the ancients, it 
was reckoned a part of Asia. 

JEmilius, i, jr., a Roman name be- 
longing to the JEmilian gens. 

JEmulus, a, um, adj. fy subs., a rival, 
emulator, imitator. 

JEneas, ce, m., the son of Venus and 
Anchises, who, after the fall of 
Troy, is said to have led a colony 
of Trojans into Italy, and to have 
laid the foundations of the Roman 
state. 

JEquatolis, e, adj. (cequo, to level), 
equal ; equable, uniform, always 
the same, unchanged ; consistent. 
Vir fama cequabili, — of consistent 
character, of unsullied reputation. 

JEquabiFiter, adv. comp. cequabilius, 
{cequabilis), equally, evenly, uni- 
formly, calmly, equably. 

JEqualis, e, adj. (csquus), equal, like, 
similar ; even, level, plain, flat ; co- 
eval, coetaneous. Subs, a contem- 
porary, one equal in years, of the 
same age. 

JEqualiter, adv. (cequalis), equally. 

JEque, adv. (cequus), equally, in an 
equal degree, similarly, alike, indif- 
ferently, as it happens. 

JEqwitas, atis, f. (cequus), equality. 
Fig. equity, impartiality ; justice ; 
moderation, equanimity ; modera- 
tion of affections, tranquillity of 
mind. 

JEquiun, i, n., equity, justice : from 

JEquus, a, um, adj., level, smooth, 
plain, equal, even ; like, similar. 
Fig. just, equitable, fair, impartial, 
honest, upright ; reasonable, right, 
fair, moderate, lnjurias gravius 
aequo habere, to feel injuries too 
deeply, § 256, R. 9 ; — moderate, 
calm, unruffled, composed, undis- 
turbed. JEquo auimo, patiently, 
calmly, with equanimity, without 
repugnance. Ex cequo bonoque, in 
accordance with justice and equity. 



JErarium, i, n. (ces, § 100, 8.), the | 
place where the public money 
was kept, treasury, exchequer ; 
the public money, national rev- 
enue. 

JErumna, ce, f, labor, toil, hardship ; 
difficulty, calamity, trouble, misfor- 
tune, misery, adversity. 

JEs, ceris, n., copper, brass, bronze; any 
thing made of copper, &c. ; money, 
coin. JEs alienum, money owed to 
another, a debt. ^Es mutuum, a 
loan, money borrowed or lent. 

jEstas, atis, f. (cestus), the summer ; 
summer air, summer heat. 

JEstimo, are, avi, atum, a., to estimate, 
value, appreciate, regard ; to set a 
value on any thing. Fig. to esti- 
mate, rate ; to think, hold, judge, 
believe, determine ; to consider, 
weigh. 

AZstlvus, a, um, adj. (cestus), relating 
to summer, summer. JEstiua cas- 
tra, or simply cestiva, drum, n. sum- 
mer quarters, a stationary summer 
camp ; a campaign. 

JEstuo, are, avi, atum, n. (cestus), to be 
very hot ; to boil with heat ; to boil, 
undulate, flow. Fig. to bum with 
desire ; to be anxious, perplexed, 
undecided, disturbed in mind. In- 
vidia, to be inflamed — . 

JEstus, us, m., any burning or scorch- 
ing heat, hot weather ; the ebbing 
and flowing of the tide ; a boiling 
or bubbling up. Fig. force, vio- 
lence ; doubt, uncertainty, perplex- 
ity. 

JEtas, atis, f. (cevum), age, time of 
life ; life. JEtatem agere, or habere, 
to live ; to pass one's life. JEtas 
extrema, old age. 

JEtemus, a, um, adj. {cevum), eternal, 
everlasting; durable, lasting, per- 
petual; immortal. 

JEthiops, bpis, m., an Ethiopian. 

JEvum, i, n., length of time, duration ; 
time, life, age. JEvi brevis, of short 



AFER 



143 



AGITO 



duration, short-lived ; — an age, gen- 
eration. 

Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., African. Afri, 
drum, m. pi., the Africans. 

Affatlm, adv. {ad fyfatim, sufficiency), 
abundantly, largely, in abundance, 
copiously, sufficiently. 

Affecto, are, avi, alum, a. freq. (officio, 
to affect), to seek after, aim at stu- 
diously, solicit ; to covet, desire, 
aspire to ; to strive after, try to gain 
over. 

Affero, afferre, attuli, alldtum, irr. a. 
(ad ty fero), to take, bring, carry ; 
to assert; to report, announce; to 
produce, cause, occasion. 

Affinis, e, adj. (ad fy finis), contigu- 
ous, adjoining ; related by marriage. 
Subs, a relation by marriage. 

Affiriitas, atis, f. (affinis), vicinity, 
near union, connection ; affinity, 
alliance by marriage. 

Affiicto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (affligo), 
to agitate, toss. Fig. to afflict, vex, 
torment, distress, harass. Afflictare 
se, to be cast down or afflicted ; to 
sorrow, grieve, give a loose to dis- 
tress. 

Affiictus, a, um, part. : from 

Affiigo, ere, ixi, ictum, a. (ad fy fligo, 
to dash against), to dash against, 
throw to the ground, overthrow. 
Fig. to harass, distress, vex, dis- 
quiet, trouble ; to injure, hurt, ruin. 

Affiuo, ere, uxi, n. (ad ty fluo, to flow), 
to flow to or towards. Fig. to run 
or flock towards ; to have in abun- 
dance ; to abound, be abundant. 

Affore, def. verb, (ad fy fore), fut. inf., 
to be about to be present. 

Africa, a, f, Africa, one of the three 
great divisions of the world, as 
known to the Greeks and Romans. 

Africanus, a, um, adj. (Africa), Afri- 
can. Africanus, i, m., the agnomen 
of the two Scipios, by whom the 
Carthaginians were conquered. 

Africus, a, um, adj. (Africa), African. 



Mare Africum, the Mediterranean 
Sea. 

Agendus, a, um, part, (ago), to be 
done. Agendarum rerum licentia, 
power to negotiate. 

Agens, lis, part. (ago). 

Ager, agri, m., a field, farm ; ground, 
land ; an estate ; a territory, tract. 

Agger, eris, m. (aggero, to heap up), a 
heap or pile, as of stones, earth, 
wood, <$fc. ; a mound, bulwark, bank, 
rampart, dam, mole. 

Aggredior, i, essus sum, dep. (ad fy 
gradior, to step), to go to, come near, 
approach ; to attack, assail, assault. 
Fig. to undertake, attempt, go about, 
prepare for, enter upon, commence. 
Aggredi majora et magis aspera, 
to attempt greater and more diffi- 
cult enterprises ; — to try to bribe, 
corrupt. 

Aggressus, a, um, part, (aggredior). 

Agitdtus, a, um, part. : from 

Agito, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (ago), to 
drive, conduct; to toss about, drive 
to and fro, agitate, disturb, toss, put 
in motion ; to debate, discuss ; to 
follow, pursue ; to pass, spend ; to 
be, live, dwell, remain ; to deport 
or conduct one's self, behave, act ; 
to make, exercise, be employed in, 
be engaged in. Agitare imperium, 
to govern, administer the govern- 
ment. Agitare prcBsidia, to mount 
guard, to guard, to do duty in a gar- 
rison, or escort. Agitare inducias y 
to keep or observe a truce. Agitare 
pacem, to be at peace ; — to medi- 
tate, think of, weigh, ponder over, 
revolve in the mind. Mente or an- 
imo agitare, to think, entertain 
thoughts, views or sentiments, plot; 
— to prepare, set. about, attempt; to 
consider. Id modo agitari, that this 
was the only question. Agitare 
gaudium, Icetitiam, luctum, etc., to 
manifest, exhibit or feel gladness, 
&c. Mceror agitabatur, — was felt, 



AGMEN 



144 



ALIQUANTUS 



prevailed, was. Varivs, incertusque 
agitare, to be in doubt and perplex- 
ity. Statuit nihil sibi agitandum, — 
that nothing was to be done by him, 
that he must adopt no active meas- 
ures. Paucorum arbitrio agitabatur, 
life was passed, or affairs were con- 
ducted, according to the will of the 
aristocracy. 

Agmen, mis, n., an army on the 
march ; the act of marching, a 
march ; an army, troop, multitude : 
from 

Ago, ere, egi, actum, a., to conduct, 
drive, lead ; to pursue ; to guide, 
direct, move. Animus agit cuncta, 
— directs, moves, animates. Agere 
vineas, to push forward the mante- 
lets ; — to do, perform, act, execute ; 
to be ; to live ; to abide, tarry, re- 
main ; to be employed, be engaged. 
Agere se, to conduct one's self, be- 
have ; — to hold intercourse ; to pass, 
spend, consume ; to procure ; to 
treat, discuss. Agere cum populo, 
to treat with or address a request 
to the people, to apply to the peo- 
ple ; — to manage, conduct, direct. 
Agere pro victoribus, to act the part 
of, to assume the air of victors. 
Agere joca atque seria, to converse 
sportively or seriously. Non agi- 
tur de vectigalibus, the question is 
not concerning (our) revenues. 
Dum hcec aguntur, while these 
things are going on. 

Agrestis, e, adj. (ager), belonging to 
the fields, rustic, rural. Fig. un- 
polished, savage, uncivilized, wild, 
rude. Subs, a peasant, country- 
man, rustic. 

Aio, ais, ait, def. verb, § 184, 4. to say, 
speak ; to affirm, assert, testify, aver. 

Ala, a, f, a wing ; the arm-pit ; the 
w T ing of an army, flank; a squad- 
ron of horse stationed on the flanks 
of an army. 

Alacer, cris, ere, adj., lively, sprightly, 



cheerful, ready, active, prompt ; 
fierce, eager. 

ATbmus, i, m. (albus, white), a Roman 
surname of the Posthumian gens. 
Sp. Albinus, a Roman consul, A. U. 
C. 644. 

Algor, oris, m. (algeo, to be cold), cold, 
dullness, 

Alibi, adv. (alius fy ibi), eisew T here, in 
another place. Alii — alibi, in differ- 
ent places, some in one place, and 
others in other places. 

Aliendtus, a, um, part., estranged, 
alienated, made the property of an- 
other, transferred, set aside, cast 
off, rejected, expelled : from 

Alieno, are, avi, atum, a., to alienate, 
transfer, separate, cast off, estrange : 
from 

Alienus, a, am, adj. (alius), belonging 
to another or others, of another, an- 
other's, foreign. Alieni appetens, 
greedy of the property of others. 
JEs alienum, a debt ; — averse from, 
opposed to. Neque aliena consilii, 
not opposed— ; — alienated or estran- 
ged in affection, inimical to; un- 
seasonable, inconsistent, incongru- 
ous, unsuitable, not adapted to one's 
nature or genius ; hurtful:, disad- 
vantageous, unfavorable. Alienus 
locus, a place or position chosen by 
an opponent, and hence, unfavorable, 
disadvantageous. Subs, a stranger, 
one of another family. 

Alio, adv. (alius), to another place ; to 
another thing ; to another person ; 
to another end or purpose. Alius 
alio, see Alius. 

Aliquamdiu, adv. (aliquis ty diu), for 
some time. 

Aliquando, adv. (alius ty quando), at 
some time, sometimes ; formerly ; 
at length, now at last. 

Miquantum, adv., somewhat, some, a 
little, rather : from 

Aliquantus, a, um, adj. (alius ty quan- 
tus), some, somewhat, considerable. 



ALiqUIS 



145 



AMICUS 



Aliquanto, abl. with comparatives, 
considerably, a good deal. 

Aliquis, qua, quod ty quid, gen. alicu- 
jus, indef. pro. § 138. (alius fy quis), 
some, somebody, some one, some- 
thing, any, any one. 

Aliquot, ind. adj. pi. (alius Sf quot, how 
many), some, several, some certain, 
a few, not many. 

Miter, adv., in a different manner, 
otherwise, in any other way, else. 
Miter ac, otherwise than, differ- 
ent from what ;— moreover, howev- 
er, nevertheless. 

Alius, a, ud, adj. § 107, another, other, 
another person or thing ; diverse, dif- 
ferent ; alius — alius, one — another ; 
alii — alii, partim — alii, pars — alii or 
alii — pars, some—others. Aliis alia 
licentia, what is lawful for some is 
not lawful for others, all have not 
the same license. Reguli alius alio 
concessere, the princes retired one 
to one place another to another, or, 
to different places. Alius alii as- 
sentiebantur, one agreed with one 
(leader) another with another. 
Alius ab alio, one after another. 
Alius ac or atque, other than. Non 
or neque alius or aliud, with a com- 
parative, no one or nothing else. 

Allatus, a, um, part, (affero), brought. 

Allevatus, a, um, part. : from 

Allevo, are, dvi, atum, a. (ad fy levo), 
to lift up, raise aloft, support. 

AlUcio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (ad fy lacio, to 
allure), to attract, invite, allure, en- 
tice, decoy, inveigle, wheedle, se- 
duce. 

Allobrox, bgis, pi. Allobrbges, bgum, 
m., the Aliobroges, a people of Gal- 
lia Narbonensis, whose principal 
city was Vienna near the Rhone. 

Alo, ere, alui, alitum or altum, a., to 
support by feeding ; to nourish, cher- 
ish, feed, support, maintain. 

Alte, adv. (alius), on high, high, high- 
ly ; deeply, low. Liberiils altius- 

13 



que processi, — too freely and too 
far. 

Alter, era, erum, adj. gen. alterius, % 
107, one of two, the other. Alter — 
alter, the one — the other, the for- 
mer — the latter ; — the second, § 120, 
1. Unus et alter, one and the oth- 
er, several, some, one after the 
other. 

Altitudo, inis, f. (alius), highness, lof- 
tiness, height ; depth. Fig. depth, 
inscrutableness, profundity. Aucta 
in altitudinem, — in height. 

Alius, a, um, part. (alo). 

Alius, a, um, adj., high, tall, lofty; 
deep. Fig. lofty, elevated, noble, 
great; deep, profound. 

Alveus, i, m., the channel or bed of a 
river ; a trough ; the hull, body, or 
hold of a ship. 

Ambio, ire, ii, Uum, a. (amb, § 196, 11, 
& 12, $ eo), to go round ; to sur- 
round, encompass, invest ; to go 
about soliciting votes, canvass for 
an election ; to solicit or endeavor 
to gain by earnest entreaty. 

Ambitio, onis, f. (ambio), a going 
round ; a soliciting or canvassing 
for office ; an eager desire of honor, 
popularity, power, &c, ambition ; 
flattery, adulation, seeking popular- 
ity, currying favor. 

Ambitiosus, a, um, adj. (ambitio), going 
or winding round ; ambitious ; tend- 
ing or calculated to conciliate favor, 
popular. 

Ambitus, us, m. (ambio), a going round ; 
a compass, circuit ; a canvassing for 
office, bribery, courting of popular 
favor. Lex ambitus, a law concern- 
ing bribery and corruption. 

Ambo, a?, o, adj. pi. § 118, 1., both. 

Amentia, a,f. (amens, mad), madness, 
insanity, folly. 

Amicitia, a, f., friendship, amity ; an 
alliance, league of friendship : from 

Amicus, a, um, adj. (amo), friendly, 
kind, cordial, benevolent. 



AMICUS 



146 



ANN1US 



Amicus, i, m. {amicus, a, urn), a friend ; 
an ally. 

Amissus, a, um, -part. : from 

Amitto, ere, Isi, issum, a. {a ty mitto), 
to send away, dismiss, let go ; to 
lose, throw away. 

Amo, are, am, alum, a., to love, be 
fond of, delight in ; to fall in love ; 
to make love ; to practice licentious- 
ness. Omnia quai ira fieri amat, — 
delights to have done, is wont to do. 

Amcenus, a, um, adj. {amo), pleasant, 
delightful, charming, sweet. 

Amor, oris, m. {amo), love, desire, af- 
fection, passion. 

Amotus, a, um, part. : from 

Amoveo, ere, ovi, btum, a. {a fy movco), 
to remove, take away, withdraw. 
Amovere aliquem senatu, to expel 
from the senate. 

Ample, adv. {amplus), amply, largely, 
profusely. 

Amplector, i, ex us sum, dep. {am fy 
plecto, to intertwine), to embrace, 
encircle, surround, clasp. Fig. \o 
love, cherish. 

Amplexor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq. 
(amplector), to embrace. Fig. to 
love, cherish. 

Amplius, adv. (comp. of ample), more, 
further, longer ; beside. Morari 
amplius opinione, to tarry longer 
than is expected. Amplius posse, 
to be more powerful, overpower. 

Amplus, a, um, adj., large, spacious, 
ample, great, extensive. Fig. 
splendid, illustrious, magnificent, 
glorious. Amplior, larger, greater, 
more abundant, &c. Amplior vero, 
larger than the reality, larger than 
it was. 

An, adv. <§■ conj. of doubt or interro- 
gation ; in indirect questions, wheth- 
er ; in direct questions it is not 
translated. An — an, whether — or ■ 
the first an is sometimes omitted, or 
its place supplied by ne or utrum. 

Anceps, ancipltis, adj. § 11*1, {am <|" ca- 



put, % 112), having two heads ; dou- 
ble, twofold ; doubtful, uncertain, 
dubious ; faithless. 

Ancilla, ce,f, a maid-servant, female 
slave. 

Angustia, &,f, a narrow place, defile ; 
narrowness, straitness. It is used 
most frequently in the plural : from 

Augustus, a, um, adj. {ango. to stran- 
gle), strait, narrow, close, confined, 
limited. 

Anima, cb, f, air, breath ; the living 
principle, life ; the soul, spirit, mind, 
intellect. 

Animadverto, ere, rti, rsum, a. {animus 
fy adverto), to take heed, attend to ; 
observe, take notice of, perceive ; 
to punish, inflict punishment. Ani- 
madvertitur, punishment is inflicted, 

Animal, alis, n. {anima), a living crea- 
ture, animal. 

Animus, i, m., w-ind, breath; the mind, 
soul, intellect ; the attention ; the 
thoughts, will, purpose, desire, de- 
sign ; inclination, disposition, re- 
gard, affection, feeling, anger ; cour- 
age, spirit. Animum advertere, see 
Animadverto. Bonum animum ha- 
bere, to have good courage, be of 
good courage. Volvere, reputare or 
trahere cum animo, to revolve in 
one's mind. Animo, ahl., in mind, 
imagination, or purpose. The gen- 
itive animi is often annexed some- 
what pleonastically to words deno- 
ting qualities or attributes of the 
mind, as, timor animi, judicium ani- 
mi, virtus animi, munificentia animi, 
instead of timor, judicium, etc. 

Anndor, i, ixus or 7s us sum, dep. {ad fy 
nitor), to rest or lean upon ; to 
strive, aim at, exert one's self to 
reach or obtain. 

Annius, i, m. (C), a Roman praefect 
sent by Metellus to command the 
garrison of Leptis. 

Annius, i, m. {L.), a tribune of the Ro- 
man people. 



ANNIUS 



147 



APPULSUS 



Annius, t, m. (Q.), a Roman senator 
who was confederate with Catiline. 

Annus, i, m., a year. Annis infirmus 
or confectus, — with age. 

Annuus, a, um, adj. (annus), lasting a 
year; recurring every year, yearly, 
annual. 

Ante, prep, with the ace, before, pre- 
vious to ; in advance of ; opposite 
to ; with persons, in a comparison, 
more than, superior to. 

Ante, adv., before, formerly. Paulo 
ante, just now, a little while ago, 
just before ; — forward, in advance. 

Aniea, adv. (ante fy is), before, afore- 
time, previously, formerly, hereto- 
fore. 

Antecapio, ere, cepi, captum, a (ante fy 
capio), to take possession of before- 
hand, pre-occupy ; to anticipate, 
prevent : to provide beforehand. 
Antecapere famem, sitim, etc., to ex- 
cite hunger and other appetites pre- 
maturely. 

Anteeo, Ire, ii, irr. a. (ante ty eo), to go 
before, precede. Fig. to surpass, 
outstrip, outdo, excel. 

Antefero,ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (ante 
4" fero), to carry before ; to set be- 
fore. Fig. to prefer, give the pref- 
erence to. 

Antehac, adv. (ante Sf hie), before, be- 
foretime, formerly; before that time, 
previously. 

Antepbno, ere, osui, ositum, a. (ante § 
pono), to set before. Fig. to prefer, 
assign a higher place. 

Antevenio, ire, eni, entum, a. fy n. (an- 
te 6f venio), to get before, get the 
start of, anticipate. Fig. to prevent, 
thwart ; to excel, exceed, surpass. 

Antonius, i, m. (C. Hybrtda), a Ro- 
man consr.l, the colleague of Cice- 
ro. He was the commander in chief 
of the army by which Catiline and 
his followers were defeated. 

Anxie, adv., anxiously, earnestly, with 
concern, grief or pain : from 



Anxius, a, urn, adj. (ango, to strangle), 
anxious, disquieted, vexed, troubled, 
uneasy, apprehensive, solicitous, 
fearful. 

Aperio, ire, erui, ertum, a. (adfy pario), 
to open, set open. Ferro iter ape- 
rire, to open a passage, — cut one's 
way through with the sword : — to 
uncover, unveil. Fig. to display, 
discover, show, disclose, make 
known, exhibit, portray. 

Aperle, adv., openly, clearly, distinct- 
ly, manifestly ; publicly : from 

Apertus, a, um, part, fy adj. (aperio), 
open, standing open. Fig. clear, 
manifest, evident. In aperto esse t 
to be plain, evident or intelligible. 

Appello, are, avi, atum, a. (ad fy pello, 
obs. to speak), to call, name, term, 
entitle ; to pronounce, declare ; to 
denominate; to designate; to speak 
to, address, accost ; to call upon, 
invoke, entreat, beseech ; to accuse. 

Appello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (ad fypel- 
lo, ere), to drive to or towards. 

Appetens, entis, part, fy adj., desirous 
of, thirsting after, fond of; covetous, 
greedy *. from 

Appeto, ere, ivi, ttum, a. (ad Sfpeto), to 
try to get or obtain, seek; strive 
for, aim at ; to approach ; to attack ; 
to wish for, desire eagerly, covet. 

Apprehendo, ere, ddi, ensum, a. (ad ty 
prehendo, to lay hold of), to catch or 
lay hold of, take, seize, apprehend, 
catch. 

Apprehensus, a, um, part, (apprehen- 
do). 

Approbo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad fy pro- 
bo), t;> approve, commend, applaud; 
to prove, confirm, demonstrate, 
make evident. 

Appropinquo, are, avi, atum, n. (ad fy 
propinquo, to approach), to draw 
nigh, approach. 

Appulsus, a, um, part, (appello, ere) % 
driven to, guided, having put into, 
having made for. 



APUD 



148 



ARRIPIO 



Apud, prep, with the ace, at, close by, 
near, with, among, in, before, by, 
on the part of, at or in the house of, 
in the possession of. 

Apulia, ce,f., Apulia, a country of low- 
er Italy bordering upon the Adriatic 
sea. 

Aqua, <b, /., water. Hiemales aquce, 
the winter-rains. 

Aquila, a, /., an eagle ; the standard 
of the Roman legion. 

Aquor, ari, atus sum, dep. (aqua), to 
get, draw or fetch water ; to water. 

Ara, cb, /., an altar ; a monument. 
Fig. religion. 

Arbiter, tri, m., an arbitrator, umpire, 
judge, mediator; a witness. 

Arbitratus, us, m. (arbitror), will, judg- 
ment, opinion, pleasure, choice ; 
mediation, intervention. 

Arbitrium, i, n. (arbiter), the sentence 
of an arbitrator ; award, determin- 
ation, decision, judgment ; will, 
pleasure, inclination. 

Arbitror, ari, atus suir, dep. (arbiter), 
to judge, think, imagine, be of opin- 
ion, suppose. 

Arbor ty Arbos, oris,/., a tree. 

Arbustum, i, n. (arbor), a plantation, 
shrubbery, thicket, orchard ; brush- 
wood. 

Arcesso, ere, ivi, ttum, a., to call, send 
for, invite, summon ; to summon to 
a court of justice, accuse, arraign. 
Arcessere capitis, §217, to accuse 
of a capital crime. 

Arcis, see Arx. 

Arete, or Arte, adv. (arctus, straii), 
straitly, closely, strictly, in close 
order. 

Ardens, entis, part, fy adj., on fire, 
burning. Fig. eager, ardent, impa- 
tient : from 

Ardeo, ere, arsi, arsum, rc., to burn, be 
on fire; to be ready, eager, impatient. 

Ardor, oris, m. (ardeo), heat, burning 
heat, fire. Fig. eagerness, impa- 
tience, ardent desire, ardor. Haud 



procul ab ardoribus, not far from the 
burning heat, i. e. near the equator. 

Arduus, a, um, adj., high, lofty, steep, 
difficult to reach. Fig. difficult, 
hard, laborious, arduous. 

Arena, ce, f. (areo, to be dry), sand, 
gravel. 

Arendsus, a, um, adj. (arena), sandy. 

Argentum, i, n., silver ; silver money ; 
money. 

Aridus, a, um, adj. (areo, to be dry), 
dry, parched, dried up, thirsty, arid. 

Aries, etis, m , a ram ; an engine used 
in battering down walls, with a 
head like that of a ram, a batter- 
ing-ram. 

Arma, drum, n. pi., all kinds of war- 
like arms offensive and defensive ; 
weapons ; war, warfare. Arma ai- 
que tela militaria, arms defensive 
and offensive. 

Armatus, a, um, part, (armo), armed, 
equipped. Armati, drum, m. pi., 
armed men, men in arms, soldiers, 
troops. 

Armenius, a, um, adj., of Armenia, a 
country of Asia, lying between the 
Taurus and the Caucasus, Arme- 
nian. Armenii, drum, m. pi., the 
Armenians. 

Armo, are, avi, atum, a. (arma), to arm, 
equip. 

Aro, are, avi, atum, a. fy n., to plough ; 
to till, cultivate ; to acquire by hus- 
bandry. 

Aiyinum, i, n., a town of Latium, near 
Campania, where Plautus, Cicero, 
and Marius were born. It is now 
called Arpino. 

Arrectus, a, um, part, (arrigo). 

Arreptus, a, um, part, (arripio). 

Arretmus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining 
to Arretinum, a city of Etruria, now 
called Arezzo. 

Arrigo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (ad fy rego), 
to lift up, raise ; to excite, rouse, 
animate, encourage. 

Arripio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. (ad § ra- 



ARROGO 



149 



ATQUE 



pio), to take by force, seize, lay- 
hold of. 

Arrogo, are, avi, alum, a. (ad ty rogo), 
to arrogate, claim, or attribute to 
one's self unjustly. 

Ars, artis, f, an art, faculty, quali- 
ty, endowment ; method, way, or 
means ; profession, occupation, em- 
ployment, habit, practice, pursuit; 
science; contrivance, skill, ability, 
exertion, industry. In aliis artibus, 
in other respects, in other points : — 
deceitful art, stratagem. 

Arte, artius, artissime, see Arete. 

Artifex, ids, m. fy f. (ars fy facto), an 
artificer, artist. Adj. skillful, tried, 
practised. 

Arfificium, i, n. (artifex), an art, trade : 
skill, science, contrivance, artifice, 
artfulness. 

Arvum, i, n. (aro), a ploughed field ; a 
fallow field ; arable land, glebe ; a 
field. Fig. agriculture, tillage ; 
standing corn. 

Arx, arcis, f, a lofty place, top or 
summit of a hill ; a castle, fortress, 
strong hold, citadel, bulwark. 

Ascendo, ere, di, sum, a. ty n. (ad ty 
scando, to climb), to ascend, mount, 
climb. Navim ascender -e, to embark. 

Ascensus, us, m. (ascendo), the act of 
ascending ; an ascent. 

Asia, &,f, Asia, one of the three great 
divisions of the earth as known to 
the ancients, including also, accord- 
ing to some writers, Egypt, or at 
least that part of it east of the Nile. 
In a more limited sense, Asia Minor. 

Aspar, aris, m., the name of a Nu- 
midian, sent by Jugurtha as ambas- 
sador to Bocchus. 

Asper, a, urn, adj., rough, rugged, 
harsh ; craggy, uneven ; sour, ac- 
rid ; unpleasant, disagreeable. Fig. 
unpolished ; cruel, savage, bloody ; 
troublesome, difficult, calamitous; 
dangerous, perilous, stormy ; se- 
vere, rigorous, strict. Asperce res, 

13* 



difficult enterprises, also troubles, 
calamities, perils. Mala res % spes 
mullo asperior, (our) circumstances 
are bad, (our) prospects still worse. 
Asperum fcedumque evenire, to ter- 
minate unsuccessfully and disgrace- 
fully. 

Asptre, adv. (asper), roughly, harshly, 
bitterly, severely. 

Aspefitas, at.is, f. (asper), roughness, 
ruggedness, harshness, unevenness, 
cragginess ; sourness. Fig. trouble, 
difficulty. 

Aspernor, ari, atus sum, dep. (ad fy 
sperno, to reject), to reject, avoid, 
shun, spurn ; to slight, despise, dis- 
dain, contemn, scorn. 

Asseniior, Iri, ensus sum, dep. (ad &f 
sentio), to assent, consent, approve, 
agree, express one's assent. 

Assequor, t, cuius sum, dep. (ad fy se- 
quor), to come up with, reach, over- 
take. Fig. to gain, obtain, procure, 
compass, accomplish. 

Assideo, ere, edi, essum, n. (ad fy sedeo, 
to sit), to sit, sit down, seat one's 
self, take one's seat. 

Assisto, ere, sdti, n. (ad § sisto, to 
stand), to stand near or by; to stand. 

Assumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (ad fy sumo), 
to take, assume, choose, adopt, use ; 
claim, arrogate. 

Astutia, ce,f. (aslutus, shrewd), crafti- 
ness, knavery; circumspection, wa- 
riness, address. 

At, conj. % 198, 4, but, yet. At enim, 
but, is used to mark strong oppo- 
sition or dissent, and likewise serves 
to introduce an objection. 

Athence, arum, f. pi. , Athens, the cap- 
ital of Attica, and most celebrated 
city of Greece. 

Atheniensis, e, adj. (Athena), Athenian, 
belonging to Athens. Athenienses, 
ium, m. pi., the Athenians. 

Alque, conj. $ 198, R. 1, and ; but ; 
but even, and even, certainly. Af- 
ter aliter, secus, alius, etc. than. It 



ATROCITAS 



150 



AUTRONIUS 



often serves to connect two words or 
propositions of whicli the latter is of 
greater weight or moment than the 
former. 

Atrocitas, dtis,f (atrox), cruelty, atro- 
city, barbarity, severity. 

Atrociter, adv , cruelly, fiercely, atro- 
ciously, barbarously, severely, 
harshly : from 

Atrox, oris, adj., raw, crude ; savage, 
atrocious, barbarous, fierce, cruel; 
terrible, horrible ; perilous, danger- 
ous. 

Attendo, ere, di, turn, a. (ad fy tendo), 
to stretch, extend ; to attend or give 
heed to, mind, give or direct one's 
attention to, mark, observe. 

Attente, adv. (attentus, attentive), at- 
tentively, deliberately, diligently, 
carefully, assiduously, vigorously, 
with spirit. 

Attero, ere, trlvi, tfltum, a. (ad fy tero, 
to rub), to rub against ; to chafe, 
wear away, impair ; to wear, weak- 
en, wear out, destroy. 

AtMneo, ere, inui, entum, a. (ad Sf te- 
neo), to hold, keep, detain ; to oc- 
cupy, keep possession cf, keep in 
suspense, amuse. 

Attingo, ere, iH, actum, a. (ad ty tan- 
go t to touch), to touch, come in con- 
tact with ; to reach, arrive at, at- 
tain ; to border upon ; to engage 
in, enter upon ; to treat slightly of, 
touch lightly upon. 

Attribuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (ad ty trib- 
uo), to attribute, assign, bestow, 
give. 

Attr'ttus, a, um, part, (attero). 

Auctor, oris, m. §f. (augeo), an author, 
contriver, creator, maker, founder, 
cause; a reporter, informant; an 
adviser, approver, instigator ; a do- 
er, performer. 

Auctofita , dtis, f. (auctor), authority, 
dominion, power, jurisdiction; prop- 
erty in a thing ; commission, au- 
thority to act ; influence ; force, 



weight, interest; credit, reputation, 
esteem, regard. 

Auctus, a, um, part, ty adj. (augeo), 
enlarged, increased, augmented, 
grown, &c. Moribus aucia, impro- 
ved — . 

Audacia, &,f (audax), boldness, cour- 
age, intrepidity, spirit, valor ; au- 
dacity, impudence, presumption. 

Audaciter § Audacter, comp. audacius, 
adv , boldly, courageously, auda- 
ciously : from 

Audax, aris, adj., bold, resolute, con- 
fident, courageous ; audacious, da- 
ring : from 

Audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. pass. $ 142, 
R. 2, to dare, attempt, presume ; to 
endeavor, undertake. 

Audio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a., to hear, hear- 
ken, listen to. Auditur, imp., it is 
reported, a report is heard. 

Audltus, a, um, part, (audio). 

Augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, a. fy n., to 
increase, augment, enlarge ; to 
heighten, exalt, dignify, advance, 
promote ; to grow, increase. 

Augesco, ere, n. inc. (augeo), to in- 
crease, grow greater. 

Aldus, i, m., a Latin prcenomen ; a 
brother of the consul Sp. Albinus. 

Aurelia, ce,f (Orestilla)^ the wife of 
Catiline. 

Auris, is,f, the ear. 

Aurum, i, n., gold ; money. 

Ausus, a, um, part, (audeo). 

Aut, conj. § 198, 2, or ; aut — aut, ei- 
ther — or ; non — aut, neither — nor. 

Autem, conj., but, yet, nevertheless, 
however ; also, likewise. 

Autronius, i. m. (P.), a Roman sena- 
tor, who was an associate of Cati- 
line. In his childhood he had been 
the school-fellow of Cicero. He 
was banished from his country on 
account of the part he took in the 
conspiracy of Catiline, as were al- 
so Cassius, Lseca, Vargunteius, Ser- 
vius Sylla and C. Cornelius. 



AUXILIARIUS 



151 



BIDUUM 






Auxiliarius, a, um, adj. (auxilium), aid- 
ing, helping, auxiliary. 

Auxilior, dri, atus sum, dep., to assist, 
help, aid, succor : from 

Auxilium, i. n. (augeo), assistance, 
aid, help, succor : pi, auxiliary 
troops, auxiliaries. 

Avaritia, ce, f. (avarus^ avaricious), 
avarice, covetousness. 

Ave, aveto, n. def. $183,8, hail, be 
thou safe ; farewell, adieu. It is 
often aspirated, have, haveto. 

Avent'tnum, i, n., Mount Avenline, one 
of the seven hills of Rome. 

Aversus, a, um, part. § adj., turned 
away, turned from, opposite to : 
from 

Averto, ere, erti, ersum, a.(aty verto), to 
turn away, avert, remove, divert, 
turn ; to alienate, estrange ; to put 
to flight. 

Avide, adv., eagerly, earnestly : from 

Avidus, a, um, adj. [aveo, to desire), 
eager, earnest, ardent, desirous, 
greedy ; avaricious, covetous ; am- 
bitious. 

Avius, a, um, adj. (a <$• via), impas- 
sable, inaccessible ; unfrequented, 
solitary, lonely. 

Avus, t, m. , a grandfather. 



B. 



Bcebius, i, m. (C), a tribune of the 
Roman people, corrupted by Jugur- 
tha. 

Balearis, e, adj., Balearic, of the Ba- 
learic isles. The Baleares, or Ba- 
learic isles, were two in number, 
lying in the Mediterranean sea ; 
they are now called Majorca and 
Minorca. Their inhabitants were 
anciently celebrated as skillful 
slingers. 

Barbdrus, a, um, adj., barbaric, not 
Greek nor Roman, foreign ; barba- 
rian, wild, savage, barbarous, rude, 
uncivilized. Barbdri, drum, m. pi., 



barbarians ; neither Greeks nor Ro- 
mans ; savages. 

Bellicosus, a, um, adj. (helium), war- 
like, valorous. 

BelUcus, a, um, adj. (bellum), of or re- 
lating to war ; warlike, martial. 

Btllitnus, i, m. (L.), the name of a 
Roman praetor. 

Bellua, ce,f, a beast. 

Bellum, i, n., war. Belli, gen. fy hello, 
ahl., $ 221, R. 3, in war, in time of 
war. Belli domique, see Domus. 

Bene, adv. (benus, obs. forboniis), comp. 
melius, sup. opfime, well, largely. 
Bene polliceri, to make fair promis- 
es : — successfully, happily. Bene 
facere, to act well, perform illustri- 
ous deeds, see Benefacio. Bene 
dicere, to speak well or eloquently. 

Benedlco, ere, xi, ctum, a. ty n., to 
speak well of, commend. 

Benefacio, ere, eci, actum, n. (bene fy 
facio), to do good, benefit, confer a 
favor. 

Benefactum, i, n. (benefacio), a kind- 
ness, benefit, favor ; a good act, or 
deed. 

Beneficium, i, n. (benefacio), a kind- 
ness, benefit, favor; a promotion. 

Benevolentia, ce, f (benevblens, benev- 
olent), benevolence, good-will, kind- 
ness, favor. 

Benigne, adv. (benignus, kind), kindly, 
courteously, liberally, freely, wil- 
lingly. 

Benignitas, atis, f. (benignus, kind), 
kindness, liberality, bounty, benig- 
nity, courtesy. In benignitate ha- 
bere, to attribute to kindness, to as- 
cribe to liberality. 

Bestia, ce, f, a wild beast. 

Bestia, ce, m. (L.), a Roman senator 
confederate with Catiline. Also, 
Q. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, a grand- 
son of the former, who was consul, 
A. U. C. 643. 

Biduum, i, n. (bis ty dies), the space of 
two days. 



B1NI 



152 



CALENDS 



Bint, ce, a, adj. pi §119, III, two by 
two ; two : from 

Bis, num. adv. § 119, twice, on two 
occasions. 

Bocchus, i, m., a king of Mauritania in 
alliance with Jugurtha. 

Bomilcar, aris, m., a Numidian, in 
whom Jugurtha placed great confi- 
dence. 

Bonum, i, n., any good or blessing ; a 
good thing ; right, rectitude, what 
is right or proper ; benefit, advan- 
tage ; profit ; a favor ; excellence, 
virtue, equity. Bonum honestum- 
que, virtue and honor ; — an endow- 
ment, qualification. Maximum bo- 
num, the chief good. Neque rede 
neque pro bono, i.e. neque recte neque 
bene. Bona drum, n. pi., goods, 
property, effects, advantages : from 

Bonus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup. 
optimus), good ; brave, gallant, res- 
olute, energetic ; valuable, precious, 
useful, virtuous, worthy ; well dis- 
posed, friendly. Boni, drum, m. pi., 
the opulent, prosperous, talented, 
respectable. Bona amicitia, faith- 
ful, steadfast — . Imperium a minus 
bono transfertur, — from the less able 
or capable, the less skillful or ex- 
pert.. 

Brevis, e, adj., short. Brevi, all., short- 
ly, in a short time ; — of short dura- 
tion, transitory, short-lived, brief. 

Breviter, adv. (brevis), shortly, in brief, 
in a word, briefly. 

Brutlium, i, n., a country at the south- 
ern extremity of Italy, now called 
Calabria. 

Brutus, i, m. (D. Junius), a Roman 
consul A. U. C. 677 ; he was the 
husband of Sempronia, who favored 
the conspiracy of Catiline. 



C. 



C, an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Caius. 



Cadaver, eris, n., a corpse, carcass, 
dead body : from 

Cado, ere, cectdi, casum, n., to fall ; to 
fall or die in battle ; to be slain ; to 
perish ; to fall out, happen, occur, 
turn out, issue or result in. 

Ccp.cus, a, um, adj., blind. Caecum 
corpus, the back. 

Ccedes, is, f, a cutting; a wounding; 
murder, slaughter, massacre, car- 
nage : from 

Ccedo, ere, ca-cidi, ccesum, a., to cut, 
cut down ; to strike, beat; to kill, 
slay, slaughter, destroy. 

Calatus, a, um, part., carved, sculp- 
tured : from 

Ccelo, are, avi, atum, a. (caelum, a gra- 
ving tool), to carve figures in relief; 
to emboss. 

Capio, dJiis, m. (Q. Servilius), a Ro- 
man general who was defeated by 
the Gauls and Cimbri A. U. C. 649. 

Ccesar, aris, m. (C. Julius), was the 
son of C. Julius Caesar and Aurelia, 
the daughter of Aurelius Cotta. 
After the conquest of the Germans, 
Gauls, and Britains, he turned his 
arms against Pompey, who had es- 
poused the cause of the senate, and 
having defeated him, established 
himself as sole monarch of the Ro- 
man empire. In the conspiracy 
headed by Catiline, Caesar was 
suspected of favoring the cause of 
the conspirators. 

Ccesar, aris, m. (L. Julius), was consul 
with C. Figulus A. U. C. 690. He 
was the uncle of the triumvir M. 
Antony, and brother in law of Len- 
tulus. 

Caius, i, m., a Roman pramomen. 

Calamitas, atis, f, calamity, mishap, 
misfortune, disaster, adversity, loss, 
injury, damage ; distress. 

Calamilosus, a, um, adj. (calamitas), 
calamitous, ruinous, disastrous, per- 
nicious, destructive. 

Calendce, drum, f pi., (calo, to call), 



CALLIDE 



153 



CARO 



§ 326, the first day of the month ; 
the calends. 

Callide, adv. (callidus), skillfully, ex- 
pertly, shrewdly, cunningly, art- 
fully. 

Calliditas, atis, f, skillfulness, artful- 
ness, shrewdness, skill, craft, sub- 
til ty : from 

Callidus, a, um, adj. (callum, callus), 
skillful, tried, experienced, shrewd, 
crafty, sly, subtle, cunning. 

Cator, oris, m. (caleo, to be warm), 
warmth, heat. 

Calpurnius, i, m., see Bestia. 

Calumnia, ce,f, false accusation, slan- 
der, calumny ; wiles, chicanery, ca- 
bals. 

Camera, ce, /., a vault, arched roof, or 
ceiling. 

Camers, ertis, adj., of or pertaining to 
Camerinum, now Camerino, a town 
of Umbria. Subs., a Camertian. 

Campus, i, m., a level surface ; a plain, 
open field. Campus or Campus 
Martius, the field of Mars, an open 
field in Rome where the comitia 
were held. 

Canis, is, m. tiff., a dog. 

Cano, ere, cecini, cantum, n. tif a., to 
sing ; to play upon a musical instru- 
ment. Canere signa, to give the 
signal by sound of trumpet. 

Capesso, ere, ivi, itum, a. intensive, 
§ 187, II, 5, to take, catch at, lay 
hold of, seize, take in hand, under- 
take, enter upon, take the manage- 
ment of. Capessere rempublicam, to 
engage in public affairs, take care 
of the state : from 

Capio, ere, cepi, captum, a., to take, 
take up, receive, adopt ; to hold, 
contain ; to seize, lay hold of, over- 
take, catch ; to make use of. Arma 
capere, to take up arms. Consilium 
capere, to form a design, adopt a 
plan, conclude, determine ; — to ac- 
quire, obtain, derive ; to choose, se- 
lect ; to enjoy, feel : to capture, 



take possession of, occupy, over- 
power, oppress ; to charm, capti- 
vate, allure, gain over, attract ; to 
take prisoner ; to take in, deceive, 
cheat, entrap, ensnare. Capere pce- 
nam or pcenas, see Poena. Capere 
detrimentum, to suffer — . Rempub- 
licam capere, to seize, usurp — . 

Capitalis, e, adj. (caput), relating to 
the head or life, capital, deadly. 
Res capitalis, a capital crime, a 
crime to be punished with death. 

Capito, onis, m., a Roman cognomen, 
see Gabinius. 

Capitolium, i, n., (caput), the Capitol, 
one of the seven hills of Rome ; 
the citadel of Rome and the temple 
of Jupiter Capitolinus, built upon 
the Capitoline hill. 

Capsa, &, f, a city of Numidia, built 
in the midst of vast deserts, but 
taken and destroyed by Marius. 

Capsenses, ium, m. (Capsa), the in- 
habitants of Capsa. 

Capto, are, avi, atum, a.freq. (capio), to 
catch at, catch, strive to obtain, seek 
for or strive after eagerly. 

Captus, a, um, part, (capio), seized, 
captured, taken, enslaved, caught, 
overtaken, captivated. Captus som- 
no, overtaken or overcome by sleep. 

Capua, ce, f, a city of Campania, in 
Italy. 

Caput, ith^ n., a head ; a man, per- 
son ; life. Capite censi, the poorest 
class of Roman citizens, w T ho, in the 
assessments, were rated at nothing, 
but merely numbered as citizens. 
Supra caput, see Supra. Capite 
pcenas solvere, to be put to death. 

Career, eris, m., a prison, gaol, place 
of confinement. 

Careo, ere, ui, n., to be without, want, 
be in want of, be free from, be des- 
titute of; to forego, abstain from. 

Carina, ce, f, the keel or bottom of a 
ship. 

Caro, carnis, f, flesh. 



CARPTIM 



154 



CAVEO 



Carptim, adv. (carpo, to pluck), by de- 
tached parts ; separately, in sepa- 
rate parts. 
Carihaginiensis, e, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Carthage, Carthaginian. Car- 
thaginienses, turn, m. pi., the Cartha- 
ginians, inhabitants of Carthage : 
from 

Carthago, Inis, f, Carthage, a cele- 
brated maritime city of Africa, and 
the rival of Rome, founded by a 
colony of Tj-rians under the direc- 
tion of queen Dido. It was de- 
stroyed by the Romans under P. 
Scipio iEmilianus, A. U. C. 608. 

Cams, a, urn, adj., dear, precious, 
costly : beloved. 

Cassius, i, m. (Z,.), a Roman preetor, 
who was sent to invite Jugurtha to 
come to Rome. As a judge he \\as 
distinguished for the soundness and 
wisdom of his decisions, and it is to 
him that Cicero ascribes the custom 
of enquiring, in judicial investiga- 
tions, cui bono fuisset. See also 
Longinus. 

Castellani, drum, m., soldiers in garri- 
son ; a garrison : from 

Castettum, i, n. dim. (castrum, a cas- 
tle), a castle, fortress, fort, fortified 
place. 

Castra, drum, n. pi., a camp, encamp- 
ment. Fig. war, warfare. 

Casurus, a, um, part. (cado). 

Casus, us, m. (cado), a fall or falling. 
Fig. misfortune, adversity, disaster, 
calamity ; an event, case, circum- 
stance, situation, accident, fortune, 
chance. Casu, abl., by chance, ac- 
cidentally \ — occasion, opportunity. 
Pro meo casu, considering my situ- 
ation, case or circumstances. 

Catabathmos, i, m. §54, a declivity, 
gradual descent ; a sloping valley 
between Egypt and Africa, the Cat- 
abathmus. 

Catena, a, f, a chain. 

Caterva, gb, /., a troop, battalion, band 



or company of soldiers ; a multitude, 
concourse of people. 

Caiervatim, adv. (caterva), in compa- 
nies or troops : in crowds. 

Catillna, <z, m. (L. Sergius), Catiline 
a Roman of noble birth but profli- 
gate manners, who, with many oth- 
ers of the nobility, conspired against 
the republic, and collected an army 
in Etruria, intended to act against 
his country. His conspiracy be- 
ing brought to light by the vigilance 
of M. T. Cicero, the consul, Cati- 
line took the command of his ar- 
my, which he attempted to lead to 
Rome, but was defeated by C. An- 
tonius, the other consul, and, with 
most of his army, perished in a 
desperate battle. 

Cato, onis, m. (M. Porcius), was the 
grandson of Cato the censor, and 
like him was distinguished for great 
strictness and severity of manners. 
After the rest of Pompey's party 
had surrendered to Ceesar, Cato. 
who had commanded the army in 
Africa, put an end to his own life at 
Utica ; whence he has obtained the 
agnomen of Uticensis. 

Catulus, i, m. (Q. Lutatius), a Roman 
senator, and the personal enemy of 
Caesar. 

Causa, eE, /., a cause, reason. Causa 
with a genitive, on account of, for 
the sake of, as ; a color, pretext, 
pretence ; excuse ; occasion, mo- 
tive, provocation ; a cause, suit or 
process at law. Causam dicere, to 
plead for one's self, to plead, to de- 
fend, make a defence. Qua de cau- ! 
sa ? from what motive ? for what 
reason ? 

Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, n. fya., to be- 
ware or take heed of, be aware, be 
on one's guard, avoid, shun ; with 
prep, a or ab, to guard against ; to 
take care, provide ; to keep off, 
ward off. 



CECIDI 



155 



CETHEGUS 



Cecidi, see Cado. Cecidi, see Ccedo. 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n.$ a., to give 
place, give way, yield, withdraw, 
retire, leave, depart ; to cede, give 
up, yield, concede, grant ; to sub- 
mit ; to yield to, give place to, fly ; 
to happen, turn out, succeed, end, 
result, issue, go on. 

Celebratus, a, um, part, fy adj., cele- 
brated, extolled ; solemnized, fre- 
quented : from 

Celebro, are, avi, atum, a. (celeber, fre- 
quented), to frequent, resort to; to 
celebrate, solemnize ; to praise, ex- 
tol, celebrate, honor, render famous 
or illustrious. 

Celer, eri«, m.(Q. Metellus), a patriotic 
Roman praetor during Catiline's con- 
spiracy, A. U. C. 691. 

Celeritas, atis, f. {celer, swift), swift- 
ness, quickness, speed, celerity, ac- 
tivity. 

Censeo, ere, ui, censum, a., to think, 
judge, suppose, imagine, apprehend, 
be of opinion ; to express one's opin- 
ion in a deliberative assembly ; to 
ordain, decree, resolve ; to rate, as- 
sess, tax, appraise ; to make a cen- 
sus or an estimate of the property, 
and an enumeration of the families 
of the citizens ; to estimate, value. 

Censor, oris, m. (censeo), a censor, a Ro- 
man magistrate appointed every fifth 
year to take the census, and to in- 
quire into the character of the citi- 
zens. 

Census, a, um, part, (censeo). 

Centum, num. adj. pi. ind., a hun- 
dred. 

Centuria, ce,f. (centum), a century, or 
hundred of any thing ; a squadron, 
consisting of a hundred horse ; a 
hundred foot soldiers ; a division of 
the Roman people, a century, a 
hundred. 

Centurio, onis, m. (centuria), a captain 
of a century or hundred, a centu- 
rion. 



Cepi, see Capio. 

Cera, a,f., wax : the material of which 
family images were formed. 

Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a., to sift; to 
consider, deliberate, distinguish, de- 
cide, judge, decree ; to discern, see, 
perceive ; to contend, fight. 

Ceriamen, mis, n. (certo), a contest, 
strife, contention, debate, dispute, 
dissension ; a battle, engagement ; 
competition, zeal. 

Certans, tis, part, (certo), contending, 
striving, vieing with one another. 

CertMim, adv. (certo), earnestly, ea- 
gerly, emulously. 

Certe or Certo, adv. (certus), certainly, 
for certain, assuredly. 

Certo, are, avi, atum, n., to contend, 
strive, vie, struggle, fight ; to strive 
emulously, try to outdo each other, 
strive to be first. Certatur, the con- 
test is carried on, they contend, 
$ 184, 2. 

Certus, a, um, adj., determined, re- 
solved ; fixed upon, established, ap- 
pointed ; sure, well acquainted. 
Certiorem facere, to inform, ac- 
quaint, apprise ; — tried, faithful ; 
safe, trust-worthy, certain, fixed ; 
resolute, bold; clear, well-known, 
well-ascertained, manifest, evident. 
Pro certo habere, credere, etc., to con- 
sider as certain, be well assured, 
confidently believe. Certa, n.pl., 
certainties. 

Cessi, see Cedo. 

Cetera, ceterum, adj. (not used in nom. 
mas.), other, the other, the rest, res- 
idue, remainder. Cetera, ace. pi. 
adverbially, like Ceterum, which see. 

Ceterum, adv. fy adversative conj. (cete- 
ra), as for the rest, in other respects, 
otherwise ; but, furthermore, more- 
over. 

Cethegus, i, m. (C), a Roman senator 
of the Cornelian gens. He was put 
to death for the part he took in the 
Catilinarian conspiracy. 



CIBUS 



156 



CLAMOR 



Cibus, i, m., food, nourishment, ali- 
ment, victuals, meat. 

Cicatrix, icis,f, a cicatrice, scar. 

Cicero, o?iis, m. (M. Tullius), the most 
illustrious of the Roman orators, 
was born at Arpinum in the year 
B. C. 103. In his consulship, A. 
U. C. 691, occurred the celebrated 
conspiracy of Catiline, which was 
detected and suppressed by his pa- 
triotic vigilance. He was put to 
death during the triumvirate of An- 
tony, Octavius, and Lepidus, at the 
age of sixty four. 

Cimbficus, a, um, adj., Cimbrian, per- 
taining to the Cimbri, a people of 
Germany. 

Cinna, ce, m. (L. Cornelius), an asso- 
ciate of Marius in the civil wars, 
and distinguished for his acts of 
cruelty. His daughter Cornelia 
was the wife of Julius Caesar. 

Circiter, prep, with the ace, § adv., 
about, near. 

Circum, prep, with the ace, around, 
about; near. Adv., around, near. 

Circumddtus, a, um, part. : from 

Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. (cir- 
cum ty do), to put or set round ; to sur- 
round, encompass, environ, invest. 

Circumeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. a. (circum 
ty eo), to go round ; to surround ; to 
visit, go the rounds. 

Circumfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
(circum ty fero), to carry round. 

Circumfundo, ere, udi, usum, a. (circum 
fyfundo), to pour around, sprinkle 
about, circumfuse ; to surround, en- 
compass. 

Circumfusus, a, um, part, (circumfun- 
do), poured round ; surrounding. 

Circumsideo, ere, edi, essum, a. fy n. 
(circum § sedeo, to sit), to sit or take 
one's stand round ; to besiege, in- 
vest, lay siege to. 

Circumspect o, are, a. tyn.fjeq., to look 
round or about ; to look upon or re- 
gard with suspicion : from 



Circumspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. fy n. 
(circum ty specio, to see), to look 
round. Fig. to take heed, weigh, 
consider carefully. 

Circumvenio, Ire, eni, entum, a. (cir- 
cum fy venio), to come round ; to 
surround, encompass, invest, block- 
ade, beset. Fig. to oppress ; to cir- 
cumvent, defraud, deceive, betray, 
beset. Falsis criminibus circumve- 
nire, to beset with false charges. 

Circumventus, a, um, part, (circumve- 
nio), surrounded, encompassed, be- 
set on all sides. 

Cirta, ce,f, a city of Numidia not far 
from the sea, the capital of the king- 
dom of Syphax, of Masinissa, and 
of his son Micipsa. It is now 7 called 
Constantia. 

Citerior, adj. of the comp. degree, sup, 
ciCimus, ^ 126, 1, (cis, on this side), 
nearer, hither. 

Citb, adv. (citus), soon, quickly, speed- 
ily, shortly. 

Citus, a, um, part fy adj. (cieo, to ex- 
cite), excited ; swift, quick, rapid. 
Speculatores citi sese ostendunt, — at 
full speed. 

Civllis, e, adj., of or belonging to a 
citizen, civil. Civilia studia, civil 
contention, strife among the citi- 
zens. Civile imperium, a govern- 
ment befitting citizens : from 

Civis, is, m. ty f, a citizen, free in- 
habitant of a town or city. 

Civitas, atis, f, (civis), the body of 
citizens living in the same place, 
and under the same laws ; a city, 
state, nation, government; the free- 
dom of the city, citizenship. 

Clades, is, f, loss, injury, misfortune, 
disaster ; overthrow, discomfiture ; 
slaughter, destruction. 

Clam, adv. <§- prep, with ace. and abl., 
privately, privily, secretly; without 
the knowledge of. 

Clamor, oris, m., (clamo, to cry aloud), 
a loud voice, cry, shout. 



CLARITUDO 



157 



COGNOMEN 



Claritudo, mis, f, clearness, distinct- 
ness ; fame, character, reputation, 
renown : from 

Clarus, a, um, adj., clear, bright, splen- 
did ; loud, distinct. Fig. manifest, 
open, evident; famous, illustrious, 
noble, renowned, distinguished, cel- 
ebrated. 

Classis, is, /., a class, company, order 
or rank of citizens, one of the five 
divisions of the Roman people made 
by Servins Tullius, according to the 
comparative value of their estates ; 
a fleet of ships of w T ar, an armament. 
Ex classibus, according to classes. 

Claudo, ere, si, sum, a., to shut, close, 
confine, shut in, inclose ; to sur- 
round, encompass ; to finish. 

Clausus, a, um, -part, {claudo), shut up, 
inclosed, surrounded, hidden, con- 
cealed. Subs, clausum, i, n., an en- 
closure, a place shut up. 

Clavis, is, f. (claudo), a key. 

Clemens, entis, adj., quiet, placid, calm, 
gentle ; mild, meek, merciful; light, 
easy. Clemens rumor, a mild report, 
i. e. extenuating the deed, a mild ru- 
mor, a doubtful, obscure, or vague 
report. 

Clementia, ce, f. (clemens), mildness, 
gentleness, calmness, stillness ; 
kindness, humanity, clemency, 
mercy, moderation. 

Cliens, entis, m.,a client, one under the 
protection of a patron ; a dependent. 

Clientela, ce, f. (cliens), the relation of 
clients to their patrons, clientship ; 
protection ; a train of clients or de- 
pendents. 

Cn., an abbreviation of Cnceus. 

Cnceus, i, m., a Roman pranomen. 

Coacius, a, um, part. (cogo). 

Co&quo, are, avi, a. (con <§• cequo, to lev- 
el), to make equal or even, to level. 

Coalesco, ere, lui, Utum, n. (con fy ales- 
co, to grow), to grow together, coal- 
esce, unite, grow to, grow. Fig. to 
be or become united ; to agree. 

14 



Coarguo, tre, ui, a. (con fy arguo, to 
show), to prove, show, demonstrate ; 
to convince, convict; to disprove, 
confute. 

Cochlea, ce, /., a snail, cockle, peri- 
winkle. 

Cactus, a, um, part, (coquo). 

Co'egi, see Cogo. 

Caelum, i, n., heaven, the heavens : 
the air, skies, region of the air, at- 
mosphere. 

Ccenatus, a, um, part. § 163, 16, having 
supped. Esse ccenatus, to sup, take 
supper: from 

Cceno, are, avi, atum, n. fy a. (ccena, 
supper), to sup. 

Cceparius, i, m. (Q.), a Terracinian 
who was confederate with Catiline. 

Ccepi, def. verb, §183, 2, 1 began. Perf. 
pass., cceptus est, see § 183, 2, N. 

Cceptus, a, um, part, (ccepi), having be- 
gun. Pass, begun. 

Co'erceo, ere, ui, itum, a. (con § arceo, 
to ward off), to surround, embrace ; 
to keep in, confine, restrain, check ; 
to repress, curb, control, stop ; to 
chastise, punish. 

Coercitus, a, um, part, (coerceo), re- 
strained, controlled; capable of be- 
ing restrained. 

Cogtto, are, avi, atum, a. fy n. (con. fy 
agito), to revolve in the mind, think, 
ponder, consider, meditate, reflect, 
deliberate. 

Cognatio, onis, f (con fy nascor), rela- 
tion by blood, kindred. 

Cognatus, a, um, adj. (con § nascor), 
connate ; related by blood, nearly 
akin, closely allied, kindred. Subs., 
a relative, kinsman. 

Cogmtus, a, um, part, (cognosco), as- 
certained, known, discovered, tried, 
proved. Causa cognita, — having 
been tried, judicially investigated. 

Cognomen, mis, n. (con <J- nomen), a 
surname, family name, name sub- 
joined to the nomen or name, as 
prcenomen was prefixed to it; as P. 



COGNOSCO 



158 



COMMEMORO 



Cornelius Scipio, §279, 9. It is 
sometimes used for the agnomen, 
the appellation, title ; as, P. Corne- 
lius Scipio African us. 

Cognosco, ere, noui, intiim, a. (con ty 
nosco), to know ; to learn, hear, find, 
find out, make one's self acquainted 
with, ascertain, discover, under- 
stand, be informed, be assured : to 
study, examine, investigate, ex- 
plore, inspect ; to try a cause ; to 
find by experience ; to recognize ; 
to acknowledge, confess ; to per- 
ceive, see. Promissa ejus cognilum 
misit, despatched (some) to make in- 
quiry respecting his proposals. 

Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, a. (con fy 
ago), to collect, assemble, gather, 
drive or bring together ; to drive, 
impel ; to constrain, compel, force, 
urge, necessitate, induce, prevail 
on ; to confine, restrain, restrict. 

Conors, tis,f., a pen or coop ; a cohort, 
a band of soldiers consisting of the 
tenth part of a legion, and conse- 
quently containing at different pe- 
riods from 300 to 600 men. 

Cohortatus, a, um, part. : from 

Cohortor, ari, atus sum, dep. (con <§■ 
hortor), to exhort, encourage. 

Collectus, a, um, part, (colli go). 

Collega, az, m., a colleague, copartner 
in office. 

ColUbet, libuit or libitum est, imp. verb, 
(con § libet), it pleases, is agreeable. 
It is sometimes used personally, as, 
quce victoribus collibuissent, what 
should please the victors, what the 
victors pleased. 

Colligo, ere, egi, ectum, a- (con fy lego), 
to gather together, collect, assem- 
ble. 

Collis, is, 77? , a hill, hillock, rising 
ground. 

Colloco, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy loco), 
to place, settle, dispose, arrange, 
set. set in order, station, post. 

Colloquium, i, n., conversation, con- 



verse, discourse ; a conference, in- 
terview : from 
Collbquor, i, cuius sum, dep. (con fy /o- 
quor), to speak together, converse, 
confer. 
Colo, ere, colui, cultum, a., to exercise, 
practise, pursue, study, labor upon, 
cultivate, attend to, tend, till, cher- 
ish, take care of; to respect, honor, 
regard, venerate, worship, love, es- 
teem, favor, treat respectfully; to 
inhabit. Neque illos arte colam, me 
opulenler, I will not treat them rig- 
orously and myself indulgently. 
Colonia, ce, f, a colony, plantation, 
settlement ; a number of people 
emigrating by public authority to a 
distant settlement, colonists, emi- 
grants : from 
Colonus, i, 777. (colo). a husbandman, 
tenant, farmer, cultivator; a colo- 
nist, settler, emigrant. 
Color, or colos, oris, m., a color, com- 
plexion, tint, hue. Colos is used by 
Sallust in preference to color. 
Comes, itis, m. fy f, a companion, as- 
sociate, attendant, assistant, com- 
rade, friend. 
Cominus, adv. (con fy manus), hand to 

hand, in close combat. 
Comitatus, us, m. (comltor, to accom- 
pany), a number of followers, a 
train, company, retinue, suit. 
Comitia, drum, n. pi. (comes), a public 
meeting or assembly of the people 
for the purpose of voting ; a public 
election. Comitia habere, to hold 
an assembly of the people. 
Commaculo, are, avi, atum, a. (con § 
maculo, to stain), to spot, stain, pol- 
lute, disgrace. 
Commeatus, us, m. (commeo, to go and 
come), a passage ; a furlough ; a 
convoy; provisions, supplies, vict- 
uals. 
Commembro, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy 
memoro), to mention, make mention 
of, call to mind, recount, relate. 



COMMENDATIO 



159 



COMPLURES 



Commendatio, dnis, f, commendation, 

recommendation, praise : from 
Commendo, are, dvi, alum, a. (con fy 
mando), to commit to the charge of 
any one, consign to any one's care, 
intrust with; to commend, recom- 
mend. 
Commercium, i, n. (con fy merx, mer- 
chandise), commerce, trade, traffic, 
bartering. 

Commercor, art, atus sum, dep. (con <$' 
mercor), to buy together, purchase, 
buy up. 

Comniinuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (con § 
minuo), to lessen, diminish ; to crush 
or break to pieces. Fig. to weaken, 
impair, wear away. 

Comminutus, a, um, part, (comminuo). 

Committo, ere, isi, issum, a. (con fy mit- 
to), to join together, unite or bring 
together ; to do, act, cause, perform, 
perpetrate, commit ; to begin, com- 
mence. Commiltere prcelium, pug- 
nam, etc., to begin a battle, to make 
an attack, to fight, engage. 

Commodo, are, ad, alum, a. (commo- 
dus, convenient), to adjust, adapt, 
accommodate ; to give, afford, al- 
low, lend, furnish, supply. 

Commodum, i, n. (commodus), advan- 
tage, profit, utility, convenience. 
Ex commodo &stimare, to estimate 
according to (its) profit. Ex com- 
modo pugnam facere, — at a favora- 
ble opportunity, under favorable 
circumstances. 

Commonefdcio, ere, feci, factum, a. 
(commoneo, to remind, <$f fucio), to 
put in mind, remind, advise. 

Commordlus, a, um, fart. : from 

Commoror, dri, atus sum, dep. (con <$f 
moror), to slop, pause, stay, abide, 
remain, tarry. 

Commolus, a, um, fart., moved, troub- 
led, disturbed, &c. : from 

Commoveo, ere, ovi, dtum, a. (con fy 
moveo), to move together, move, 
stir, remove ; to move, touch, af- 



fect ; to disquiet, trouble, alarm ; to 
stir up, excite, provoke. 

Communicdlus, a, um, part. : from 

Commuiuco, are, dvi, alum, a. (commu- 
nis), to communicate, impart, share 
with any one, commune, confer; to 
join, unite, connect ; to share, par- 
take, mingle. Causam communica- 
te, to make common cause. 

Communio, ire, ~tvi, Hum, a. (con fy 
munio), to fortify, secure. 

Communis, e, adj., common, the same, 
general, universal, belonging to ma- 
ny or all, belonging to the public. 
Res communis, a joint interest, com- 
mon concern. 

Commutatio, onis, f. (commute), a 
changing, change, alteration. 

Commutdtus, a, um, part. : from 

Commulo, are, avi, dtum, a. (con fymu- 
to), to change, alter ; to exchange, 
traffic. 

Gompardtus, a, xim, part. : from 

Compdro, are, avi, dtum, a. (con tif pa- 
ro), to procure, get, furnish, prepare, 
provide, get ready ; to collect ; to 
establish, institute, ordain ; to ac- 
quire ; to connect; to compare. 

Comperio, ~ire, peri, pertum, a. or Com- 
perior, iri, pertus sum, dep. (con $- 
pario), to discover, find out, ascer- 
tain, learn, be informed. Parum 
comperimus, I have not ascertained, 
lam uncertain. 

Compertus, a, um, part. (comperio) t 
found out, fully ascertained, known 
for certain ; discovered, detected. 
Narrare comptrtum, to speak with 
certainty. Compertum est mihi, or 
compertum hdbeo, §274, R. 4, I have 
ascertained, I know, I am certain. 

Compleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (con fy pleo, 
obs., to fill), to fill, fill up ; to com- 
plete, perfect, finish, perform. 

Complexus, us, m. (compleclor), a com- 
passing, encircling ; an embracing, 
embrace. 

Complures, ura, §110, adj.pl. (con fy 



COMPONO 



160 



CONDITIO 



plus), many, a great many, a con- 
siderable number. 

Compono, ere, osui, outturn, a. (con fy 
pono), to put or place together ; to 
put in order, arrange, dispose, or- 
der ; to lay up ; to bury ; to end, 
close ; to settle, adjust, accommo- 
date ; to calm, still, appease, tran- 
quillize ; to compound, compose, 
make up ; to make, compose, con- 
trive, plan ; to agree upon, arrange, 
concert ; to compare. 

Comporto, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy 
porto), to carry or bring together, 
bring, carry, collect. 

Composite, adv., sedately, calmly, qui- 
etly, orderly, neatly, handsomely ; 
in elegant language, in well turned 
periods, in good set terms : from 

Composilus, a, um, part. 6f adj. (com- 
pono), put together, arranged, com- 
posed, compounded ; elegant, regu- 
lar, well arranged, in good order, 
skillfully disposed, set in order, apt, 
fit ; ended, settled. 

Comprobatus, a, um, part. .* from 

Comprbbo, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy pro- 
bo), to approve, prove, confirm ; to 
allow ; to make good, verify. 

Conatus, a, um, part, (conor). 

Concedo, ere, essi, essum, n. $ a. (con 
fy cedo), to retire, yield, depart, with- 
draw, give place ; to go, repair ; to 
assent to ; to yield, give up. Con- 
cedere naturce, to pay the debt of 
nature, to die a natural death : — to 
grant, give, allow, permit, concede, 
resign, relinquish. In gentem no- 
tnenque imperaniium concessere, were 
merged, sunk or lost in — . In jus 
atque ditionem concedere, to come un- 
der, become subject to, yield to — . 

Concessus, a, um, part, (concedo), per- 
mitted, conceded, granted, allowed, 
&c. 

Concido, ere, Idi, n. (con fy cado), to 
fall down, fall to the ground. Fig. 
to fall, die ; to perish, sink. 



Concio, onis,f (concieo, to call togeth- 
er), a meeting or assembly of peo- 
ple. Pro condone, in public, before 
a public assembly : — an oration, 
harangue, public speech or address. 

Concitatus, a, um, part.: from 

Concito, are, avi, atum, a. (con §~ cito, 
to excite), to stir up, put in motion, 
excite, stimulate, incite, rouse, pro- 
voke, irritate, move, cause, raise. 

Conclamo, are, avi, atum, n. ty a. (con 
Sf clamo, to cry), to cry out togeth- 
er, cry aloud, cry out with a loud 
voice, shout, exclaim. 

Concordia, ce,f. (concors, concordant), 
concord, agreement, union, harmo- 
ny, unanimity. Also the name of 
a Roman goddess, Concord. 

Concublna, a>,f. (concubo, to lie with), 
a concubine. 

Concupio, ere, fy Concupisco, tre, fvi, 
Hum, a. (con fy cupio), to desire 
greatly, long for, covet. 

Concurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. (con § 
curro, to run), to run together, meet, 
flock together ; to fight, engage in 
fight, charge, rush to the fight, join 
battle, engage, contend, rush to- 
gether ; to concur, agree. Concur- 
ritur, they rush together, charge. 

Concursus, us, m. (concurro), a run- 
ning or meeting together; a con- 
course ; a conflict, charge, engage- 
ment, onset, shock. 

Concutio, tre, ussi, ussum, a. (con fy 
quatio, to shake), to shake, move 
violently, agitate, cause to tremble. 
Fig. to trouble, disquiet, alarm, ter- 
rify, put in fear, agitate ; to injure, 
weaken. 

Condemn atus, a, um, part. : from 

Condemno, are, avi, alum, a. (con fy 
damno), § 217, to condemn. 

Condidi, see Condo. 

Conditio, onis, f. (condo), a making, 
constructing, framing ; a laying up, 
preserving ; a state, situation, con- 
dition, circumstances ; a contract, 



CONDITOR 



161 



CONGLOBO 



stipulation, condition, promise, ad- 
vantage, terms of agreement. 

Conditor, oris, m. (condo), a maker, 
builder, founder, inventor, author. 

Conditio;, a, urn, part., founded, built. 
Post condiiam urbem, after or since 
the foundation of the city sc. Rome : 
from 

Condo, ere, didi, ditum, a. {con fy do), 
to lay or treasure up, hoard ; to 
hide, conceal, bury ; to finish, end ; 
to make, build, found, establish. 

Condono, are, avi, atum, a. (con § do- 
no), to give freely, grant, present, 
bestow; to remit, excuse, pardon, 
forgive ; with the accusative of the 
crime and the dative of the person, it 
signifies to pardon the fault for his 
sake, on his account. Alterius libid- 
ini malefacta condonare, to pardon 
crimes to gratify the lust of anoth- 
er 5 — to give up, devote, sacrifice. 

Conduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con fy duco), 
to bring or lead together, conduct, as- 
semble, collect; to hire, bargain for. 

Conductus, a, um, part, (conduco), 
brought together, collected ; hired. 

Confectus, a, um, part, (conficio), fin- 
ished, ended, destroyed, injured; 
worn out. Confectus annis, super- 
annuated. 

Confercio, Ire, si, turn, a. (con fy farcio, 
to stuff), to stuff or cram together, 
crowd together; to stuff, or fill full. 

Confcro,ferre, contuli, collatum, a. irr. 
(con fy ftro), to bring, carry, put or 
lay together ; to collect, gather. 

Confertim, adv., closely, in a heap or 
crowd, in a compact body : from 

Covfertvs, a, um, part. § adj. (confer- 
cio), crammed full, crowded, full ; 
thick, close, dense, in close array. 

Confessus, a, um, part, (confiteor), hav- 
ing confessed. Subs, one who has 
made confession. 

Conficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (con fyfacio), 
to make together ; to make, cause, 
effect, execute, prepare, perform ; 

14* 



to end, finish, terminate, accom- 
plish, complete, conclude ; to kill, 
slay, destroy, consume ; to overpow- 
er, subdue, prostrate ; to waste, wear 
away, wear out, injure, weaken. 

Confide, ere,flsus sum, n. pass. § 142, 
R. 2, (con tyfido, to trust to), to trust, 
feel confident, depend upon, believe 
confidently, confide or put confi- 
dence in, trust to, rely upon. 

Con finis, e, adj. (con § finis), next to, 
adjoining, bordering upon, contigu- 
ous, near. 

Confirmatus, a, um, part. : from 

Confirmo, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy fir- 
mo), to confirm, strengthen, estab- 
lish, reestablish ; to encourage, ani- 
mate, support; to persuade, inspire 
with courage, reassure ; to ratify, 
confirm ; to prove, show ; to affirm, 
assert, assure. Labores et victorias 
con fir mare, to crown — . 

Conftsus, a, um, part, (confido), trust- 
ing to, relying or depending on, be- 
ing confident, trusting. 

Conjtieor, eri, essus sum, dep. (con ty 
fateor), to confess, acknowledge, 
own. 

Confllgo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con § fiigo, 
to beat against), to strike against ; 
to fight, contend, engage, conflict. 

Confio, are, avi, atum, a. (con 6f fio, to 
blow), to blow together, bring to- 
gether : to make up, compound ; to 
raise, make, create, excite. JEs 
alienum confiare, to contract a debt, 
to run into debt: — to excite, stir up, 
cause, occasion. 

Confiuo, ere, xi, n. (con fy fluo, to flow), 
to flow or run together ; to flock or 
crowd together. 

Confodio, ere, cdi, ossum, a. (con 6f fo- 
dio, to dig), to dig. Fig. to wound, 
pierce, stab, thrust through. 

Conjugio, ere, ugi, ugttum, n. (con fy 
fugio), to flee to for succor, flee or 
have recourse to. 

Conglobo, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy glo- 



CONGREDIOR 



162 



CONSIDO 



bo, to make round), to gather into a 
round body, conglobate, crowd to- 
gether, gather together, collect. 

Congredior, i, gressus sum, dep. (con 
Sf gradior, to step), to move or go 
together, go with ; to meet, come 
together, go up to, accost, address, 
speak to, converse with ; to fight, 
engage. 

Co?igressus, us, m. (congredior), a com- 
ing together, meeting ; a conflict, 
encounter, contest, battle, engage- 
ment. 

Congressus, a, um, part, (congredior). 

Gonjicio, ere,jeci,jectum, a. (con § ja- 
cio), to throw together, throw, cast, 
hurl, discharge, thrust, force, impel : 
to put. 

Conjunctus, a, urn, part. fy adj., con- 
nected, united : from 

Gonjungo, ere, nxi, nclum, a. (con <§ r 
jungo, to join), to join or unite to- 
gether, connect, associate. 

Oonjuratio, onis,f. (conjuro), a swear- 
ing together, a confederacy or com- 
bination confirmed by oath ; a plot, 
conspiracy ; the body of conspira- 
tors. 

Gonjuratus, a, um, part., combined, 
leagued. Subs, conjurati, drum, m., 
conspirators : from 

Conjuro, are, am, alum, n. (con <$■ ju- 
ro), to swear together, combine, 
league together ; to conspire, enter 
into a conspiracy. 

Gonnubium, i, n. (con $■ nubo), a law- 
ful marriage, wedlock, marriage, in- 
termarriage. 

Gonor, ari, atus sum, dep., to strive, 
endeavor ; attempt, try, undertake. 

Conqulro, ere, is'ivi, isllum, a. (con § 
qu&ro), to seek after, search for dil- 
igently, get. together, try to procure, 
collect. 

Conscientia, a>, f. (conscio, to be con- 
scious), joint knowledge ; con- 
science, consciousness ; conscious- 
ness of guilt, a bad conscience, an 



evil or guilty conscience ; guilt, 
guiltiness. 

Conscius, A, um, adj. (conscio), con- 
scious, privy to, accessary, witness 
of, partaking of, concerned in, in the 
secret of; guilty, conscious of guilt. 
Alius alii — conscii, being witnesses 
for one another, being mutually 
privy. 

Conscrlbo, ere, ipsi, iptum, a. (con fy 
scribo), to write, write together. 
Conscribere milites, to raise, levy, 
enlist, enroll — . 

Conscriplus, a, um, part, (conscribo), 
written ; enlisted, enrolled. Patres 
conscripti, the senators, the con- 
script fathers. The first Roman 
senators were called patres, and 
those subsequently added to their 
number were denominated conscrip- 
ti. In process of time it became 
customary to address the w r hole 
body of senators by the term patres 
conscripti. 

Consecro, are, am, alum, a. (con fy sa- 
cro, to consecrate), to consecrate, 
dedicate, make sacred, devote to 
the gods ; to devote, appropriate. 

Consenesco, ere, senui, n. (con fy se- 
nesco), to grow old ; to grow into 
disuse, become obsolete, or out of 
date, grow weak, fade, decay, 
waste, lose energy or strength, be 
impaired. 

Consero, ere, sevi, sttum, a. (con fy se~ 
ro, to sow), to sow, set, plant, fill. 

Consero, ere, ui, turn, a. (con fy sero, to 
join together), to join or knit togeth- 
er. Conserere manum, to join bat- 
tle, fight hand to hand, engage in 
close combat. 

Conservo, are, avi, alum, a. (con § ser- 
vo), to preserve, keep, defend, pro- 
tect, save, maintain. 

Considero, are, avi, alum, a., to con- 
sider, meditate, think of, weigh. 

Cons'tdo, ere, tdi, essum, n. (con fy si- 
do, to sit), to sit down together; to 



CONSILIUM 



163 



CONSUL 



sit down, sent one's self; to settle, 
take up one's abode ; lo fall, sink ; 
to pilch, encamp; to sit in ambush. 

Consilium, i, n., counsel, advice ; de- 
liberation, consideration, consulta- 
tion, premeditation ; a notion, idea, 
design, intention, measure, aim, 
plan, scheme, intent, purpose, end ; 
determination, judgment, resolve. 
Consilium copere or trahere, to form 
a design or resolution, adopt meas- 
ures : — prudence, wisdom, discre- 
tion, skill, sagacity, penetration, 
reason ; artifice, stratagem, art, 
management; a council, assembly 
of men in council. Prcesenti con- 
silio, in presence of the council. 
Quo cousilio ? for what reason ? 
w T hy ? Habere consilium alicujus, 
to take one's advice, consult. 

Consisto, ere, constili, n. {con <$- sisto, 
to place), to stand firmly, stand 
fast, make a stand, stand, stand 
still, stop, post one's self. stay. 

Consitus, a, um, part, (consero), plant- 
ed, sown, set, filled, overgrown. 

Conspectus, us, m., the act of seeing ; 
a sight, view, observation : from 

Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (con fy 
specio, to see), to see, behold, look 
at, observe, discern, perceive ; to 
look at with admiration, look upon, 
mark. Conspici, to be admired, to 
attract attention, to gain admiration, 
to render one's self conspicuous. 

Conspicor, ari, alus sum, dep. (con fy 
specio, to see), to see, behold, des- 
cry. 

Conslanter, adv. (constans, firm), firm- 
ly, steadily, uniformly, evenly, reg- 
ularly. 

Constantia, ce,f. (constans), firmness, 
steadiness, uniformity of conduct, 
constancy, consistency, perseve- 
rance. 

Consterno, ere, straw, stratum, a. (con 
ty sterno, to strew), to strew or cov- 
er over. 



Consfituo, ere, ui, Mum, a. (con 6f 
statuo), to set up, erect ; to found, 
build ; to place, put, dispose, ar- 
range, station, post ; lo slop; cause 
to halt ; to establish, appoint, fix, 
assign, settle, vindicate, assert; to 
resolve, determine, decide, decree, 
ordain, prescribe. Iter constituere, 
to resolve to advance or march. 
Qugb utilia visa constituere, to decide 
upon such measures as seemed 
proper, to adopt suitable measures. 
Constitutus, a, um, part, (constituo). 
Consto, are, stiti, n. (con fy sto, to 
stand), to stand together, stand ; to 
be consistent, correspond. Imp., 
constat, it is evident, manifest, clear 
or certain ; it is agreed, it is the 
common opinion. 
Consiratus, a, um, part, (consterno). 
Constructus, a, um, part. : from 
Construo, ere, xi, clum, a. {con ty struo, 
to build), to put together, to con- 
struct, fabricate, build, form. Con- 
struere maria, to form seas, i. e. fish 
ponds of vast extent. 
Consuefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. (con- 
suesco fy facio), to accustom, train 
by use or practice, inure, habituate. 
Con sue sco, ere, evi, etum, n. fy a. (con 
fy suesco, to become accustomed), to 
become accustomed or used to a 
thing, acquire a habit by practice ; 
to accustom, inure. Consuevi, I am 
accustomed, am wont or used. Con- 
suevit, imp., is wont, customary. 
Consueiudo, rnis, f (consucsco), cus- 
tom, usage, use, habit ; intercourse, 
familiarity, intimacy. Slupri con- 
suetudo, a criminal intercourse. 
Consuetus, a, um, part, ty adj., accus- 
tomed, habituated, inured ; usual, 
ordinary, wonted. Pericula consu- 
eta habere, to be inured to — . 
Consid, ulis, m. (consulo), a consul, 
one of the two supreme magistrates 
annually elected at Rome. Consul 
designatus, consul elect, one who 



CONSULARIS 



164 



CONTERO 



had been elected consul, but had 
not yet entered upon the duties of 
his office. The Romans marked 
the year by the names of the con- 
suls then in office, as L. Ccssare ti 
C. Figulo consulibus, in the consul- 
ship of L. Caasar and C. Figulus. 

Consularis, e, adj. (consul), of or be- 
longing to a consul, consular. Subs. 
consularis, is, m., one who has been 
consul, an ex-consul, a man of con- 
sular rank or dignity. 

Consuldlus, us, m. (consul), the office 
of consul ; the consulship or con- 
sulate. 

Consulo, ere, ui, turn, n. ty a., to con- 
sult, deliberate ; to deliberate upon, 
discuss, take counsel, ask one's 
opinion, ask advice, consider, con- 
sult about, judge. Male consulere, to 
adopt wrong measures. De aliquo 
consulitur, a discussion is had : — 
with the dative, to provide for, take 
care of, look to, consult for, regard, 
respect, serve, aid. Consultum est 
mihi, my interests have been pro- 
vided for, my safety has been con- 
sulted. Consulere ires, famce, etc., 
to be influenced by — . Gravius in 
aliquem consulere, to adopt severe 
measures towards — . 

Consullatio, onis, f. (considto), a con- 
sultation, deliberation. 

Consulio, adv. (consultus), designedly, 
on purpose, deliberately. 

Consulio, are, avi, alum, ?i. fy a.freq. 
(consulo), to advise, consult, delibe- 
rate ; to take care of, provide for, 
look to, consult for, constitute a 
council for. 

Consultor, oris, m. (consulo), one who 
asks counsel or advice, a client; 
one who gives counsel, a counsel- 
lor, adviser, counsel. 

Consultum, i, n. (consultus, part.) de- 
liberation, consideration ; a decree, 
statute, ordinance, resolution ; 
counsel, advice ; a measure, plan, I 



design ; a subject of deliberation, 
consultation or discussion, a ques- 
tion. Consulia se.se omnia cum illo 
integra habere, that he kept all ques- 
tions open to be discussed with him. 

Consultus, us, m. (consulo), a decree, 
ordinance, statute, resolution. 

Consultus, a, um, -part, fy adj. (consulo), 
deliberated upon, considered; ask- 
ed, consulted. Non bene consul ta, 
rash measures. Consulio opus est, 
there is need of deliberation. 

Consumo, ere, umpsi, umptum, a, (con 
fy sumo), to eat, devour, consume, 
destroy ; to kill, slay ; to waste, 
spend, squander, exhaust, use up, 
lose, lay out, employ, use, jnake 
use of. Multam orationem consu- 
mere, to make use of many w 7 ords. 

Consumptus, a, um, part, (consumo). 

Cbntagio, onis,f. (contingo, to touch), 
contact, touch ; contagion, infec- 
tion, disease. 

Contemno, ere, empsi, emptum, a. (con 
<§• temno, to despise), to make no 
account of, contemn, despise, slight, 
hold in contempt, make light of, 
treat with contempt. 

Coniemptor, oris, m. (contemno), a de- 
spiser, contemner. Adj. disdainful, 
haughty, contemptuous. 

Contemptus, a, um, part, fy adj. (con- 
temno), despised, contemned, slight- 
ed ; contemptible, abject, vile, des- 
picable. 

Contendo, ere, di, turn, a. $ n. (con fy 
tendo), to stretch, strain ; to exert, 
put forth, employ ; to strive, at- 
tempt, endeavor ; to seek for ear- 
nestly, urge, solicit ; to compare ; 
to go to, shape one's course, hasten; 
to contend, dispute, fight, engage. 

Contentio, onis,f. (contendo), a strain- 
ing or stretching ; an effort, exer- 
tion, endeavor ; a contention, con- 
test, dispute, debate, controversy. 

Contero, ere, trZvi, trltum, a. (con fy te- 
to, to rub), to break or bruise small, 



CONTINENTIA 



165 



CONVERTO 



pound, grind ; to wear out ; to spend, 
employ, waste, consume. 

Continenlia, ce,f., a holding, checking, 
restraining; probity; moderation, 
temperance, continence, abstin- 
ence, self-control : from 

Contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. (con ty 
teneo), to contain, hold or keep to- 
gether; to hold, keep, retain; to 
keep in, restrain, curb, check. 

Continuo, are, avi, atum, a. (continuus, 
continued), to continue, prolong, 
join one to another, connect, unite. 

Contra, prep, with the ace., against, 
contrary to, in opposition to. Con- 
tra inceptum suum venisse, had come 
for the purpose of opposing his de- 
sign. Facer e contra rempublicam, 
to act against the state, to be guilty 
of treason. Adv. against, in oppo- 
sition, on the contrary, on the other 
hand. Contra ea, on the other hand, 
just the contrary, on the contra- 
ry : followed by ac, atque, etc., 
contrary to what, otherwise than. 
Contra postulata, in reply to — ; 
with sum, the contrary, the oppo- 
site. Quod contra est, it is exactly 
the reverse. 

Contraho, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con fy tra- 
ho), to draw together, assemble, 
unite together, collect. 

Contremo, ere, ui, a. (con ty tremo, to 
tremble), to tremble, tremble great- 
ly, quake through fear. 

Controversia, ce, f. (controversus, dis- 
puted), a controversy, debate, dis- 
pute. 

Contubcrnium, i, n. (con 8f taberna, a 
hut), a certain number of soldiers 
living in the same tent: a tent; a 
living together, intimacy, compan- 
ionship, intimate familiarity, con- 
stant, intercourse, company. 

Contuli, see Covfero. 

Contumelia, ce, j\, an affront, an in- 
jury coupled with contempt, out- 
rage, insult, contumely. 



Contumeliosus, a, um, adj. (contumelia), 
reproachful, abusive, insolent, out- 
rageous, injurious, contumelious, 
insulting. 

Coritundo, ere, udi, usum, a. (con fy 
tundo, to beat), to beat, batter, 
break, bruise, crush. Fig. to les- 
sen, weaken, impair ; to quell, sub- 
due ; to check, baffle, thwart. 

Conturbatus, a, um, part. : from 

Conturbo, are, avi, atum, a. (con fy tur- 
bo, to disturb), to disturb, disquiet, 
disorder, confuse, throw into confu- 
sion. 

Contusus, a, um, part, (contundo), bro- 
ken, bruised, reduced, weakened, 
impaired. 

Convenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. § a. 
(con fy venio), to come together, 
meet, flock, assemble, collect. Con- 
venire aliquem, to meet, meet or have 
an interview T with, go up to, speak 
to, accost, visit — ; — to agree, corres- 
pond, harmonize, consent ; to be 
agreed or settled. Pax convenit, a 
peace is agreed upon. Pax conven- 
ta fueral, — had been concluded : — > 
to suit, agree, fit, be adapted to, be- 
long to ; to become or be becoming 
to. Imp., convenit, it is fit, proper, 
suitable, becoming ; it is agreed, it 
is settled ; it is consistent. 

Conventio, onis, f. (convenio), a meet- 
ing or assembling together ; an as- 
sembly, meeting ; an agreement. 

Conventus^ a, um, part, (convenio). 

Conventus, us, m. (convenio), a meet- 
ing either public or private, assem- 
bly, convention ; a council, assem- 
bly for consultation. Primo con- 
ventu, at the first silting or meeting. 
Facere conventus, to hold meetings* 

Conversus, a, um, part., turned, chang- 
ed, altered : from 

Converio, ere, ii, sum, a. (con fy verto) y 
to turn about, wheel, turn ; to turn 
back, return ; to betake one's self; 
to change, transform, alter, convert; 



C0NVICTU3 



166 



CORRUPTUS 



to apply, turn, direct. Regium im- 
perium in superbiam convertil, so. se, 
—was changed or converted, § 229, 
R. 4. 
Convictus, a, um, part. : from 
Conuinco, ere, vlci, victum, (con fy vin- 
co), § 217, to convict, convince, 
overcome by argument, prove clear- 

ly- 

Cojivivium, i, n. (con § vivo), a feast, 
banquet, entertainment. 

Convoco, are, avi, alum, a. (con § voco), 
to call together, assemble, summon, 
convoke. 

Cooperio, tre, ui, turn, a. (con § ope- 
rio, to cover), to cover over, en- 
velop. 

Cooperius, a, um, part, (cooperio), cov- 
ered over. Fig. overwhelmed, cov- 
ered, plunged, sunk. 

Ccorior, tri, ortus sum, § 177, dep. (con 
fy orior), to rise together; to rise, 
arise. 

Coortus, a, um, part, (coorior). 

Copia, ce,f. (con fy ops), plenty, abun- 
dance, supply, store, number ; ef- 
fects, substance, wealth, riches, re- 
sources, property ; power, opportu- 
nity, ability, means, leave, permis- 
sion. Est miki copia, or hubeo co- 
piam, I have it in my power, I am 
able, J can. Magna ?nihi copia est 
memorandi, 1 can easily enumerate. 
Habtbat mag nam copiam societatis 
conjungendce, he had great facilities 
for forming, or he could easily form 
an alliance. Facere copiam, to give 
or afford opportunity. Populo Ro- 
mano nunquam ca copia fait, — that 
advantage. JugurthcB copiam ha- 
bebat, he had Jugurtha in his power. 
Ex copia, or ex copia rerum, from or 
in the existing state of things, in 
present circumstances. Pro rei co- 
pia, considering his circumstances ; 
- — an armed force, arm)', forces, 
troops ; but in this sense the plural 
number is far more common. 



Coquo, ere, coxi, coctum, a., to cook or 
dress victuals, to boil, roast, toast, 
bake. 

Coquus, i, m. (coquo), a cook. 

Coram, prep, with the abl, before, in 
presence of, before the eyes of, in | 
view of. 

Corium i, v.., the skin or hide of a 
beast ; leather. 

Cornelius, i, m., a Roman name be- 
longing to persons of the gens Cor- 
nelia. C. Cornelius, a Roman knight 
confederate with Catiline. 

Cormcen, mis, m. (cornu fy cano), he 
that blows a horn, a horn-blower, 
corneter. 

Cornificius, i, m. (Q.), a distinguished 
Roman, the colleague of Cicero in 
the office of augur. 

Cornu, n. indec. in sing, in pi. cornua, 
uum, §87, a horn; sail yards ; the 
wing of an army. 

Corpus, oris, n., a body, solid sub- 
stance; the body, the person ; cor- 
poreal or physical powers. Vis cor- 
poris, bodily strength. 

Correctus, a, um, part, (corrigo), set 
right, corrected, remedied, repair- 
ed. 

Correptus, a, um, part, (corripio). 

Corrigo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (con fy rego), 
to set right, make straight, order, 
regulate. Fig. to amend, correct, 
reform, remove, remedy, 

Corripio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. (con fy 
rapio), to snatch, lay hold of hastily, 
seize ; to attack; to carry off. 

Corrumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. (con fy 
rumpo, to break), to waste, impair, 
mar, debase, spoil, damage, hurt, in- 
jure, destroy, ruin, corrupt. Oppor- 
tunitates corrumpere, to lose, throw 
away. Fig. to bribe, seduce, cor- 
rupt, mislead, deceive. 

Corruptus, a, um, part, fy adj. (cor- 
rumpo), spoiled, ruined, corrupted ; 
bad, corrupt, depraved ; misled, de- 
ceived, seduced, bribed. Ob rem 



COTTA 



167 



CULTUS 



corruptam, on account of the mis- 
carriage of the business (entrusted 
to them). 

Cotta, ce, m. {L. Aurelius), a Roman 
consul in the year of the city 
639. 

Crassus, i, m. (M. Licinius), surnamed 
Dives or the Rich, on account of his 
immense wealth, was a member of 
the first triumvirate in connexion 
with Pompey and Caesar. He per- 
ished in a war with the Parthians, 
A. U. C. 700. 

Creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, re- 
peated, thick, close, numerous. 

Credibllis, e, adj. {credo), credible, 
probable, likely, that may be be- 
lieved. 

Creditum, i, n., any thing committed 
to one's trust, a trust, debt, loan, 
credit: from 

Credo, ere, xdi, itum, n. fy a., to credit, 
believe, trust; to think, suppose, 
imagine. Credo, when interposed, 
between the parts of a sentence, 
may be translated, I suppose, I im- 
agine, I should think, or, perhaps, 
probably ; — to confide in, trust, rely 
on ; to confide or consign to one's 
care, commit to one's trust, intrust, 
commend. 

Creo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to make, cre- 
ate, form ; to cause, occasion ; to 
appoint, elect, create. 

Cresco, ere, crevi, crelum, n., to increase, 
grow; to be promoted, advanced, 
rise ; to become greater. 

Credcus, (Q. Metellus), a Roman gen- 
eral. 

Crevi, see Cresco. 

Crimen, mis, n., a charge, accusa- 
tion, crimination, impeachment, re- 
proach ; a crime, fault. Falsa crim- 
ina, false accusations, slanders, cal- 
umnies. 

Criminor, ari, dtus sum, dep. {crimen), 
to accuse, charge with a crime, 
blame, reproach. 



Criminose, adv. {cnminosus, accusato- 
ry), reproach fully, slanderously, in 
an accusatory manner, severely, 
censoriously. 

Crotoniensis, e, adj. (Croion), of Cro- 
tona, now Crotone, a town in the 
south part of Italy, Crotonian. Subs. 
a Crotonian. 

Crucidlus, us, m. (crucio, to torment), 
torment, torture, pain, agony, an- 
guish. 

Crudelis, e, adj. {crudus, bloody), cru- 
el, fierce, savage, barbarous. 

CrudeUlas, atis, f {crudelis), cruelty, 
inhumanity. 

CrudeUter, adv. {crudelis), in a cruel 
manner, cruelly. 

Cruento, are, avi, dtum, a., to make 
bloody, stain, imbrue, sprinkle with : 
from 

Cruentus, a, um, adj , bloody, cruel, 
fierce, ferocious : from 

Cruor, oris, m., blood from a wound, 
gore. 

Crux, crucis, f, a cross. In crucem 
agere, to crucify. 

Cuiquam, see Quisquam. 

Cujuscumquemodi, or cujuscumque, mo- 
di, {gen. of quicumque fy modus), of 
whatever kind or sort, whatsoever 
it may be. 

Cujustibet, see Quilibet. 

Cujusmodi, or cujus modi, of whatever 
kind or sort. n 

Cujusquemddi, or cujusque, modi, {gen. 
of quisque fy modus), of what kind ; 
of whatever kind, of each or every 
kind, every. 

Culpa, ce,f, a fault, blame, guilt, of- 
fence, crime. 

Cultor, oris, m. {cold), a cultivator, 
tiller, husbandman; an inhabitant. 
Exercitus agri ac pecoris magis quam 
belli cultor, — skilled in, conversant 
with fields and herds of cattle — . 

Cultus, \ts, m. {colo), cultivation, cul- 
ture. Fig. culture, care, attention, 
improvement, education ; attire, 



CUM 



168 



CYRUS 



dress, clothing, apparel, habit. Cul- 
tus corporis, dress, apparel ; — style , 
manner of living ; elegance in 
dress, furniture, &c. ; provision or 
supplies of the necessaries and con- 
veniences of life, things necessary 
or convenient for sustenance, edu- 
cation, &c. Ftliorum ejus mulius 
pueritice cultus, large supplies for 
the childhood of his sons, or sup- 
plies of whatever was requisite for 
his sons during their childhood; — 
luxuries, delights, pleasures, delica- 
cies, indulgences. Libido stupri, ga- 
necB, ceterique cultus, — other sensual 
indulgences. Cultus miserabilis, a 
sorry plight, a mean garb. 

Cum and Quum, adv., see Quum. 

Cum, prep, with abl., with, along with, 
together with, in conjunction or 
company with. So simul cum or 
cum simul : — provided with. In com- 
position, see § 196, 4. 

Cunctans, tis, part. : from 

Cunctor, ari, atus sum, dep., to delay, 
stay, linger ; to hesitate, be per- 
plexed, doubt, scruple. 

Cunctus, a, um, adj., all, all together, 
the whole, every. 

Cupide, adv. (cupidus), eagerly, glad- 

Cupidttas, atis, f (cupidus), desire, 
fondness ; eager or inordinate de- 
sire, lust, passion ; thirst for gain, 
avarice, excessive love of money, 
covetousness. 

Cupido, mis, f. fy m. (cupio), desire, 
eagerness, appetite, thirst, cupidity, 
passion. 

Cupidus, a, um, adj. (cupio), desirous, 
fond, eager. 

Cupiens, tis, part, fy adj., desiring, 
desirous, wishing, eager, ardent : 
from 

Cupio, ere, tvi, It am, a., to covet, de- 
sire, be willing, wish, long for. 

Cura, cb, f, care, concern, anxiety, 
solicitude, trouble, sorrow, afflic- 



tion ; diligence, attention, study, 
thought, regard ; management, 
charge. Habere curce, §227, & R. 
1 & 2, to pay regard to, attend to, 
aid. Est mihi cures, I have a care 
or regard, I take care of, attend to. 
Cum cura, carefully, diligently. 
Curam habere, to be concerned or 
anxious, to care for. 
Curator, oris, m. (euro), an overseer, 

agent, manager, superintendent. 
Curia, &,f, one of the thirty parts into 
which Romulus divided the Roman 
people, a curia or ward ; the conse- 
crated place where the curice as- 
sembled ; the place where the sen- 
ate met, the senate-house. 
Curius, i, m. (Q.), a profligate Roman 
senator who conspired with Cati- 
line. 
Curo, are, avi, atum, a. (cura), to take 
care of, look to, cause, order, attend 
to, provide, regard ; to have the 
care of, prepare, get ready, man- 
age ; to preside over, govern, com- 
mand. 
Cursus, us, m. (curro, to run), a run- 
ning, the act of running ; a course, 
journey, way. Cursu, abl, quickly, 
speedily, in haste ; also, in running. 
Custodia, ce, f, the act of keeping or 
guarding ; a guard-house, a prison. 
Libera custodia, free custody, when 
a criminal of high rank was com- 
mitted to the charge of some respon- 
sible individual, but was permitted to 
to go at large : — a guard, watch : 
from 
Custos, odis, m. Sf f, a keeper, pre- 
server, guard, watch ; a guardian, 
defender, protector. 
Cyrene, es, f § 44, Cyrene, a Grecian 

city in the north part of Africa. 
Cyrenensis, e, adj. (Cyrene), Cyrenian, 
relating to Cyrene. Cyrenenses, 
ium, m., the Cyrenians. 
Cyrus, i, m., Cyrus the Great, the 
founder of the Persian empire. 



D 



169 



DEDITUS 



D. 



D., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Decimus. 

Dabar, a.ris, m., a Numidian, the grand- 
son of Masinissa. 

Damasippus, i, m., (L.) an adherent of 
the party of Marius, who slew great 
numbers of the nobility, and was 
himself ultimately put to death by 
Sylla. 

Damnatus, a, um, part. : from 

Damno, are, avi, atum, a., to condemn, 
doom, sentence : from 

Damnum, i, n., loss, hurt, damage, in- 
jury, disadvantage. 

Datus, a, um, part. (do). 

De, prep, with the all., of, from ; by ; 
after; about, concerning; because 
of, on account of, owing to ; among. 
For its force in composition, see 
% 197, 3. 

Debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (de ty habeo), to 
owe, be in debt, be indebted to, be 
obliged to. With the infinitive, it 
denotes duty, it is proper, it is indis- 
pensable, one ought. 

Debitus, a, um, part, (debeo), owing, 
due, merited, deserved. 

Decedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (de ty cedo), 
to depart, go away, withdraw, re- 
tire, retreat ; to abate, subside ; to 
retire from ; to give place, yield. 

Decern, num. adj. ind., ten. 

December, bris, m. (decern), the month 
December, the tenth month from 
March, which was the first month 
of the Roman year. It is also used 
as an adjective, of December. 

Decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a. (de ty 
cerno), to think, judge, conclude ; 
to deliberate, determine, resolve ; 
to decide, pronounce, settle ; to de- 
cree, vote, order, appoint, assign ; 
to fight, contend. 

Decet, decere, uit, imp., it becomes, is 
becoming or proper, beseems, be- 
hooves, is right, fit, suitable or meet, 

15 



one ought. Qugb ab imperatore de- 
cierint, such things as it behooved a 
commander (to provide). For its 
construction, see § 223, & $ 269, <fe 
R. 2. 

Decimus, a, um, num. adj. (decern), the 
tenth. 

Decimus, i, m. (decern), a Roman prce- 
nomen. 

Declaro, are, avi, atum, a. (de ty claro, 
to make clear), to declare, show 
clearly, evince, tell, manifest; to 
declare, proclaim. 

Deciivis, e, adj. (de fy clivus, an ascent), 
bending downwards, steep, sloping, 
declining. 

Decbre, adv. (decorus), becomingly, 
fitly, properly. 

Decbro, are, avi, atum, a. (decus), to 
adorn, beautify, grace, embellish, 
decorate. 

Decorus, a, um, adj. (decus), comely, 
graceful, beautiful ; proper, becom- 
ing, fit, seemly, decorous. 

Decretum, i, n. (decerno), a decree, act, 
ordinance, statute. 

Decretus, a, um, part, (decerno), deter- 
mined, resolved. Inter hcec parata 
atque decreta, during these prepara- 
tions and resolves. 

Decus, oris, n. (decet), an ornament, 
grace ; credit, reputation, character, 
honor ; what is becoming. Contra 
decus regium, in derogation of regal 
dignity. 

Dedecbro, are, avi, a., to dishonor, dis- 
grace, render infamous : from 

Dedecus, oris, n. (de fy decus), disgrace, 
dishonor, shame, infamy ; a dis- 
graceful action. Per dedecus or de- 
decora, dishonorably. 

Deditio, bnis, f. (dedo), a yielding up, 
surrender, submission, capitulation. 

Dediticius, a, um, adj. (deditio), one 
who has surrendered. 

Deditus, a, um, part, fy adj., given, 
given up ; devoted, addicted, at- 
tached to : from 



DEDO 



170 



DEMITTO 



Dedo, ere, dedtdi, deditum, a. (de fy do), 
to give, give up, submit, surrender; 
to apply or devote one's self to. 

Deduco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. {de fy duco, 
§ 197, 3), to bring down ; to convey, 
conduct, remove, withdraw, bring 
or lead forth, lead out ; to accom- 
pany ; to bring, lead, move. 

Deductus, a, um, part, (deduco), led, 
conducted, brought, removed. 

Defendo, ere, di, sum, a. (de Sf fendo, 
obs.), to keep or ward off, repel ; to 
defend, keep, protect, guard, pre- 
serve ; to maintain, assert, support. 

Defensio, onis, f (defendo), a defend- 
ing, defence. 

Defenso, are, a.freq. (defendo), to de- 
fend. 

Defensor, oris, m. (defendo), a defend- 
er, advocate, preserver. 

Defessus, a, um, adj. (de fy fessus), 
weary, tired, worn out, fatigued, 
faint, languid, exhausted. 

Deficio, ere, eci, ectum, n. fy a. (de fy 
facio), to fail, be wanting ; to lose 
strength or power, become feeble ; 
to perish, cease ; to be discouraged 
or disheartened ; to end ; to forsake ; 
to rebel, revolt. 

Defluo, ere, uxi, n. (de fy fluo, to flow), 
to flow down ; to fall off". Fig. to 
escape, vanish, pass away, cease, 
perish, go to waste or decay. 

Deformdtus, a, um, part., deformed, 
disfigured, marred : from 

Deformo, are, dvi, alum, a. (de fyformo, 
to form), to form, fashion ; to de- 
form, disfigure, spoil. 

Degredior, i, gressus sum, dep. (de Sf 
gradior, to step), to descend, go 
down. 

Degxisto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de § gusto, 
to taste), to taste, taste of. 

Dehinc, adv. (de fy hinc), henceforth, 
hereafter; afterwards, after this or 
that, next, then, in the next place. 

Dehortor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (de <$f lior- 
tor), to dissuade, discourage, advise 



to the contrary. Dehortari ab ali- 
quo, to deter from his defense. 

Dein, or Deinde, adv. (de ty in, or in* 
de), then, after that, afterwards, 
again ; in marking the divisions of a 
subject, next in order, in the next 
place. Primiim — deinde, in the first 
place — in the second place. 

Deinceps, adv. (dein fy capio), succes- 
sively, after that, next, in the next 
place. 

Delectus, a, um, part, fy adj. (deligo),, 
chosen, selected, elected. Delecti % 
drum, m. pi, men chosen or select- 
ed. . 

Delectus, us, m. (deligo), a choosing, 
selecting, choice ; a levy of sol- 
diers. Habere delectum, to make a 
levy, draft soldiers. 

Dtleo, ere, evi, etum, a., to blot out, ef- 
face, expunge, erase. Fig. to over- 
throw, destroy. 

Deletus, a, um, part, (deleo). 

Delicia, drum, f pi. (delicio, to entice), 
delights, pleasures, pastimes ; deli- 
cacies, luxuries. 

Delictum, i, n. (delinquo), a fault, crime, 
offence, sin. Delicta corrigere, to 
rectify abuses, correct evils. 

Deligo, ere, egi, ectum, a. (de fy lego), 
to choose, pick out, select. 

Delinquo, ere, liqui, Uctum, a. fy n. (de 
fy linquo, to leave), to fail, be want- 
ing; to fail in duty, offend, tres- 
pass, transgress, do wrong, do or act 
amiss. 

Delubrum, i, n., a shrine, temple. 

Dementia, ce,f. (demens, mad), mad- 
ness, folly. 

Demissus, a, um, part, fy adj., low, let 
down, sunk. Fig. cast down, dis- 
heartened, dejected, sad, melan- 
choly, downcast, discouraged ; low, 
humble, in humble life, in a private 
station : from 

Demitto, ere, tsi, issum, a. (de fy mitto), 
to send down, cast, thrust or let 
dow T n, lower. Fig. to fix, fasten, 



DEMO 



171 



DETRIMENTUM 



impress. In pectus demittere, to im- 
press deeply on the mind. 

Demo, ere, dempsi, demptum, a. (de 6f 
emo), to take away, take off, sub- 
tract, withdraw, remove. 

Demum, adv., at length, at last, final- 
ly, not till then ; truly, certainly, 
indeed, in truth. Ea demum jirma 
amicilia est, that in a word, that 
truly — . 

Denego, are, avi, atum, a. {de fy nego), 
to deny, not suffer ; not to give, re- 
fuse to give ; to refuse. 

Deni, a>, a, num. adj. § 119, III, (de- 
cern), ten by ten, ten, ten each. 

Deiiique, adv., to conclude, in fine, at 
last, finally ; at length. 

Depello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (de § pel- 
lo), to drive, put or thrust down ; to 
drive away, expel, remove, repel. 

Depono, ere, posui, positum, a. (de ty 
pond), to lay or put down, lay, put ; 
to lay by, throw aside ; to cast 
away, lay aside, abandon ; to leave, 
leave off, give up. 

Depravo, are, avi, atum, a. (de fy pra- 
vus), to deprave, spoil, corrupt, vi- 
tiate. 

Deprecor, an, atus sum, dep. (de fy 
precox, to pray), to pray for earnest- 
ly, supplicate, beseech, beg ; to dep- 
recate, avert by prayer, beg to be 
freed or saved from, pray that some- 
thing may be averted ; to avert, re- 
move, drive or turn away ; to al- 
lege or plead in excuse, offer as an 
apology. 

Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (de fy pre- 
hendo, to take), to seize, catch, ar- 
rest, take unawares, overtake ; to 
take in the act, detect, surprise ; to 
find, discover, perceive, discern. 

Depreliensus, a, um,part. (deprehendo). 

Depressus, a, um, part., depressed, 
sunk \ from 

Depfimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. (de fy 
premo), to press or weigh down, de- 
press, sink, 



Descendo, ere, di, sum, n. (de fy scando, 
to climb), to go down, descend. 
Fig. to penetrate, sink into, pierce, 
make an impression. 

Descensus, us, m. (descendo), a descent. 

Desero, ere, serui, sertum, a. (de fy se- 
ro), to abandon, leave, forsake, de- 
sert. Tempus deserat, time would 
fail. Deserere labores, etc., to cease 
to perform, discontinue — . 

Desertus, a, um, part, fy adj. (desero), 
abandoned, deserted, &c. ; desert, 
lonely, uninhabited. 

Desidero, are, avi, atum, a., to desire, 
wish, long for ; to regret, need, re- 
quire. 

Desidia, cs,f. (deses, idle), sloth, sloth- 
fulness, idleness, inactivity. 

Designatus, a, um, part, ty adj., consul t 
praitor, etc. designatus, consul, &c. 
elect : from 

Designo, are, avi, atum, a. (de fy sig- 
no), to mark, mark out ; to signify, 
denote, mean ; to choose, elect, ap- 
point. 

Des1.no, ere, s'tvi, situm, n. 8f a. (de ty 
sino), to cease, leave off, give over, 
desist, to end, terminate. 

Desisto, ere, stiti, stitum, n. (de fy sisto, 
to stand), to stand still ; to cease, 
give over ; desist from, leave off. 

Despectus, a, um, part. : from 

Despicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (de fy spe- 
cios to see), to look down upon. 
Fig. to despise, look upon with con- 
tempt ; to disdain. 

Desum, deesse, defui, irr. n. (de ty sum), 
to fail, be wanting. 

Deterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. (de ty terreo), 
to deter, frighten, scare, discourage. 

Detineo, ere, ui, entum, a. (de fy teneo), 
to detain, keep, hold, hinder. 

Detrecio, are, avi, atum, a. (de 6f trac- 
to), to decline, refuse ; to speak ill 
of, disparage, diminish, lower, sink. 

Detrimenlum, i, n. (detero, to wear), 
detriment, disadvantage, damage, 
loss, harm. 



DEUS 



172 



DIMITTO 



Deus, i, m. § 53, a god, deity, divinity. 

Devictus, a, um, part., conquered, over- 
come, made to yield, overruled -.from 

Deviuco, ere, vlci, victum, a. (de ^* vin- 
co), to conquer, vanquish, subdue, 
overcome, make to yield. 

Dexter, tera, terum, fy tra, trum, adj. 
§ 125, 4, right, on the right hand. 

Dextera fy Dextra, ce, f. (sc. manus), 
the right hand ; the right side. Dex- 
tra, sinistra, on the right and left. 

DexUmus, a, um, adj. sup. of dexter, 
§ 125, 4, farthest to the right, on the 
extreme right. 

Dico, ere, ixi, ictum, a., to speak, say, 
tell. Dicere sententiam, to give 
one's opinion as a senator, to vote ; 
— to set forth, recount, narrate, re- 
late, record, write, write of, cele- 
brate, report ; to appoint ; to agree 
to, determine, fix upon; to mention; 
to speak in public, harangue, plead. 

Dicfito, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (dico), 
to speak or tell often, give out, say 
commonly ; to pretend. 

Dictum, i, 7i. (dico), a word, saying, 
expression ; a command; a proverb ; 
the response of an oracle ; an an- 
swer, reply ; a prediction, prophecy. 

Dictus, a, um, part, (dico), said, spo- 
ken, narrated, related, recorded, 
mentioned. 

Didtci, see Disco. 

Diduco, tre, xi, ctum, a. (dis fy duco, 
§ 196, 11), to lead or draw aside, 
separate, sever, part, divide. 

Diductus, a, um, part, (diduco). 

Dies, diei, m. tyf., in pi. m. only, §90, a 
day. Dies noctesque, day and night. 
In dies, daily, from day to day, ev- 
ery day. Diem staiuere, to appoint 
or fix a day ; — time, length of time. 

Difficilis, e, adj. (dis <§- facilis), hard, 
difficult. Difficilis aditu, hard to 
approach, of difficult access. 

Difficultas, atis, f. (difficilis, §101, 1), 
difficulty, trouble. 

Difficuller, adv. (difficilis), difficultly, 



with difficulty. Haud difficulter, 
without difficulty. 

Diffidentia, ce, f., mistrust, distrust, 
want of confidence, diffidence '.from 

Diffldo, ere, difflsus sum, n. pass. § 142, 
R. 2, (dis fyfido, to trust to), to dis- 
trust, mistrust, lack confidence, de- 
spair, give up as hopeless, fear. 

Digiiitas, atis,f, merit, desert; dig- 
nity, greatness, authority, rank, rep- 
utation, standing, honor, nobility, 
excellence, eminence, worth ; of- 
fice : from 

Dignus, a, um, adj. § 244, worthy, de- 
serving, either in a good or bad sense. 
Non dignus, unworthy; — conven- 
ient, meet, fit, suitable, proper, de- 
served. Digna iimere, to fear con- 
dign punishment. 

Digredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. (dis 
<J- gradior, to step), to go or step 
aside, turn aside ; to depart, set off, 
separate, part. 

Digressus, a, um, part, (digredior). 

Dilahor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (dis fy la- 
lor), to slip or glide different ways ; 
to flee, run away, disperse, be scat- 
tered ; to decay, go to ruin, fade or 
melt away, waste, come to nothing, 
pass away. 

Dilaceralus, a, um, part. : from 

Dilacero, are, aui, atum, a. (dis § lace- 
ro), to tear or rend in pieces, de- 
stroy, waste, make havoc of. 

Dilapsus, a, um, part, (dilabor). 

Diligenter, adv. (diligens, diligent), 
diligently, carefully, attentively, 
industriously. 

Diligentia, &, f. (diligens), diligence, 
carefulness, attention, industry. 

Dimidius, a, um, adj. (dis § medius), 
halved, half. 

Dimitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. (dis 6f 
milto), to send different ways, send 
off or away, dispatch ; to dismiss, 
discharge, let go, send away, dis- 
card ; to lay aside ; to leave, omit, 
forego, pass over ; to remit, forgive. 



DIMOVEO 



173 



DISSOLVO 



Dimovto, ere, mom, mbtum, a. (dis § 
moved), to move, stir ; to put aside, 
remove, separate. Fig. to alienate. 

Dirimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (dis $ 
emo), to part, divide, separate ; to 
interrupt, put an end to, put a stop 
to, break off; to render null. 

Diripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (dis <$f 
rapid), to tear asunder or in pieces ; 
to plunder, spoil, pillage, rob, seize, 
carry off. 

Diruo, ere, ui, utum, a. (dis fy ruo, to 
overthrow), to pull down, over- 
throw, destroy, demolish. 

Dis, see Deus. 

Discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (dis fy 
cedo), to part, divide, open ; to de- 
part, go away ; to go, betake one's 
self; to come off. In alicujus sen- 
tentiam discedere, to go over to his 
opinion, to vote with him on a di- 
vision of the senate, to approve of 
or assent to his opinion. Ah armis 
discedere, to lay down one's arms. 
Profugus discedere, to flee. 

Discepto, are, am, dtum, a. (dis § cap- 
to), to contend, dispute, debate, dis- 
cuss, confer, reason ; to judge, de- 
cide, determine. 

Discerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a. (dis § 
cerno), to distinguish, discern; to 
separate, divide ; to determine, 
judge. 

Discipllna, ce, f (disco), discipline, in- 
struction, learning, education ; sci- 
ence, skill ; an art, profession ; mili- 
tary discipline ; use, custom, habit. 

Disco, ere, didici, a. ty n., to learn, 
acquire a knowledge of; to study; 
to understand, know. 

Discordia, ce, f (discors, discordant), 
discord, dissension, disagreement, 
variance, debate, strife, broil. 

Discordiosus, a, um, adj. (discordia), 
prone to discord, quarrelsome. 

Discr'tmen, inis, n. (discerno), a divi- 
sion, separation ; a difference, dis- 
tinction. 

15* 



Disjectus, a, um, part, fy adj., dis- 
persed, routed, scattered : from 

Disjicio, ere, jeci, jecium, a. (dis fy 
jacio, to cast), to cast asunder, to 
overthrow, disperse, scatter, rout, 
discomfit, put to flight. 

Disjungo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (dis fyjungo, 
to join), to disunite, disjoin, sepa- 
rate, divide. 

Dispar, arts, adj. (dis ty par), unequal, 
dissimilar, unlike, different. 

Dispergo, ere, si, sum, a. (dis fy spar- 
go, to scatter), to scatter on all sides, 
disperse. Fig. to spread abroad, 
disseminate, scatter. 

Dispersus, a, um, part, (dispergo). 

Dispertio, ire, tvi, Hum, a. (dis § par- 
tid), to divide, distribute. 

Dispono, ere, posui, posUum, a. (dis § 
pond), to place here and there, to 
distribute ; to place or set in order, 
dispose, arrange ; to station. 

Dispositus, a, um, part, (dispono). 

Dissensio, onis,f, a disagreement, dis- 
sension, difference, variance : from 

Dissentio, ire, si, sum, n. (dis § sentio), 
to be of a contrary opinion, dissent, 
disagree. Fig. to differ, be differ- 
ent or dissimilar. 

Dissero, ere, serui, sertum, n. (dis ty 
sero, to join together), to discourse, 
debate, reason, argue,dispute, speak, 
treat or speak of, discuss ; to de- 
clare, relate. 

Dissimilis, e, adj. (dis § similis), un- 
like, dissimilar, different. 

DissimiUter, adv. (dissimilis), differ- 
ently, in a different manner. 

Dissimulator, oris, m., a dissembler ; 
one who conceals the truth, one 
who pretends that that is not which 
is, skillful in dissimulation : from 

Dissimulo, are, am, atum, a. (dis fy 
simulo), to dissemble, cloak, dis- 
guise, conceal, counterfeit, feign. 

Dissolvo, ere, solvi, solulum, a. (dis fy 
solvo), to dissolve, loose, untie, un- 
loose, disunite ; to dissipate ; to re- 



DISTRAHO 



174 



DOCTE 



move, terminate, end, put an end 
to, destroy. Dissolvi senectute, to 
die of old age. 

Distraho, ere, axi, actum, a. (dis fy tra- 
ho), to draw, or pull asunder, divide, 
separate ; to perplex, distract. 

Distribuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (dis fy tri- 
buo), to divide, distribute. 

Ditio, dnis, /., rule, power, dominion, 
empire, authority. 

Diu, adv. comp. diutius, sup. diutis- 
sime, (properly the abl. of dius, obs. 
a day), in the day-time, by day ; 
long, for a long time. 

Dius Fidius, i. e. Jovis films, the son 
of Jupiter, see Fidius. Dius, in this 
combination, is by some supposed 
to be a Greek genitive, by others 
the nominative for Deus. 

Diuturriitas, atis, f, length of time, 
long continuance, long duration : 
from 

Diuturnus, a, um, adj. (diu), of long 
duration or continuance, long, last- 
ing, continued, protracted. 

Divello, ere, velli, ty vulsi, vulsum, a. 
(dis § vello, to pluck), to pull asun- 
der or in pieces, separate, disjoin ; 
to tear away, separate by vio- 
lence. 

Diverse, adv., in different parts, di- 
versely ; different ways. Pauci 
paulo diversius conciderant, — in pla- 
ces slightly different, — a little re- 
moved : from 

Diversus, a, um, adj. (diverto, to turn 
aside), turned another way, turned 
different ways, in different direc- 
tions, from different quarters, at dif- 
ferent places, separate. Omnesjam 
antea diversi audistis,— have already 
heard separately, or some in one 
place, some in another ; — opposite, 
contrary ; different, unlike, of a dif- 
ferent character, inconsistent, di- 
verse, various. Diversus agitabatur, 
was variously agitated, was agita- 
ted by opposite feelings. Reges 



diversi, pars ingenium, alii corpus ex- 
ercebant-pmsumg opposite courses. 

Dives, itis, adj., rich, wealthy, opulent. 

Divido, ere, visi, visum, a., to divide, 
part, separate ; to distribute, por- 
tion out, allot. 

Divtnus, a, um, adj. (divus, divine), 
divine, heavenly. 

Divisio, onis,f (divido), a dividing, di- 
vision, separation ; a distribution. 

Divlsus, a, um, part, (divido). 

Divilia?, arum, f pi. (dives), riches, 
wealth. 

Divulgo, are, avi, alum, a, (dis fy vul- 
go, to publish), to make public, pub- 
lish, divulge, spread abroad. 

Do, dare, dedi, datum, a., to give, be- 
stow, grant, afford, offer, present, 
furnish, confer, make, occasion. 
Darefidem, to give a promise, prom- 
ise. Darefidem publicam, to pledge 
the public faith, to give assurance 
of impunity. Dare jusjurandum, to 
take an oath, to swear. Dare ope- 
ram, to endeavor, labor, strive, take 
care, be at pains. Dare negolium, 
to give in charge, to charge, com- 
mission, direct. Dare poenas, to 
give satisfaction, hence, to suffer 
punishment, be punished. Dare se, 
to yield, submit, give up to, resign. 
Dare hostes victos, to conquer the 
enemy, § 274, R. 4. Dare senatum 
legatis, to give an audience of the 
senate — , to admit the ambassadors 
to plead their cause before the sen- 
ate. Pracipitem dare, to throw, 
plunge or carry headlong, to pre- 
cipitate. Dare litteras, to deliver — . 
Dare dono aliquid, to give anything 
as a present, to present. Dare pro- 
vinciam, to commit, allot, assign — . 

Doceo, ere, ui, turn, a., to show, in- 
form, tell, declare ; to teach, in- 
struct. Doctus sum, I have been 
taught, hence, I know. 

Docte, adv. (doctus), learnedly, skill- 
fully. 



DOCTOR 



175 



DUBIUS 



Doctor, oris, m. (doceo), a teacher, in- 
structor, master. 

Doctus, a, um, part, fy adj. {doceo), 
taught, instructed ; learned, skilled, 
well versed. 

Documentum, i. n. (doceo), a document, 
example, pattern, lesson ; a proof, 
instance, specimen, 

Dolens, tis, part. § adj., grieving, sor- 
rowing,** deploring, lamenting; pain- 
ful, afflictive, offensive : from 

Doleo, ere, ui, n. ^ a., to grieve, sor- 
row, be sad or sorry, be in pain, be 
grieved or afflicted ; to mourn, take 
to heart, grieve or be sorry for, de- 
plore, lament. 

Dolor, oris, m. (doleo), pain, grief, dis- 
tress, sorrow, anguish, a painful 
sense or feeling, indignation, cha- 
grin, vexation, resentment, anger, 
mortification. Dolor injuria, indig- 
nation or resentment on account 
of—. 

Dolus, i. m., a device, crafty purpose, 
artifice, stratagem, trick ; guile, de- 
ceit, treachery, cunning, fraud, arti- 
fice ; subtlety, dexterity, adroitness, 
acuteness. Dolo an vere, deceit- 
fully, in pretence — . 

Dominatio, onis,f, dominion, rule, au- 
thority, government, power, sover- 
eignty, tyranny, despotism, domi- 
nation : from 

Domlnor, ari, atus sum, dep., to be 
lord and master, rule, bear rule, 
reign, govern, domineer. 

Doniinus, i, m. (domus), a master of a 
house, master of slaves, proprietor, 
possessor, owner, lord, ruler, mas- 
ter, tyrant. 

Domitus, a, um, part, fy adj., tamed, 
subdued ; tame. 

Domo, are, ui, itum, a., to subdue, con- 
quer, overcome, vanquish, break or 
tame wild animals ; to obtain the 
mastery over, gain the ascendency, 
surmount ; to render easy or prac- 
ticable. 



Domus, us, § i, f, § 89, a house, 
home, habitation, dwelling, place of 
abode. Domi, at home, § 221, R. 

3, in one's own house, in one's own 
country. Domi militiceque or belli, 
in peace and in war. Domi— f oris, 
at heme — abroad. Domum, after a 
verb of motion, home ; se domum 
proripere, to hasten home, § 237, R. 

4. Domo, from home ; domo egres- 
sus, leaving home, § 255, R. 1. Ex~ 
torrem patria, domo, an exile from 
my country and my home. 

Donatus, a, um, part., presented, hon 
ored, rewarded, loaded with pres- 
ents. 

Dono, are, am, atum, a. (donum), to 
give liberally, bestow freely, pre- 
sent; with an accusative of the per- 
son, to honor, reward, distinguish by 
rewards. 

Donum, i, n. (do), a gift, free gift, pres- 
ent, offering, bribe. Militaria dona, 
military rewards, honorary rewards 
bestowed publicly upon meritorious 
soldiers. Dignum dono, worth the 
giving. 

Dormio, Ire, ivi, Itum, n., to sleep, be 
asleep, slumber. 

Dubie, adv. (dubius), doubtfully, dubi- 
ously. Haud dubie, without doubt, 
undoubtedly, unquestionably. 

Dubitatio, onis,f, a doubting ; doubt, 
uncertainty, hesitation, suspense, 
irresolution, indecision. Per dubi- 
tationem, in indecision : from 

Dubito, are, avi, alum, n., to doubt, be 
in doubt, be uncertain, hesitate, 
scruple, waver, delay, be backward, 
be reluctant. 

Dubium, i, n., doubt, uncertainty. In 
dubio, in doubt, in danger : from 

Dubius, a, um, adj. (duo), doubtful, du- 
bious, uncertain, dangerous ; hesi- 
tating, wavering ; dark, threaten- 
ing, gloomy. Dubia res, troubles, 
difficulties, perils, perplexities, ad- 
verse or untoward circumstances, 



DUCENTI 



176 



EFFERO 



subjects of doubt or perplexity. Hos- 
tes dubii, — wavering, on the point 
of giving way. 

Ducenli, ce, a, num. adj. (duo $ cen- 
tum), two hundred. 

Duco, ere, xi, ctum, a., to draw, lead, 
conduct, take along; to protract; 
to lead, command, as a general : 
to attract ; to take, assume, ac- 
quire ; to esteem, hold, think, con- 
sider, account, reckon, regard, place, 
put; to ascribe, impute, atttribute, 
construe. 

Ducto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (duco), 
to lead frequently, lead, conduct, 
command as a general. 

Bum, conj. fy adv., while, whilst, 
whilst that, during the time that or 
in which, as long as ; until ; pro- 
vided, § 263, 2. Dum pararet, pro- 
vided he could — so he could but ob- 
tain. 

Duo, a, o, num. adj., two, § 118, 1. 

Duodecim, num. adj. hid. (duo ty de- 
cern), twelve. 

Duritia, ce,f, (durus, hard), hardness, 
callousness, roughness ; hardiness, 
austerity, self-denial, power of en- 
durance. 

Duiim, see Duo, & § 118, 1. 

Dux, duds, m. ty f, a leader, guide, 
conductor, general. 



E. 



E or Ex, prep, with the abl. % 195, R. 2, 
from, out of ; after; of; on account 
of, in consequence of ; with parti- 
tives, of, among ; — according to, in 
accordance with ; in, on. Ex al- 
tera parte, on the other side. Pen- 
dere ex aliquo, to depend upon — . 
E or ex with the ablative is often 
used to denote a remote cause. With 
its noun it is often used instead of 
an adverb ; as, Ex improviso, unex- 
pectedly. Ex summd lalitia, tris- 
titia invasit, from, after, in place of, 



instead of — . Ex voluntate, accord- 
ing to one's pleasure, wish, desire, 
as one pleases. Ex copia rerum, 
literally, from the store of things, 
plans, or measures, i. e. from which 
a choice could be made, in present 
circumstances. Ex sententid, ac- 
cording to one's wishes. Ex senten- 
tid amhobus, acceptable to both. In 
composition, see § 196, 5, & § 197, 5. 

Ea, see Is. 

Ed, adv. (is), sc. parte, or via, that 
way, through that place, in that 
way. 

Ecce, int., lo ! see ! behold ! 

Ed'ico, ere, xi, ctum, a. <^ n. (e fy died). 
to declare publicly, speak out, re- 
late, tell, publish, order. 

Edictum, i, n. (edico), an edict, proc- 
lamation, order, charge, injunction. 

Editus, a, um, part, ty adj., published ; 
raised, elevated ; high, lofty. Editus 
in immensum, of vast height : from 

Edo, ere, edidi, editum, a., to utter or 
put forth, speak ; to declare, show, 
tell, relate, set forth, exhibit; to 
publish, put out, spread abroad, 
make known ; to raise, elevate. 

Edoceo, ere, ui, turn, a. (e § doceo), 
% 231, to teach, instruct carefully ; to 
direct, show, inform, make known. 

Edoctus, a, um, part, (edoceo), § 234, 1. 

Educo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (e fy duco), 
to draw or lead forth, draw out, 
draw. 

Effectus, a, um, part, (efficio), made, 
done, finished, completed. 

Effemino, are, avi, atum, a. (ex tyfem- 
ina, a female), to make feminine ; 
to enervate, render soft or effemi- 
nate. 

Efftro, ferre, exiuli, elalum, irr. a. (ex 
ty fero), to bring forth, carry forth 
or out ; to produce, yield ; to pub- 
lish ; to say, speak ; to raise, exalt, 
advance, promote. Se efferre, to 
boast one's self, pride one's self, be 
elated, puffed up. Pecunid aut ho- 



EFFETUS 



177 



EM1TT0 



nore efferre, to distinguish by pecu- 
niary rewards or promotion. 

Effetus, a, um, adj. (ex § fetus, having 
brought forth), having brought forth 
young ; past bearing ; worn out, 
exhausted, decayed, weak, feeble. 

Efficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (ex $ fa- 
cto), to bring to pass, do, effect, ac- 
complish, complete, finish, to make, 
perform, execute ; to render ; to 
cause, occasion. Numerum ampli- 
orem vero, et hostilem meium efficie- 
hant, caused the number lo appear 
greater than it was, and occasioned 
the fear that they were enemies. 

Effringo, tre,fregi, fraction, a. (ex § 
f rang 6), lo break, break open, break 
in pieces. 

Effugio, ere, ugi, iigitum, n. ^ a. (ex 
fyfugio), to fly, fly away, escape, 
flee ; to avoid, shun, evade, escape 
from. 

Effundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. (ex § 
fundo), to spill, pour out, shed ; to 
spread, scatter, disperse : to pour or 
rush forth in crowds. 

Effuse, adv., in a scattered manner, 
without restraint, loosely, irregu- 
larly : from 

Effusus, a, um, part, fy adj. (effundo), 
poured out ; let loose, scattered, dis- 
persed, in disorder, spread abroad, 
poured forth. Effusi consedere,— 
irregularly, in a disorderly manner. 

Egens, tis, part, ty adj. (egeo), need- 
ing, wanting, demanding, requiring ; 
needy, in want, poor, destitute of. 
Egentissimus quisque, the most 
needy : from 

Egeo, ere, ui, ??. § 250, R. 1, (2.) & § 
220, 3, to need, want, be in want 
of, stand in need of, require, be des- 
titute of, lack. 

Egestas, atis,f. (egeo), want, poverty, 
indigence, beggary ; destitution. 

Ego, mei, pro. % 132, &, § 133, m. fy f, 
I; pi. 7205, we. Mecum, with my- 
self, in my own mind. 



Egomet, intensive pro. m. 6f f.,% 133, 
R. 2, I myself. Nosmet, we our- 
selves. 

Egredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. (e fy 
gradiur, to step), to go out, depart, 
depart from, set forth from ; to as- 
cend, mount, climb ; to pass over, 
go beyond. Scalis egressi, having 
ascended by means of ladders. 

Egregius, a, um, adj. (e fy grex), ex- 
cellent, remarkable, eminent, sur- 
passing, egregious, notable, noble, 
singular, rare, extraordinary. 

Egressus, us, m. (egredior), a going out. 

Egressus, a, um, part, (egredior). 

Eheu, int., ah ! alas ! 

Ejectus, a, um, part. : from 

Eftcio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (e fy jacio), 
to cast or throw out, eject, expel • 
to banish, drive out. 

Eleganter, adv. (elegans, elegant), ele- 
gantly, choicely, nicely, gracefully. 

Eleplianlus, i, m. <§■ f, an elephant. 

Eloquentia, oe, f, (eloquens, eloquent), 
eloquence. 

Ementior, tri, itus sum, dep. (e § men- 
tior), to lie ; to pretend falsely, feign, 
falsify, state or report falsely. 

Emereo, ere, ui,itum, a., and Emcreor, 
eri, itus sum, dep. (e § mereo), to 
merit, deserve ; to serve out. 

Emeritus, a, um, part. pass, fy act. fy 
adj. (emereo fy emereor), merited, de- 
served. Homines emeritis stipendiis, 
men who have completed their term 
of military service. 

Eiriinens, tis, part, fy adj., rising up, 
standing out, eminent, high, lofty, 
projecting : from 

Ernineo, ere, ui, n. (e 4" mineo, to hang 
over), to rise or grow* up, be raised 
above, stand out, project. 

Eviinus, adv. (e § manus), from a dis- 
tance, at a distance, afar off. 

Emissus, a, um, part. : from 

Emilto, ere, rnisi, missum, a. (e $ mit- 
to), to send forth or out, let go ; to 
sling, hurl, throw, discharge. 



EMO 



178 



ERRATUM 



Emo, ere, emi, emptum, a., to buy, pur- 
chase. 

Emorior, i, mortuus sum, dep. (e $ mo- 
rior), to die. Emori per virtutem, 
to die bravely. 

Emptor, oris, m. (emo), a buyer, pur- 
chaser. 

En, int., lo ! see ! behold ! 

Enim, conj. §279, 3, for, indeed, but, 
now. At enim, but, indeed. 

Enisus, a, um, part, (enitor). 

Enitesco, ere, nitui, n. inc. (eniteo, to 
shine), to shine forth, become fa- 
mous, become distinguished. 

Enitor, i, msus sum, dep. (e $• nitor), to 
make an effort, strive, struggle, en- 
deavor, try, exert one's self. Eni- 
sum est, pass, impers., an effort was 
made, they exerted themselves. 

Enumero, are, avi, atum, a. (e fy nu- 
mero, to number), to enumerate, re- 
count, reckon up, recite. 

Enuncio, are, avi, atum, a. (e fy nun- 
cio), to pronounce, proclaim, de- 
clare, express, divulge, disclose, re- 
veal. 

Eo, ire, ivi, Hum, irr. »., to go, trav- 
el, march. Venum ire, see Venus. 
Perditum ire, to be going to destroy, 
to be bent upon destroying, §276, II. 
Eunt ereptum prcemia, § 276, II, R. 2. 
Contra injurias armatus ire, to go in 
arms — , to take up arms — . Ireped- 
ibus in sententiam, to agree, or go 
over to any one's opinion. In the 
Roman senate, when two or three of 
the senators had expressed their opin- 
ions, the rest were accustomed to go 
over to the seats of those of whose 
opinions they approved. Obviam itum 
est, see Obviam. 

Ed, adv. (is), thither, to that place ; so 
far, to such a pitch or degree, to 
that degree, lo such a pass, §212, 
R. 4, N. 3 ; upon that or those ; 
thither, there, in that place. 

Eo, see Is. 

Eddem, adv. {idem), to the same place, 



to the same end or object, to the 
same purpose. 

E pis tola, &, f, a letter, epistle. 

Epula, arum, f. pi, food, victuals ; a 
feast, banquet. 

Eques, itis, m. § f. (equus), a horse- 
man, trooper ; a knight. Equttes, 
knights, a title of rank amongst the 
Romans. The knights constituted an 
order between the patricians and ple- 
beians. Also, cavalry, horse, horse- 
men. 

Equester, tris, Ire, adj. (eques), pertain- 
ing to a horseman, equestrian. 
Equestre prozlium, a battle of cav- 
alry • — belonging to the Equites or 
knights. Equester ordo, the order 
of knights. 

EquMem, conj. (ex or e intensive, ty qui- 
dem), indeed, truly, in truth, for my 
part. This word in most authors is 
usually joined with verbs of the first 
person singular. 

Equilaius, us, m., riding ; the cavalry, 
a body of horsemen, troop of horse : 
from 

Eqiiito, are, avi, atum, n. (eques), to 
ride on horseback. 

Equus, i, m., a horse, steed. Equo 
circumire, to ride around. 

Erectus, a, um, adj. $ part, (erigo), 
erect, elevated. Fig. confident, en- 
couraged, attentive, roused, excited, 
awakened. 

Ereptus, a, um, part, (eripio). 

Ergo, conj., therefore, then. 

Ertgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (e fy rego), to 
raise, erect, set upright ; to lift or 
set up, — build up, elevate ; to cheer 
up, encourage ; to rouse, excite. 

Eripio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. (e fy rapio), 
§ 224, R. 2, to take away by force ; 
take away, extort ; to free, liberate, 
rescue, withdraw, extricate, save, 
deliver from. Ire ereptum, to be 
bent upon taking away. 

Erratum, i, n., a mistake, error ; a 
fault, offence : from 



ERRO 



179 



EXCLAMO 



Erro, are, avi, alum, n., to wander up 
and down, wander about, stray, go 
astray. Fig. to err, mistake, go 
wrong, be mistaken. 
Erudio, ire, ivi fy ii, Hum, a. (e fy ru- 
dis), to teach, instruct, inform, di- 
rect ; to bring up, educate. 
Erudltus, a, um, part. § adj. {erudio), 
taught, instructed, learned, skillful, 
versed. 
Erumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. fy n. (e fy 
rumpo, to break), to break or burst 
forth, sally forth. 
Escendo, ere, di, sum, n. (e $ scando, 

to climb), to mount, ascend. 
FA, conj., and, even : et — et, both — 

and, not only — but also. 
Elenim, conj. (et § enim), for, truly, 

because that. 
Etiam, conj., also, likewise, besides, 
even ; yet, still, as yet. Etiam at- 
que etiam, again and again, over and 
over again, repeatedly. Etiam nunc, 
even now, still, yet. Etiam turn, 
even then, even down to that time, 
still. Etiam si, even' if, although, 
though. 
Etruria, ce,f., Etruria, now Tuscany, 
a country of Italy lying on the right 
of the Tiber. 
Eundo, gerund, (eo, ire). 
Europa, ce,f., Europe, one of the three 
great divisions of the eastern conti- 
nent. 
Evado, ere, si, sum, n. fy a. (efy vado), 
to go out, get away, escape from ; 
to make one's way, penetrate, pass; 
to ascend, mount, climb ; to run 
away, escape. Fig. to end, turn 
out, terminate, become, prove. 
, Evtnio, ire, eni, entum, n. (e $- venio), 
to come out, come, proceed; to hap- 
pen, fall out, occur, turn out ; to fall 
by lot, fall to the lot of. 
Eventus, us, m, (evenio), an event, ac- 
cident, issue, effect, result, conse- 
quence, end. 
Evocalus, a, um, part., called out) 



summoned, invited. Evocali, drum, 
m. pi., in military language, were 
veteran soldiers, who after completing 
their term of service were induced to 
enlist again, and to whom a more 
honorable station was assigned, re- 
enlisted veterans : from 

Evbco, are, avi, atum, a. (e fy voco), to 
call out, invite, summon ; to reenlist, 

Ex, see E. 

Exaclus, a, um, part, fy adj. (exigo), 
driven away ; past, finished, spent. 

Excedificatus, a, um, part., built : from 

Excedifuo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex § 
cedifco), to build up, build, finish. 

Exaqudlus, a, um, part. : from 

Ex&quo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex fy aquo, 
to level), to make equal or even, 
equalize, equal; to make to tally 
with or agree. Facta dictis sunt ex- 
mquanda, deeds must be truly rep- 
resented by words, must be faith- 
fully narrated. 

Exagitatus, a, um, part. : from 

Exagito, are, avi, alum, a. (ex fy agi- 
to), to harass, vex, agitate, disturb ; 
to rouse, stir up, irritate, move, ex- 
cite ; to debate, agitate, discuss, 
bruit, noise abroad. 

Excedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ex ty cedo), 
to depart, go forth, retire, withdraw. 

Excelsus, a, um, adj. (excello, to be 
high), high, lofty. In excelso &ta- 
tem agere, to pass one's life in an 
elevated station. 

Excio, Ire, ivi, itum, and Excieo, ere, 
ivi, ilum, a. (ex fy do or cieo, to 
move), to raise, excite, rouse, to 
call out, incite, induce, lead, dis- 
turb. 
Excipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ex fy ca- 
pio), to receive, take up ; to except. 
Excito, are, avi, atum., a. freq. (excio), 
to call out, rouse, to move, stir up, 
excite, incite, spur on, stimulate. 
Exciius, and Excitus, a, um, part, (ex- 
cio and excieo). 
Excldmo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex Sf cla* 



EXCRUCIO 



180 



EXPLANO 



mo, to cry aloud), to cry or call out, 
exclaim ; to call or say with a loud 
voice. 

Excrucio, are, avi, alum, a. {ex § em- 
tio, to torment), to torture. Fig. to 
afflict, torment, distress, disquiet, 
harass, fret, vex, disturb. 

Excubo, are, ui, itum, n. {ex § cuho, to 
lie), to sleep out of doors ; to watch, 
keep watch, mount guard, stand 
sentry. 

Exemplum, i, n. {eximo, to take out), a 
copy, transcript ; an example, in- 
stance, precedent. 

Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. {ex fy arceo, 
to keep off), to practice, train, ex- 
ercise, employ, use, occupy, make 
use of, indulge, gratify ; to conduct, 
carry on, prosecute. Exercere in- 
imicitias cum aliquo, to be on terms 
of enmity with — . 

Exercitatus, a, um, part, ty adj., exer- 
cised, versed, trained, practised, ha- 
bituated: from 

Exercito, are, am, atum, a. frea. {ex- 
erceo), to exercise. 

Exercitus, us, m. {exerceo), an army. 

Exercitus, a, um, part, {exerceo), exer- 
cised ; wearied, tired ; conducted ; 
carried on. 

Exigo, ere, egi, actum, a. {ex fy ago), 
to lead out, to send forth or out, to 
drive out ; to pass, lead, spend ; to 
finish, complete, perform. 

Existlmo, are, avi, alum, a. {ex fy asti- 
mo), to judge, think, esteem, ac- 
count, reckon, suppose, imagine ; to 
decide, determine ; to estimate, con- 
sider, weigh. 

Exitium, i, n. (exeo, to go out), ruin. 
mischief, destruction ; issue, end, 
death. 

Exitus, us, m. {exeo), a going out, exit ; 
an event, issue, end, close, termin- 
ation, result. 

Exopto, are, avi, atum, a. {ex $ opto), 
to wish or desire greatly, covet, de- 
sire ; to choose. 



Exorior, iri, ortus sum, dep. § 177, {ex 
fy orior), to rise, arise, spring up. 

Exornatus, a, um, part, ty adj., adorn- 
ed, furnished, embellished : from 

Exorno, are, avi, atum, a. (ex fy orno, 
to fit out), to adorn, embellish, deck 
out, dress ; to furnish, supply, equip ; 
to arrange, prepare, dispose, make 
preparations. 

Exortus, a, um, part, {exorior). 

Expedio, ire, ivi ty ii, Itum, a. ty n. {ex 
types), to free, discharge, liberate, 
disengage, unloose, extricate ; Lo 
despatch, finish, put an end to, ac- 
complish, settle, bring to a happy 
conclusion ; to get ready, prepare ; 
to explain, relate, tell, set forth. Ce- 
tera res expediet, the affair (being 
begun), will render the rest easy. 

Expeditio, onis, f. {expedio), a military 
expedition. 

Exped'itus, a, um, part, fy adj. {expe- 
dio), freed, liberated, disengaged ; 
light armed, unencumbered ; free 
from baggage, prepared, equipped, 
ready. 

Expello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {ex ty pel- 
16), to drive out or aw r ay, expel. 

Expergiscor, i, experrectus sum, dep. 
{expergo, to awaken), to awake, 
rouse one's self, rouse up. 

Experimentum, i, n., an experiment, 
trial, proof; experience : from 

Experior, iri, expertus sum, dep., to 
try, make trial of, use, attempt, 
prove, experience ; to find. Ex- 
trema omnia experiri, to try all des- 
perate measures, to go to all ex- 
tremes. 

Experrectus, part, {expergiscor). 

Expers, lis, adj. {ex ty pars), § 213, R. 
5, (2.) not concerned in, free from, 
without, destitute of, void of. 

Expertus, a, um, part, {experior). 

Exp'ilo, are, avi, atum, a. {ex ty pilo, to 
pillage), to rob, plunder, pillage. 

Explano, are, avi, alum, a. {ex fy piano, 
to make plain), to make plain or 



EXPLEO 



181 



EXTER 



smooth. Fig. to explain, interpret, 
shew, relate, tell. 

Expleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (ex fy pleo, 
obs.) to fill, fill up ; to satisfy, sa- 
tiate, gratify ; to complete, accom- 
plish, supply. Muneribus explere, to 
load with gifts. 

Exploralus, a, um, part, fy adj., cer- 
tainly known, ascertained, sure : 
from 

Exploro, are, am, atum, a. (ex fy ploro, 
to cry), to search diligently, search, 
scrutinize, explore, examine, spy 
out, seek out, ascertain, recon- 
noitre. 

Export o, ere, osui, ostium, a. (ex fy po- 
no), to put out, set forth, expose ; to 
explain, tell, relate, declare ; to 
display. 

Expugno, are, am, atum, a. (ex fy pug- 
no), to take by storm, take by force 
or assault ; to conquer, vanquish, 
subdue, overcome, storm, carry by 
storm ; to assault. 

Expulsus, a, um, part, (expello). 

Expurgo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex § pur- 
go, to cleanse), to purge, cleanse, 
purify. Fig. to clear, justify, ex- 
culpate, excuse. 

Exqulro, ere, quisim, quisttum, a. (ex 
fy qucero), to search out, examine, 
ask, explore, inquire into, seek out. 
Exquirere sentenlias, to take the 
votes or opinions. 

Exquisltus, a, um, part, (exquiro). 

E$sanguis, e, adj. (ex fy sanguis), 
without blood, bloodless, pale, life- 
less, feeble, weak, exhausted. 

Exsecratio, onis, f, imprecation, exe- 
cration, curse ; an oath : from 

Exsecror, ari, at us sum, dep. (ex ty sa- 
cro, to make sacred), to curse, exe- 
crate, detest. 

Exsequor, i, cuius sum, dep. (ex fy se- 
quor), to follow, pursue ; to copy, 
imitate ; to prosecute, continue ; to 
execute, accomplish, perform. 

Exsilium, i, n. (ex ty solum, the soil), 

16 



banishment from one's native soil, 
exile. 

Exspectaiio, onis,/., an expecting, ex- 
pectation, desire : from 

Exspecto, are, avi, atum, a. <§ r n. (ex fy 
specto), to look for, wait for, expect ; 
to long for, hope or wish for, desire. 

Exspclio, are, avi, atum, a. (ex ty spo- 
lio), to spoil, rob, strip, plunder, 
pillage. 

Exstinctor, oris, m. (exstinguo), an ex- 
tinguisher, destroyer. 

Exstincius, a, um, part, fy adj., extin- 
guished, cut off, extinct, destroyed ; 
decayed, sunk into obscurity : from 

Exstinguo, era, nxi, nctum, a. (ex fy 
stinguo, to extinguish), to put out, 
extinguish, quench; to cut off, kill, 
destroy, remove. 

Exstruc, ere, uxi, uclum, a. (ex fy slruo, 
to build), to build up, raise, rear, 
heap or pile up, construct. Ex- 
struere mare, to erect buildings in the 
sea. 

Exsul, ulis, m. fy f. (ex fy solum, the 
soil), one banished from his coun- 
try, an exile. 

Exsulto, are, avi, alum, n. freq. (ex- 
silio, to leap out), to leap, frisk, 
bound, leap with joy. Fig. to re- 
joice greatly, exult, 

Exsupero, are, avi, atum, n. fy a. (ex ty 
supero), to surpass, excel, exceed, 
go beyond, overcome. 

Exsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, n. (ex 
ty surgo, to rise), to rise, rise up, 
rouse one's self; to recover strength, 
take courage. 

Extenualus, a, um, part. : from 

Extenuo, are, avi, alum, a. (ex fy tenuo, 
to make thin), to make small or slen- 
der, thin. Exienuare aciem, to di- 
minish the depth of the line by ex- 
tending it in length. 

Exter or Exttrus, a, um, adj., % 125, 4, 
(ex), of another country, foreign, 
comp. exterior, sup. extremus, which 
see. 



EXTOLLO 



182 



FACIO 



Extollo, ere, a. (ex ty tollo), to lift or 
hold up, raise np, elevate ; to praise, 
magnify, exaggerate. Extollere se, 
to rouse or stir op one's self. Ex- 
tollere verbis, laudibus or laudando, 
to praise, extol. 

Extorqueo, ere, orsi, ortum, a. (ex fy 
torqueo, to turn), to extort, wrest, 
take away by force. 

Exlorris, e, adj., exiled, banished. 

Extra, prep, with the ace, without, 
out of. 

Extremum, ?', n., the end, close, ex- 
tremity. Esse, or situm esse in ex- 
tremo, to be reduced to the last ex- 
tremity. Eo in extremo, in so crit- 
ical a situation : from 

Exlremus, a, um, adj., sup. of Exler ; 
extreme, last, latest, final, farthest, 
very or most remote, utmost, great- 
est, outermost. Extrema dementia, 
the height of madness. Primos et 
extremos locare, to station in front 
and rear. Exlremum agmen, § 205, 
R. 17. 

Exuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to strip off, put 
off. Fig. to deprive of, dispossess, 
strip. 

Exuro, ere, ussi, ustum, a. (ex fy uro, 
to burn,) to burn. 

Exustus, a, um, part, (exuro), burnt, 
scorched, parched, burnt up. 



Fabius, i, m. Q. Fabius Maximus Ver- 
rucosus Cunctator, a descendant 
from the illustrious family (gens) of 
the Fabii, was appointed dictator in 
the war against Hannibal, and by 
wisely protracting the war, at length 
freed Italy from her formidable in- 
vaders. 

Fabius, i, m., see Sanga. 

Facetice, arum., f pi. (facetus, face- 
tious), facetiousness, pleasantry, wit, 
humor. 

Fades, ei,f (facio), the face, counte- 



nance, visage ; the form, figure, ap- 
pearance, sight, aspect, mien, look. 

Facile, adv., easily, readily, without 
difficulty ; willingly, contentedly ; 
certainly, indisputably, evidently : 
from 

Facilis, e, adj., § 125, 2, (facio), easy, 
ready, without difficulty. Amicitia 
facilis, easily conciliating friend- 
ship, apt to make friends. 

FaciUius, dtis, f (facilis), easiness, 
facility, readiness. Fig. gentleness, 
courteousness, courtesy, kindness, 
good humor, complaisance. 

Facinorosus, a, um, adj., wicked, vil- 
lainous, atrocious : from 

Facinus, oris, n., an action, deed, ex- 
ploit, affair or enterprise (either good 
or bad) ; a bold or audacious act. 
In genii egregia facinora, the noblest 
efforts — , choice products — . Rei 
militaris facinora, military exploits. 
Belli facinora, warlike measures ; 
— wickedness, villainy, guilt, crime. 
Catervce facinorum, instead of ca- 
tervce facin orosorum homin um. 

Facio, ere, feci, factum, a. fy n., to 
make, do, act, form ; to elect, choose, 
create, excite, cause, render ; to 
commit, perform, execute ; to pre- 
tend, feign ; to value, esteem, care 
for. Facere versus, to compose — ; 
with the accusative it often forms a 
periphrasis, as, facere injuriam, to 
injure : deditionem, to surrender ; 
verba, to speak, converse. Parum 
facere, to value little. Gloriam 
meam labor em illorum facere, to turn 
or convert their toil to my glory. 
Delicti gratiam facere, to pardon, 
forgive, excuse — . Facere optionem, 
to give a choice, give liberty of 
choice : modum, to set bounds : in- 
sidias, to lay snares : nihil reliqui, 
to leave nothing : fdem verbis, to 
give assurance to, cause to be be- 
lieved — : periculum alicui, to cause 
danger to : qucestionem, to institute 



FACTIO 



183 



FATUM 



a prosecution. Fac cogites, reflect, 
consider, § 267, R. 3. 

Factio, onis, f (facio), a making, do- 
ing ; a faction, party, side ; union 
or combination, for the purpose of 
gaining or retaining undue power. 

Factiosus, a, um, adj. (/actio), factious, 
seditious, addicted to faction, devo- 
ted to party, influenced by party 
spirit. 

Factum, ?', k., a deed, action, enter- 
prise, exploit, act, occurrence, pro- 
ceeding, achievement, fact, circum- 
stance : from 

Factus, a, um, part. (fio), made, done. 
Optimum factum est it is the best 
way, it is best. Facto opus es% 
there is need of action, one must 
act. Quid facto opus est, what 
needs to be done. Uti facio opus sit, 
ita agant, as should need to be done, 
as circumstances should require — . 

Facundia, <b, f, eloquence : from 

Facundus, a, um, adj. (fari, to say), 
eloquent. 

FcbsuIcb, arum, f. pi., a town of Etru- 
ria, now Fiezoli. 

Fcesulanus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Faesulae, Fsssulan. 

Fallacia, &, f. (fallax, deceitful), de- 
ceit, trick, artifice, craft. 

Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, a. ty n., to 
deceive, delude, mislead ; to violate 
one's promise ; to act treacherous- 
ly, disappoint, betray. Nisi me an- 
imus fallit, unless I am mistaken ; 
— to be concealed, escape the notice 
of, elude. Nee me fallit, I am not 
ignorant, I well know. Fallor, I 
am deceived or mistaken. 

Falsb, adv., falsely, without reason, 
unjustly : from 

Falsus, a, um, part, fy adj. (fallo), de- 
ceived, mistaken, misled, deluded ; 
deceitful, treacherous, faithless, 
hypocritical, insincere, false ; pre- 
tended, feigned, untrue ; unfounded, 
groundless. Habere falsum, to de- 



ceive, disappoint. Pro falsis duce- 
re, to consider as untrue. 

Fama,ce,f., fame, report, rumor; fame, 
reputation, character, renown ; in- 
famy, scandal ; opinion, belief. 

Fames, is, f, hunger, fasting. 

Familia, cb, f, (famulus, a servant), 
the slaves belonging to one master ; 
a family ; a company, band. Filius 
familias and mater familias, see 
Filius and Mater : for the genitive 
familias, see § 43, 2. 

Familiaris, e, adj. (familia), of or be- 
longing to the same retinue of 
slaves, or to a family ; intimate, 
friendly, familiar. Res familiares, 
and opes familiares, family estate, 
private property, property. Famil- 
iaris, is, m., a friend, acquaintance. 

Familiaritas, atis, f. (familiaris), fa- 
miliarity, acquaintance, familiar 
friendship, intimacy. 

Familiarder, adv. (familiaris), familiar- 
ly, intimately, on terms of intimacy. 

Famosus, a, um, adj. (fama), famous, 
much talked of, celebrated, notori- 
ous ; infamous. 

Fanum, i, »., consecrated ground, a 
temple, fane. 

Fas, n. ind. §94, divine law, justice, 
equity, right. Jus fasque, human 
and divine law. 

Fascis, is, m., a bundle of wood, twigs, 
&c, a faggot ; the fasces, a bundle 
of rods, containing an axe, car- 
ried by the lictors before certain 
Roman magistrates, especially be- 
fore the consuls. 

Fateor, eri, fassus sum, dep., to con- 
fess, own, grant, acknowledge ; to 
show, manifest, discover. 

Fat'igo, are, avi, alum, a., to tire, 
weary, fatigue ; to vex, trouble, 
harass ; to importune, press with 
solicitation, urge importunately ; to 
rouse, incite, stimulate, push on; 
to weaken, impair, corrupt. 

Fatum, ?', n. (for, to say), a prophecy, 



FAUTOR 



184 



FIDES 



oracle, prediction ; fate, destiny. 
Cui fatumforet, who was destined. 

Fautor, oris, m. (faveo), a favorer, pro- 
moter, partisan. 

Faux, cis, f. S> 94, the larynx, gullet, 
throat, jaws ; a narrow passage, 
pass or defile. Faucibus urget, is 
close upon (us), has (us) in his jaws. 

Faveo, ere, faii, fautum, n., to favor, 
countenance, befriend. 

Favor, oris, m. {faveo), favor, good 
will, kindness, popularity. 

Februarius, a, urn, adj. (februus, puri- 
fying), of or pertaining to the month 
February. 

Feliciter, adv., happily, fortunately ; 
luckily, prosperously : from 

Felix, icis, adj. (feo, obs. to create), 
happy, fortunate, felicitous ; rich, 
opulent ; prosperous, successful ; 
fruitful, fertile. 

Fera, a, f. (ferus), a w T ild beast. 

Fere, adv., almost, nearly, well nigh, 
about ; for the most part. 

Ferentarii, drum, m. pi. (fero), light 
armed troops. 

Ferlnus, a, um, adj. {fera), of or be- 
longing to a wild animal. 

Ferio, Ire, a., to strike, smite, beat, 
cut, wound, deal out blows. Ferire 
arietibus, to batter. 

Ferine, adv. {fere), almost, nearly, 
about ; for the most part, generally, 
usually. 

Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. § »., to car- 
ry, bear, bring, carry away ; to 
produce ; to carry off, plunder ; to 
cause, occasion ; to exhibit, show ; 
to gain, attain ; to suffer, endure, 
sustain ; to say, tell, relate ; to lead, 
conduct, tend ; to move, incite, in- 
cline, dispose ; to extol, exalt ; to 
propose, report, represent. Ferre 
opem, to give assistance. Uti fors 
tulit, as it happened. Fert animus, 
— inclines, is disposed. Nequealiud 
alio ferri cerneres, you would not 
see (lit.) one thing transferred to 



one place, another to another, i. e. 

perpetual changes. Ferri studio, to 
to be moved or carried away by 
ardor of feeling. 

Ferocia, ce, f. {ferox), ferocity, fierce- 
ness. 

Ferociter, adv., fiercely, savagely, fe- 
rociously, insolently, violently, I 
harshly : from 

Ferox, dais, adj. {fero), insolent, fierce, j 
bold, headstrong, violent ; brave, 
warlike, gallant ; cruel, savage, fe- 
rocious, untamed, unsubdued. Mul- 
tus at que ferox instare, — immoder- 
ately and violently. 

Ferrum, i, n., iron. Fig. a sword. 

Ferfilis, e, adj. {fero), fertile, fruit- 
ful, productive; abundant, copious, 
rich. 

Ferus, a, um, adj., wild, rude, unculti- 
vated, uncivilized ; fierce, cruel, 
barbarous, savage. 

Fessus, a, um, adj. (fatiscor, to grow 
tired), wearied, tired, fatigued ; 
weary, exhausted, worn out, enfee- 
bled. 

Festino, are, avi, aium, n. § a. (festi- 
nus, quick), to hasten, make haste, 
be in a hurry ; to hasten, acceler- 
ate, hurry, do speedily, hasten to 
accomplish ; to hurry to and fro, be 
agitated. 

Festus, a, um, adj., festival, festive : 
joyful. Festus dies, a holiday, fes- 
tival. 

Fictus, a, um, part, ty adj. {jingo), 
made, formed, contrived ; false, 
feigned, fictitious, imaginary, fabu- 
lous. Ficta loqui, to dissemble, 
speak insincerely. 

Fidelis, e, adj. {fides), faithful, sincere, 
trusty, sure. 

Fidetiter, adv. {fidelis), faithfully, sin- 
cerely, honestly. 

Fides, ei, f (fido, to trust to), faith, 
truth, honesty, honor, veracity, 
faithfulness, fidelity ; a promise, as- 
surance, word, obligation, engage- 



FIDIUS 



185 



FLUCTUS 



ment ; a promise of pardon ; public 
faith, security, protection, help, aid, 
assistance ; credit ; faith, belief, con- 
fidence, trust ; credibility. Fidei 
causa, for the purpose of inspiring 
confidence. Pro deum atque hom- 
inum fidem ! in earnest assevera- 
tions, witness gods and men ! Per 
regni jidem, by royal faith, by the 
honor of a king. Data et accepta 
fide, having exchanged promises of 
fidelity. Fide nuntii, confidence 
in — . Punica fides, Carthaginian 
faith, i. e. bad faith, perfidy. Fide 
publico, dicere, to speak under a pub- 
lic pledge of impunity. 

Fidius, i, m., the same as fillus, a son. 
It is found only in the combination 
Dius fidius, or Medius fidius ; me 
Dius fidius, sc. juvet, so help me 
the son of Jupiter, i.e. Hercules, or, 
by Hercules. Others take fidius 
to be properly an adjective signify- 
ing faithful, and Dius fidius to be, 
the god of faith. 

Fiducia, ce, f. (fido, to trust to), trust, 
confidence, reliance. 

Fidus, a, um, adj. {fido, to trust to), 
faithful, trusty, to be relied on ; 
safe, secure. 

Figulus, i, m. (C. Marcius Figulus 
Thermus), was consul with L. Cae- 
sar, A. U. C. 690. 

Figura, a, f. (jingo), a figure, form, 
shape ; image, likeness. 

Filia, m, f., a daughter : from 

Filius, i, m., a son. Filiusfamilias, a son 
who is under his father's authority. 

Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, a., to form, 
fashion, make ; to suppose, feign, 
pretend ; to imagine, conceive ; to 
devise, contrive. Fingere verba, to 
set up false pretences. 

Finis, is, m. $ f, the end, conclusion ; 
a boundary, limit. Fines, limits, 
bounds ; a country, territory. Fac- 
ere finem, to make an end, to end, 
terminate. 

16* 



Finithnus, a, um, adj. (finis), neigh- 
boring, bordering upon, adjoining. 
Finitimi, orum,m., neighbors, neigh- 
boring people. 

Fio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. pass, of fa- 
cio, $ 180, to be made or done, to 
become, happen, come to pass ; to 
be. For other significations, see 
Facio. 

Firmo, are, avi, alum, a., to make firm, 
strengthen, establish, confirm, se- 
cure, fortify, guard : from 

Firmus, a, um, adj., firm, steady, con- 
stant, stable, sure, resolute, deter- 
mined, solid, strong, secure, robust, 
durable, lasting, substantial, to be 
depended upon, faithful. 

Flaccus, i, m. (L. Valerius), a Roman 
prcetor, A. U. C. 691. 

Flaccus, i, m. (M. Fulvius), a friend of 
C. Gracchus. 

Flagitiosus, a, um, adj., infamous, fla- 
gitious, wicked, profligate, dissolute, 
disgraceful, dishonorable : from 

Flagitium., i, n. (fiagito, to dun), a dis- 
graceful or shameful crime, profli- 
gacy, dissoluteness, lewdness : 
shame, disgrace, dishonor, infamy, 
reproach. Catervm jlagitiorum, in- 
stead of jlagitiosorum hominum. 

Flagro, are, avi, alum, n. (fio, to blow), 
to burn, be on fire. Fig. to be in- 
flamed, enkindled, excited. 

Flaminius, i, m., see Flamma. 

Flamma, ce, m. (C. Flaminius), a con- 
federate of Catiline. 

Flamma, a?,fi, a flame, blaze. Fig. 
ardor, desire. 

Fleclo, ere, xi, xum, a., to bend, bow, 
turn. Fig. to move, touch, persuade, 
prevail upon, appease, to change, 
alter, influence. 

Flexus, a, um, part, (fiecto). 

Florens, tis, part, fy adj., flourishing, 
blooming. Fig. prosperous : from 

Floreo, ere, ui, n. (fios, a flower, § 187, 
I, 1), to flourish, bloom, blossom. 

Fluctus, us, m. (fiuo, to flow), a wave. 



F LUMEN 



186 



FREGI 



Flumen, tuts, n. (fiuo), a stream, a 
river. 

Fluxus, a, um, adj. (fluo), flowing, run- 
ning. Fig. fleeting, transient, un- 
steady, inconstant, not to be de- 
pended upon. Fluxafide uti, to be 
treacherous ; — pliant, weak, feeble. 

Focus, i, m. (foveo), a hearth. Fig. a 
house, home, fireside. 

Fade, adv., basely, cruelly, disgrace- 
fully : from 

Fazdus, a, um, adj., ugly, deformed, 
unsightly, ghastly, foul, loathsome, 
filthy. Fig. base, shameless, dis- 
graceful, vile, mean, dishonorable ; 
cruel, barbarous. 

Fcedas, tris. n., a league, covenant, 
treaty, alliance. 

Fcenerator, oris, m. (fcenero, to lend 
money on interest), a money lend- 
er, one who lends money on inter- 
est, a usurer. 

Fons, iis, m., a fountain, spring, well, 
fount. 

Forem, es, et, etc. def. § 154, R. 3, I 
might be, &c. : inf. fore, the same as 
futurus esse ; with a subject accusa- 
tive, would be. Nunquam ego ratus 
sum fore, I never thought it would 
come to pass. PerdendcB reipublicce 
fore, see Sum. 

Foris, adv., without, out of doors, 
abroad, away from home, in foreign 
parts or countries. 

Forma, a?,f,& form, shape, figure, 
person ; beauty, comeliness. 

Formldo, inis, f, fear, terror, dread ; 
that which produces fear, a terror, 
intimidation ; an object of appre- 
hension. Facere or addere formidi- 
nem, to excite fear, inspire fear. 

Formidolosus, a, um, adj. (formido), 
timorous, afraid ; causing fear, fear- 
ful, terrible, formidable, frightful. 

Fornix, icis, m., an arch or vault. 

Fors, tis, f, chance, luck, hap, for- 
tune. Forte, abl, by chance, by 
fortune, casually, accidentally, per- 



adventure. After si, ?iisi, ne, etc., I 
perhaps, perchance. 

Forsilan, adv. (fors, sit, an), perhaps, 
perchance, peradventure. 

Fortis, e, adj., brave, valiant, gallant, 
courageous, bold, firm, resolute, in- 
trepid, fearless. Foriia facta, glo- 
rious deeds, gallant achievements. 

Fortitudo, mis, f. (fortis), fortitude, 
bravery, courage, resolution, mag- 
nanimity, intrepidity, boldness, fear- 
lessness. 

Fortuna, &,f. (fors), fortune, chance, 
hazard, hap, luck; the goddess For- 
tune ; good fortune ; bad fortune, 
misfortune ; state or condition in 
life, rank, fortune, situation, lot, cir- 
cumstances. Maxima fortuna, the 
highest rank -.—fortuna, pi., prop- 
erty, possessions, riches, wealth, an 
estate, fortune ; also, lot, fortune, 
fate, condition, circumstances. 

Fortunatus, a, um, adj. (fortuno, to 
prosper), happy, fortunate, lucky, 
' prosperous, blest. 

Forum, i, 7i., a market place, market,' 
mart ; the Forum, a place in Rome 
where assemblies of the people 
were held, justice was administer- 
ed, and other public business trans- 
acted. Oppidum, forum rerum ve- 
nalium, a market-town, mart. 

Fossa, a, f (fodio, to dig), a ditch ; a 
trench, moat. 

Fragilis, e, adj., brittle, weak, frail, 
fragile. Fig. frail, perishable : from 

Frango, ere,fregi,fractum, a., to break, 
break in pieces. 

Frater, tris, m., a brother. 

Fraternus, a, um, adj. (frater), of a 
brother, fraternal. 

Fraus,fraudis,f, fraud, deceit, guile, 
treachery, dishonesty ; punishment, 
loss, damage, detriment, harm, in- 
jury. Sine fraude, without hurt or 
harm, with impunity ; — a fault, 
crime. 

Fregi, see Frango. 



FREQUENS 



187 



FUSUS 



Frequens, tis, adj., frequent, constant ; 
numerous, many, in great numbers; 
crowded, full, populous, in full as- 
sembly. Frequens Numidia, the 
populous parts of Numidia. 
Frequentdtus, a, um, part, fy adj. (fre- 
quento), frequented, much used, re- 
sorted to, visited. 
Frequentia, ce, f. {frequens), a crowd, 
throng, press, concourse, multitude, 
assembly. 
Frequento, are, avi, alum, a. (frequens), 
to frequent, go often to, attend up- 
on, resort much to, haunt ; to go in 
great numbers ; to fill with inhabit- 
ants, crowd, fill. 
Fretum, i, 71., a strait, narrow part of 
the sea. Fretum nostri maris ei 
oceani, the straits of Gibraltar. 
Fretus, a, um, adj. % 244, trusting to, 

relying or depending on. 
Frigus, oris, n., cold. 
Frons, tis, f., the front of the head, 
the forehead, brow ; the front of 
any thing. Frons aciei, the front 
or van. 
Fructus, us, m. {fruor), the fruits of 
the earth, income, profits ; profit, 
advantage, benefit, use. 
Frumentor, ari, atus sum, dep., to col- 
lect corn, purvey, forage : from 
Frumentum, i, n., corn or grain of all 

kinds, wheat, barley : from 
Fruor, i, itus or cius sum, dep. §245, 

I, to enjoy, reap the fruits of. 
Frustra, adv., to no purpose, in vain. 
Frustra esse, to be frustrated, disap- 
pointed; to be in vain, to fail, to be 
unsuccessful. See Sum. Frustra 
discedere, to depart without accom- 
plishing one's purpose. 
Frustrdlus, a, um,part., frustrated, dis- 
appointed : from 
Frustro, are, avi, atum, a , and Frus- 
tror, ari, atus sum, dep. (frustra), to 
deceive, disappoint, frustrate. Fau- 
ci in pluribus minus frustrati, being 
few among many, they were less 



disappointed, i. e. they missed less. 
Spes me frustratur, I am disappoint- 
ed in my expectation. 
Frux, frugis, f. §94, the fruit or pro- 
duce of the earth, corn, pulse, fruit. 
Fudi, see Fundo. 

Fuga, a?,f., flight ; exile, banishment. 
Fig. dismay, consternation. Facere 
fugam, to flee. 
Fugatus, a, um, part, (fugio), routed, 

discomfited, put to flight. 
Fugiens, tis, part. : from 
Fugio, tre,fugi, n. fy a., to flee or fly, 

run away, escape ; to avoid, shun. 
Fugitlvus, a, um, adj. (fjgio), fugi- 
tive. Fugitivus servus, a runaway 
slave. 
Fugo, are, avi, alum, a., to put to flight, 

rout. 
Fui, etc., see Sum. 
Fulvia, ce,f., the mistress of Q. Cu- 

rius. 
Fulvius, i, m. (A), the son of a Roman 
senator, put to death by his father 
for adhering to the party of Cati- 
line. 
Fuhius, i, m, (M.), see Nobilior. See 

also Flaccus. 
Funditor, oris, m. (funda, a sling), a 

slinger. 
Fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a., to pour ; 
to scatter abroad, discomfit, rout, 
disperse ; to pour out, shed ; to over- 
throw, lay prostrate. 
Fur, furis, m. fy f, a thief, pilferer, 
plunderer. Fur cerarii, a pecula- 
tor. 
Furibundus, a, um, adj. (furo, to be 
mad), raging much, furious, mad 
outrageous. 
Furius, i, m. (P.), an associate of Cat 

iline. 
Furor, oris, m. (furo), fury, madness 

rage. 
Furtim, adv. (fur), by stealth, secret 

ly, furtively. 
Fusus, a, um, part, (fundo), scattered 
routed ; defeated, worsted. 



FUTURUS 



188 



GIGNO 



Futurus, a, um, part, (sum), about to 
be, future. 



G. 



Gabinius, i, m., a Roman name. P. 
Gabinius Capito, a Roman knight, 
who was put to death as an accom- 
plice of Catiline. 

GcetTilus, a, um, adj., Getulian, of or 
belonging to Getulia, a large coun- 
try of Africa south of Numidia. 
GcEtuli, drum, m.pl., Getulians. 

Gallia, ce, f, Gaul, France. Gallia 
ciierior, hither Gaul, otherwise called 
Cisalpine Gaul, that part of Italy 
lying between the Alps and the 
Rubicon. Gallia ulterior, farther 
Gaul, also called Transalpine Gaul, 
a large country of Europe nearly 
commensurate with the modern 
kingdom of France. 

GalUcus, a, um, adj. (Gallia), of or per- 
taining to Gaul, Gallic. 

Gallus, i, m., an inhabitant of Gaul, a 
Gaul. 

Ganea, ce, f, a brothel, bagnio ; de- 
bauchery, riot, revelling, drunken- 
ness, gluttony. 

Ganeo, onis, m. (ganea), a frequenter 
of brothels, rioter, reveller, glutton, 
debauchee. 

Gauda, ce, m., a Numidian, the son of 
JManastabal, and grandson of Ma- 
sinissa. 

Gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum, n. pass. 
$ 142, R. 2, & ^ 245, II, to rejoice, 
be glad : to delight in. 

Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo), joy, gladness, 
pleasure. Corporis gaudia, sensual 
pleasures. 

Gemiius, us, m. (gemo, to groan), a 
groan, sigh. 

Generosus, a, um, adj. (genus), noble, 
born of a noble race ; generous, 
brave, excellent, noble. 

Gens, tis,f., a clan among the Romans, 
containing many families descend- 



ed from a common ancestor. From 
the gens each individual of the Ro- 
mans derived his name (nomen) ; 
from the family (familia), his cogno- 
men, as M. Porcius Cato, C. Julius 
C«esar,from the Porcian and Julian 
clans : also, those who have a com- 
mon origin and language, a race, 
stock, people, nation, tribe. It is 
often synonymous with natio, but 
strictly includes it, being of wider 
signification. Ubi gentium, see Ubi. 

Genus, eris, n., a race, descent, kind, 
family, stock, lineage, kindred, 
breed; a race, tribe, nation, peo- 
ple; a kind, sort, quality, class. 
Genus humanum or hominum, the 
human race, mankind ; a race of 
men. 

Gero, ere, gessi, gestum, a., to bear, 
carry, have ; to show, exhibit. Ge- 
rere se, to act, carry or conduct one's 
self, behave ; — to do, execute, per- 
form, despatch, carry on. Dum hcec 
geruniur, while these things are 
going on : — to administer, manage, 
conduct, sustain, regulate, rule, 
govern : to practice, pursue, exer- 
cise, entertain, to treat. Gerere bel- 
lum, to wage or carry on war. Ge- 
rere consulatum, to bear or execute 
the office of consul. Aliter atque 
animo gerebat, at variance with his 
real sentiments. Rem gerere, to fight 
a battle, to conduct an attack. Res 
geritur, the affair is carried on, the 
battle is fought. Gerere animum 
super fortunam, to cherish desires 
above one's rank. 

Gestus, a, um, part, (gero), done, per- 
formed. Res gestce, actions, deeds, 
exploits, warlike achievements, il- 
lustrious deeds, feats, undertak- 
ings. 

Gignentia, ium, ?i. pi., plants, herbs, 
shrubs, trees, vegetables : from 

Gigno, ere, genui, gemtum, a., to gen- 
erate, beget, produce, bring forth : 



GLADIAT0R1US 



189 



HABEO 



gigni, to be produced, be born, to 
grow, spring. 

Gladiatorius, a, um, adj. (gladiator, a 
gladiator), of a gladiator, pertaining 
to gladiators, gladiatorial. Familia 
gladiatoria, a company or school of 
gladiators. 

Gladius, i, m., a sword. 

Glans, dis,f., mast, an acorn, chest- 
nut ; a leaden ball or bullet, such 
as was discharged from the slings or 
other military engines. 

Globus, i, m., a globe, ball, sphere ; a 
troop, squadron, crowd, body. 

Gloria, a?, f, glory, renown, fame, 
splendor. Gloria 6eZZ/,military glory. 

Glorior, ari, atus sum, dep. (gloria), to 
glory, boast, brag, vaunt, pride one's 
self. 

Gloriosus, a, um, adj. (gloria), glori- 
ous, renowned, illustrious. 

Gracchus, i, m., Tiberius and Caius 
Gracchus were the sons of Tib. 
Sempronius Gracchus and Cornelia, 
the daughter of Scipio Africanus 
the elder. They were educated 
with great care by their mother, 
and became distinguished orators, 
but in consequence of espousing 
the cause of the people in a factious 
manner, and passing laws odious to 
the nobility, they were put to death. 

Gradus, us, m., a step, stair. Pleno 
gradu, at full speed, rapidly. 

Grcecia, ce,f, Greece. 

Grmcus, a, um, adj., of Greece, Greek, 
Grecian. 

Grandis, e, adj., large, big, great. 
Grandis pecunia, a large sum of 
money. 

Grassor, ari, atus sum, dep. (gradior, 
to step), to go on, advance, proceed, 
press forward. Ad gloriam grassari, 
to advance, to pursue, aim at — . Cu- 
pidine atque ira grassari, to proceed 
or act under the unfluence of — . 

Gratia, a, f. (gratus), grace, favor ; 
benevolence, good- will, good graces, 



friendship, popularity ; influence, 
intrigue, interest, authority, power ; 
a. kindness, favor, obligation ; a re- 
quital, return, gratitude, thanks. 
Agere gratias, to give thanks. Fa- 
cere graiiam, to grant pardon, for- 
give. Gratia, for the sake of, on 
account of, for the purpose of. Ea 
gratia, for that reason, on this or 
that account. Gratiam debere, to 
owe thanks, be under obligations to, 
Gratiam reddere, to requite, recom- 
pense — ; In gratiam habere, to con- 
sider as a favor. 

Gratificor, ari, atus sum, dep. (gratus 
fyfacio), to gratify, oblige .; to yield, 
sacrifice, give up. 

Graiuitb, adv. (gratuitus, gratuitous), 
without a recompense, gratuitously ; 
wantonly, without cause. 

Gratulor, ari, atus sum, dep., to con- 
gratulate, wish one joy : from 

Gratus, a, um, adj., grateful, pleasing, 
acceptable, agreeable. 

Gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty. Fig. 
important ; violent,vehement, great ; 
severe, sore, bitter, oppressive ; 
grievous, sad, calamitous. Morte 
gravior vita, worse than — . 

Graviter,adv. (gravis), heavily, strong- 
ly, forcibly, vehemently, greatly, 
exceedingly, violently, much, se- 
verely, grievously. 

Gregarius, a, um, adj., of a flock. Gre- 
garius miles, a common soldier, pri- 
vate : from 

Grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, drove ; 
an assembly, company. Grege fac- 
to, having formed a band, in a body. 

Gula, ce,f., the gullet, windpipe ; the 
neck; gluttony, appetite. 

Gulussa, ce, m., a brother of Micipsa 
king of Numidia. 



H. 



Habeo, ere, ui, ztum, a. fy n., to have, 
hold, entertain, enjoy, possess, re- 



HABEO 



190 



HERES 



tain ; to make ; to assemble ; to ob- 
tain, get, occupy ; to keep, detain : 
to bear, tolerate, endure, support, 
sustain ; to treat ; to pass, spend ; 
to account, judge, esteem, think, 
reckon, hold, estimate, consider ; to 
use, wear ; to give, bestow ; to oc- 
cupy, inhabit ; to deliver, pronounce, 
utter, speak. In promptu habere, to 
manifest, display ; with certain par- 
ticiples liabeo forms a periphrasis, 
§ 274, R. 4, as, comperium habeo, I 
have ascertained, I know. Habere 
ammo or in animo, to have in mind, 
to intend, to think of, regard. Post 
principia aliquem habere, to place, 
station — . Se habere, to be. Dicere 
id quod res habet, — which is true or 
certain. Habere occultum, to keep 
secret. Jugurtham eodem cultu, quo 
liberos sues, domi habuit, brought up 
— . In incerto habere, to be uncer- 
tain. Parum habere, to think little, 
not to be satisfied. Manifestum ha- 
bere, to bring to light, detect, ex- 
pose. In spe habere, see Spes. Rem- 
publicam habere, to administer — . 
Habere silentium, to keep silence. 
Egestas facile habetur sine damno, 
poverty is easily sustained without 
loss, — is very safe from loss. Virtus 
clara ceiernaque habetur — is, or is re- 
tained. Audacia pro muro habetur, 
serves for — , is — ; Animus habet 
cuncta, the mind holds all things in 
subjection. Haberi, to be consid- 
ered, be thought ; to be. Sicuti 
pleraque mortaliumhabentur, as most 
human affairs are, as for the most 
part happens in human affairs. Ha- 
bere ludibrio, to make a mock of, be- 
fool. QucBstionem habere, to make 
or carry on — . Avariiia pecuniae 
studium habet, — implies, compre- 
hends. Habere vitam, to live, pass 
life. Habere in amicis, to reckon 
among one's friends, to treat as a 
friend. 



Habitus, a, um,part. (habeo), had, held, 
reckoned, accounted, treated, kept, 
controlled, restrained, governed. 

Habitus, us, m. (habeo), habit, condi- 
tion, state ; dress ; disposition, char- 
acter, manners,. habits. 

Hadrumetum, i, n., a city of the Ro- 
man province in Africa, founded by 
the Phenicians. 

Hcereo, ere, hcesi, hcesum, n., to be fix- 
ed, adhere, stick ; to remain fixed, 
stick fast. In animo h&rere, to re- 
main deeply impressed -. 

H&sito, are, am, atum, n.freq. Qiaireo), 
to hesitate, be at a loss, be per- 
plexed. 

Hamilcar, aris, m., a factious noble- 
man of the town of Leptis. 

Hanmbal, alis, m., a Carthaginian gen- 
eral, celebrated for his hatred to the 
Romans. 

Haruspex, wis, m., one who foretold 
future events by inspecting the en- 
trails of victims, a soothsayer, di- 
viner. 

Hasta, a,f, a spear, lance, pike, jav- 
elin. The hasta pura, or headless 
spear, was sometimes given to soldiers 
as a reward of valor. 

Haud, adv., not. 

Haudquaquam, adv. (haud fy quaquam, 
sc. ratione), by no means, not at all. 

Haveto, see Aveo. 

Hebes, etis, adj., blunt, dull, obtuse, 
heavy, stupid. Hebes exercitus, new, 
raw, undisciplined — . 

Hebesco, ere, n. inc. (hebeo, to be blunt), 
to grow blunt, dim or languid ; to 
languish. 

Hercle, adv., by Hercules, truly : from 

Hercules, is, m., a Theban hero, the 
son of Jupiter and Alcmena; also 
a Libyan hero, the son of Jupiter 
and Asterie. 

HeredUas, alis, f, inheritance, heir- 
ship ; an inheritance : from 

Heres, edis, m. fyf, an heir or heiress. 
Heredem instituere or scribere^ to 



HIBERNA 



191 



HORTOR 



name or appoint as heir. Heres se- 
cundus, second heir, one who suc- 
ceeded to the inheritance on failure 
oi the first heir. 

Hiberna, drum, n. pi. (hibernus, win- 
try), winter quarters. Agere hiber- 
na, to hold or make — . 

Hie, hcec, hoc, adj. pro., § 134, this, 
this man ; he, she ; that, the same, 
such. Ad hoc, see Ad. 

Hicce, hcBcce, hocce, adj. pro., this, § 
134, R. 4. 

Hiemdlis, e, adj. (hiems), of winter, 
wintry. 

Hiemo, are, avi, alum, n. (hiems), to 
winter, pass the winter. 

Hiempsal, alis, m., the youngest son 
of Micipsa, king of Numidia. Also 
a son of Gulussa and the successor 
of Jugurtha, and father of Juba. 

Hiems, emis,f, winter; stormy weath- 
er. 

Hippo, onis, m., a seaport town of the 
Roman province in Africa. 

Hispania,a,f, Spain ; HispanicB,arum, 
the two divisions of Spain, viz. Ci- 
terior, or the division nearest to Ita- 
ly, and Ulterior, or that most re- 
mote. 

Hispanus, a, um, adj. (Hispania), per- 
taining to Spain, Spanish. His- 
pani, orum, m., the people of Spain, 
the Spaniards. 

Histrio, onis, m., a stage-player, a 
play-actor, buffoon, mimic. 

Hoc, see Hie. Hoc est, that is, is used 
to connect two expressions which are 
thus declared to be of similar import. 

Homo, mis, m. $•/., a man or woman, 
a person ; homines, pi., men, per- 
sons, people, folks. Novus homo, a 
new noble, one who was the foun- 
der of his own honors, the first of 
his family that obtained the office 
of consul, praetor, censor, or curule 
edile, and consequently, the right 
of placing a waxen image of him- 
self in the atrium of his house, 



which right constituted nobility. 
Homo mililaris,nn experienced war- 
rior, a brave soldier. 

Honeste, adv., (honestus), decently, vir- 
tuously, honorably, becomingly, 
creditably. Parum honeste pudici- 
liam habere, to have too little re- 
gard for — . 

Honesto, are, avi, atum., a., to make 
honorable, adorn, dignify, grace. 
Honestatus honore, elevated to of- 
fice : from 

Honeslus, a, um, adj. (honor), honora- 
ble, noble, dignified, respectable ; 
discreet, virtuous ; right, fit, correct. 
Omnium honestarum rerum egens, 
destitute of every thing befitting 
(my rank). Honestce divilia, re- 
spectable, moderate — . Honestum, 
i, n., what is honorable, fit, decent, 
proper or becoming, honor, virtue. 
Supra bonum atque honestum, be- 
yond what is proper or becoming. 

Honor ty Honos, oris, m., honor, re- 
spect, reverence ; a public office, 
magistracy, preferment, post, dig- 
nity. Honoris causa, out of respect. 
Est or ducitur honori, — as an honor, 
honorable. Honores, honors, marks 
of distinction. 

Honoro, are, avi, atum, a. (honor), to 
honor, respect ; to dignify, exalt. 
Gloria aliquem honorare, to confer 
glory upon. 

Hora, &, f, an hour, the twelfth part 
of a day or night ; a space of time, 
period ; a season of the year. 

Horribilis, e, adj. (horreo, to tremble), 
to be dreaded, dreadful, horrible, 
frightful, terrible. 

Hortamentum, ?', n. (horlor), an encour- 
agement, incitement, stimulus. 

Hortalio, onis, f, an encouragement, 
exhortation : from 

Hortor, ari, atus sum, dep., to exhort, 
encourage, excite, cheer ; to incite, 
stir up, stimulate, spur on ; to 
prompt, suggest. 



HOSPES 



192 



IGNORO 



Hospes, itis, m. fy /., one who is en- 
tertained in one's house, a guest, 
stranger, sojourner, visitor; also, 
one who entertains, a host, enter- 
tainer. 

Hostia, ce,f., a victim, animal sacrifi- 
ced. 

Hosillis, e, adj. (hostis), of or belong- 
ing to an enemy, hostile. Hostilis 
metus, fear of the enemy. Hostile, 
n., a hostile act or deed. Hostilia 
facere, to commit hostilities, or acts 
of hostility. 

Hostiliter, adv., in a hostile manner : 
from 

Hostis, is, m. fyf, an enemy, a public 
enemy. 

Hue, adv. (hie), hither, to this place ; 
to this, to this thing. Hue illuc, 
hither and thither, this way and 
that. 

Huecine, adv. (hue ty ne, interrogative), 
to this. Huecine beneficia tua eva- 
sere ? have your favors ended in 
this? 

Hujusce, see Hie. 

Hujuscemodi, fy Hujusmodi, (hie fy mo- 
dus, S> 134, R. 5), of this kind or sort, 
such, of the same character. 

Humanus, a, um, adj. (homo), human, 
of or belonging to a man ; humane, 
kind ; polished. Humancs res, hu- 
man affairs. 

Himiilis, e, adj., low, near the earth. 
Fig. humble, poor, mean. 

HumiCiias, atis, f. (humilis\ lowness, 
shortness. Fig. baseness, mean- 
ness, poverty. 

Humus, i,f., the ground, earth, soil. 
Humi, gen., on the ground, in the 
ground, §221, R. 3. 



I. 



Ibi, adv. (is), there, in that place; also 
for in illo or in Wis, in that, in 
these, in them, therein : — then, 
thereupon. 



Ibidem, adv. (ibi ty dem), in the same 
place. 

Id, see Is. 

Idcirco, adv. (id <§ r circa), on that ac- 
count, therefore, for that reason. 

Idem, eadem, idem, pron. (is fy dem, 
% 134, R. 6), the same, the same 
person or thing. Idem qui, et, ac, 
etc., the same as, — also, at once, 
yet, §207, R. 27. Eadem, abl., sc. 
via, the same way. 

Idoneus, a, um, adj., fit, meet, proper, 
suitable, convenient; good, worthy, 
deserving, either in a good or bad 
sense ; sufficient, trust- worthy, safe ; 
in a fit condition, ready for, prepar- 
ed for. Non idoneus, unsuitable, 
not deserving. 

Ieram, etc., see Eo. 

Igltur, conj., therefore, then, accord- 
ingly, of course, consequently; af- 
ter a parenthesis, then, as I was say- 
ing, I say. 

Ignarus, a, um, adj. (in fy gnarus, skill- 
ful), ignorant, unskillful, not know- 
ing, unacquainted with, inexperi- 
enced in, uninformed, unaware, un- 
apprised ; unknown. 

Ignavia, &,f, inactivity, sluggishness, 
sloth, idleness, cowardice. Per ig- 
naviam, in sloth, slothfully : from 

Ignavus, a, um, adj. (in fy gnavus, 
active), inactive, slothful, remiss, 
slugglish ; cowardly, dastardly, ir- 
resolute ; worthless. 

Ignis, is, m., fire ; a watch-fire. Ig- 
nem facere, to kindle a fire. 

Ignobllis, e, adj. (in ty nobilis), un- 
known, mean, ignoble ; of mean 
extraction, of low birth, base-born. 

Ignobilitas,atis,f, meanness of birth, 
low birth, humble extraction. 

Ignominia, a, f, (in fy nomen), ig- 
nominy, disgrace, reproach, dis- 
honor, infamy. 

Ignoratus, a, um, part., not known, 
unknown, undiscovered : from 

lgnoro, are, avi, atum, a. ty n. (igna- 



IGNOSCO 



193 



IMMODERATUS 



rus), to be ignorant of, not to know, 
to be unacquainted with. 

Ignosco, ere, ovi, dtum, a. <$• n. (in fy 
nosco), to pardon, excuse, overlook, 
forgive, be indulgent. 

Ignotus, a, um, part, fy adj. (ignosco), 
not known, unknown. 

Ilex, wis, f, the ilex or great scarlet 
oak, holm-oak, evergreen oak. 

IUe, ilia, Mud, gen. illius, adj. pro. 
§ 134, he, she, that, that man, &c, 
this, this man, &c. In the oratio ob- 
liqua ille is sometimes substituted 
for hie and tu in the oratio directa : 
— For the distinction in the use of 
ille and hie, see § 207, R. 23. Ille 
at the beginning of a sentence of- 
ten relates to the noun next preced- 
ing, when the latter is in an oblique 
case, and ille in the nominative : 
sometimes also when an adversative 
particle or a relative precedes ille. 

lllecebra, ce,f., an enticement, allure- 
ment, attraction, charm, induce- 
ment : from 

Jllectus, a, um, part. : from 

lUltio, tre, exi, ectum, a. (in fy lacio, 
to allure), to draw in, allure, entice, 
decoy, attract, invite, induce. 

Illico, adv. (in fy locus), there, in that 
place ; straightway, instantly, im- 
mediately, presently. 

Blue, adv. (illic, § 134, R. 3 & $ 191, 
I, R. 1), to that place, thither. Hue 
et illuc, see Hue. 

lllustris, e, adj. (in fy lusiro, to illu- 
minate), clear, bright, luminous ; 
manifest, clear, evident, plain. 

Imago, mis,/., an image, figure, like- 
ness, picture. Imagines, pi., is of- 
ten used in reference to nobility, the 
images of one's ancestors, the pos- 
session of which was evidence of in- 
herited nobility, see Homo novus. 
Homo multarum imaginum, one de- 
scended from a long line of noble 
ancestors. Imagines non habeo, I 
am not of a noble family. 

17 



Imbecillus, a, um, adj., weak, feeble, 
imbecile. Imbecilla cetas, tender 
years, youth. 

Imbellis, e, adj. (in ty bellum), not suit- 
ed to war, unwarlike, effeminate, 
weak ; cowardly, dastardly, faint- 
hearted. 

Imbuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to wet, mois- 
ten, steep, soak, imbue ; to initiate, 
instruct. 

Imbutus, a, um, part, (imbuo), wet, 
steeped, imbued, tainted, infected ; 
initiated, instructed, trained, inur- 
ed, exercised. 

Imitor, ari, atus sum, dep., to imitate, 
seek to resemble, copy after. 

Immanis, e, adj. (in fy magnus), huge, 
vast, enormous ; hurtful, cruel, 
fierce, savage. 

Immaturus, a, um, adj. (in fy maturus), 
unripe, unseasonable, immature, 
before the time, untimely. 

Immemor, oris, adj. (in fy memor), un- 
mindful, forgetful, heedless, regard- 
less, neglectful. 

Immensus, a, um, adj. (in ty mensus, 
measured), immense, vast, huge, 
immeasurable. In immensum, to a 
vast extent or distance, immense- 
ly. In immensum editus, see Edi- 
tus. 

Imminuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in $■ min- 
uo), to lessen, diminish, shorten ; 
to impair, weaken, debilitate; to vi- 
olate, infringe. Pacem imminuere, 
to disturb, hinder, prevent — . 

Immimdus, a, um, part, (imminuo). 

Immissus, a, um, part., sent in, intro- 
duced, suborned : from 

Immitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (in ty miiio), 
to send or let in, cast, throw ; to 
suborn. 

Immo, adv., nay, yes, yea. Immo ve- 
rb, yes indeed, nay rather. 

Immoderatus, a, um, adj. (in ty mode- 
ratus), immoderate, excessive, in- 
temperate, irregular, unregulated, 
extravagant, indiscriminate, undis- 



IMMORTALIS 



194 



IMPIETAS 



tinguishing; vast, boundless, im- 
mense. 

Immortalis, e, adj. (in ty mortalis), im- 
mortal, everlasting, undying ; never 
to be forgotten. 

Immunis, e. adj. (in § munus), free or 
exempt from a public office, bur- 
den or charge ; free or exempt from 
taxes. 

Immutatus, a, um, part. : from 

Immuto, are, avi, atum, a. (in. § muto), 
to change, alter. 

Impar, aris, adj. (in ty par), uneven, 
unequal, inferior. 

Imparatus, a, um, adj. (in fy paratus), 
not ready, unprepared, unawares, 
off his guard. Imparata respublica, 
the unprepared condition of the 
state. 

Impedimentum, i, n., hindrance, im- 
pediment, obstacle ; the baggage 
belonging to an army : from 

Impedio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (in fy pes), to 
entangle, hamper, embarrass ; to 
hinder, retard, prevent, stop, debar, 
obstruct, impede, keep back, check. 
Impedio ne, see Ne. 

Impedltus, a, um, part, (impedio). 

Impello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (in § pel- 
lo), to push, press, or drive forward, 
urge on, impel ; to lead, lead on, 
incite, induce, constrain, compel, 
move. 

Impendeo, ere, n. (in Upended), to over- 
hang, hang over, impend, threaten. 

Impense, adv. (impensus, expended), 
at great charge or cost. Fig. great- 
ly, exceedingly, earnestly, eagerly, 
zealouslj r , much. Impensius modo 
legatos mitlere, — with very great ear- 
nestness. 

Imperans, tis, part, (impero), ordering, 
governing, ruling, commanding. 

Imperator, oris, m. (impero), a com- 
mander, leader, general ; the com- 
mander in chief of an army, a name 
given by the army or senate to a 
victorious general, and retained by 



him until he had triumphed ; a ruler, 
governor, director. Imperator ad 
urbem, see Urbs. 

Imperatum, i, n., an order, command. 
Facere imperatum, to do that which 
is ordered, to obey the order. 

Imperitia, ce, f (imperitus), ignorance, 
unskilfulness, inexperience. 

Imperito, are, avi, atum, a. fy n. freq. 
(impero), to command, rule, govern. 

Imperitus, a, um, adj. (in fy pefltus, 
skilful), unskilful, ignorant, inexpe- 
rienced. 

Imperium, i, n., a command, order; 
authority, power, control, sway, di- 
rection, discipline, government, 
rule ; empire, dominion, office, sta- 
tion, command, supreme power ; 
military power or authority — in dis- 
tinction from magistratus, " civil 
magistracy." Esse in imperio, to 
hold a military office. Esse cum 
imperio, to hold a civil magistracy 
with which military authority is 
connected. Contra imperium, con- 
trary to orders. Natus imperio, 
born to command. Legitimum im- 
perium, a government founded on 
laws, a constitutional government : 
from 

Impero, are, avi, atum, n. fy a.,% 223, 
R. 2, to command, enjoin, order, 
give directions ; to rule, govern ; 
with an accusative, (§223, (1), 2d 
clause), to order to be furnished or 
supplied, to demand, require. Ad 
imperandum, §275, R, 2, to be di- 
rected, to receive orders or direc- 
tions. 

Impetro, are, avi, atum, a. § n. (in fy 
patro), to obtain, get, accomplish; to 
procure by request or entreaty. 

Impetus, us, m. (imptto, to assail), an 
attack, assault, onset. 

Impietas, atis,f. (impius), impiety, un- 
dutifulness, undutiful behavior to- 
wards the gods, one's parents, coun- 
try, &c. 



IMPIGER 



195 



IN 



Impiger, gra, grum, adj. (in fy piger, 
inactive), diligent, active, prompt, 
quick, ready, strenuous. 

Impigre, adv. (impiger), quickly, read- 
ily, promptly, actively. 

Impius, a, um, adj. (in fy pius, pious), 
impious, irreligious, wicked ; undu- 
tiful ; barbarous, savage, cruel. 

Impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (in fy pleo, 
obs.), to fill. 

Implico, are, dvi, atum, or ui, itum, a. 
(in ty pUco, to fold), to inwrap, in- 
fold, envelop, involve, entangle, in- 
twine; to perplex, throw into dis- 
order. 

Imploro, are, dvi, atum, a. (in fy ploro, 
to cry out), to beg for, cry out for, 
beseech earnestly, implore, invoke, 
entreat. 

Impono, ere, posui, positum, a. (in fy 
pono), to place, put, set or lay upon 
or in ; to set or place over ; to im- 
pose, give, assign, confer, bestow ; 
to throw upon, charge to, impute, 
lay upon, cast upon. Invidiam im- 
ponere, to cast the odium, lay the 
blame ;— presidium, to place, or sta- 
tion — . 

Importunitas, dtis,/., importunity, ea- 
gerness, unreasonableness ; bold- 
ness, audacity, insolence : from 

Importunus, a, um, adj., dangerous, 
perilous; unseasonable, inconveni- 
ent, unadapted, unfavorable, unsuit- 
able, inopportune, troublesome, 
painful, grievous, vexatious. 

Importuosus, a, um, adj. (in fy portuo- 
sus), without harbors. 

Impositus, a, um, part, (hnpono), laid 
or put upon, imposed, cast upon, 
set over, put in charge ; placed, sta- 
tioned. 

Imprimis, or lnprlmis, adv. (in fy pri- 
mus, the same as in primis), above 
all, chiefly, especially, in the first 
place, first of all. 

lmprobus, a, um, adj. (in ty probus), 
wicked, dishonest, knavish, depra- 



ved, bad, unprincipled ; vile, infa- 
mous ; audacious, impudent. 

Improv'tsus, a, um, adj. (in Sf provisus), 
unforeseen, unlooked for, unthought 
of, unexpected. De improviso, or ex 
improviso, unexpectedly, suddenly, 
on a sudden. 

Imprudentia, a, f. (imprudens, not 
knowing), want of knowledge, ig- 
norance, error, inadvertence, mis- 
take, misapprehension. 

Impudens, lis, adj. (in fy pudens, mod- 
est), shameless, impudent, bare- 
faced. 

Impudentia, a, f. (impudens), shame- 
lessness, impudence, effrontery. 

Impudlcus, a, um, adj. (in fy pudicus, 
modest), unchaste, impudent, im- 
modest, lewd. 

Impugno, are, dvi, atum, a. (in fy pug- 
no), to attack, assail, thwart, oppose, 
impugn. 

Impulsus, us, m. (impello), an impulse. 
Fig. impulse, instigation, incite- 
ment, persuasion. 

Impulsus, a, um,part. (impello), driven, 
impelled ; moved, influenced. 

Impune, adv. (impunis, without pun- 
ishment), without punishment, loss 
or damage, with impunity, safely ; 
without restraint, freely; quietly, 
tamely, without resentment. 

Impunitas, dtis,f. (impunis), impunity, 
security or exemption from punish- 
ment ; remission of punishment, 
pardon. 

ImpunUus, a, um, adj. (in fy puriitus, 
punished), unpunished. 

Impurus, a, um, adj. (in Sfpurus, pure), 
foul, filthy, impure. Fig. base, fla- 
gitious, debauched, wicked, vile, 
contemptible, abandoned. 

In, prep, with ace. § all., % 235, (2). 
With the ace. into, to, unto, towards, 
till, until, for, as, against, according 
to, through, on account of, in re- 
gard to, respecting. With the abl. 
in, upon, among, amidst, within, 



INANIS 



196 



INCREDIBILIS 



at, near, in the number of, over, 
notwithstanding, in the case of, for ; 
concerning, respecting, in regard to. 
It may sometimes he translated by 
when or since, with the addition of 
the substantive verb. In composition, 
see § 195, 6, & % 197, 6. In— ver- 
sus, see Versus. 

Inanis, e, adj., empty, void. Fig. 
vain, frivolous, ostentatious, boast- 
ful, proud. 

Incedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (in ty 
cedo), to walk, go, proceed ; to 
come, arrive ; to approach, advance, 
march ; to walk with an air of con- 
sequence or dignity, strut, go in 
state ; to be, appear ; to come on, 
come upon ; to arise, become prev- 
alent. 

Incendium, i, n., a fire, conflagration. 
Fig. a vehement emotion or pas- 
sion ; danger, calamity, ruin. In- 
cendium meum, the flame which sur- 
rounds me, the fire raised about me : 
from 

Incendo, ere, ndi, nsum, a. {in $• can- 
deo, to glow), to kindle, set fire to, 
burn, consume. Fig. to inflame, 
stir up, instigate, incite, encourage, 
animate, excite ; to vex, incense, 
irritate, provoke. 

Incensus, a, um, part, (incendo), burnt, 
consumed, inflamed. 

Inceptum, i, n. (incipio), a beginning, 
attempt ; enterprise, undertaking, 
design, purpose. 

Inceptus, a, um, part, (incipio), begun, 
commenced, entered upon, enga- 
ged in. 

Incertum, i, n., uncertainty, an uncer- 
tain thing : from 

Incertus, a, um, adj. (in fy certus), un- 
certain, doubtful, dubious ; not man- 
ifest, clear or certain ; at a loss, un- 
decided. In incerio esse or ha- 
bere, to be uncertain. Equi Nu- 
midceque—incerti, quidnam esset, they 
were not manifest, what they were, 



the verb agreeing vjith the predicate f 
§ 209, R. 9 : instead of incertum erat, 
quidnam essent, it was doubtful, &c. 
Maurus incerto vultu, — with anxious 
looks, disturbed countenance. Va- 
gari incertis sedibus, — without a fix- 
ed residence. 

Incessi, see Incedo and Incesso. 

Incesso, ere, cessivi or cessi, a. freq. 
(incedo), to attack, assail, assault, 
seize, take possession of. 

Incessus, us, m. (incedo), a gait, pace, 
walking. 

Inczdo, ere, cidi, n. (in Sf cado), to fall 
into or upon ; to chance, happen. In 
amicitiam ejus inciderat, had chan- 
ced to form a friendship with him. 

Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. fy n. (in 
ty capio), to commence, begin ; to 
attempt, undertake. 

Incito, are, avi, alum, a. freq. (incieo, 
to incite), to incite, hasten or put 
forward ; to stir up, excite, provoke ; 
to encourage, stimulate, incite. 

Incogmtus, a, um, adj. (in ty cognitus), 
unknown. Causa incognita, with- 
out trial, without a hearing. 

Incola, ce, m. fy f, an inhabitant ; a 
resident foreigner : from 

Incolo, ere, colui, cultum, a. ty n. (in 
ty colo), to inhabit, abide, dwell or 
reside in a place. 

Incolumis, e, adj. (in fy columis, safe), 
safe, sound, whole, entire, uninjur- 
ed, unhurt, unharmed, unsubdued. 

Incommodum, i, n. (in fy commodum), 
inconvenience, disadvantage, detri- 
ment, loss, damage. 

Inconsulte, adv. (inconsultus, in consid- 
erate), inconsiderately, imprudently, 
rashly, injudiciously, foolishly, in- 
discreetly. 

Incorruptus, a, um, adj. (in fy corrup- 
tus), incorrupt, incorruptible, im- 
perishable ; pure, uncorrupted, un- 
bribed, uninjured. 

Incredibtlis, e, adj. (in fy credibilis), in- 
credible, improbable, wonderful, 



INCREPO 



197 



INERMIS 



strange. Incredibile memoratu, won- 
derful to tell or relate. 

Incrtpo, are, dvi, dtum, fy ui, itum, a. 
(in fy crepo, to sound), to sound, re- 
sound. Fig. to chide, blame, re- 
buke, reprove, upbraid, censure, as- 
sail, reproach; to urge on, stimu- 
late. 

Incruentus, a, um, adj. (in fy cruen- 
tus), bloodless, without bloodshed or 
slaughter. Exercitu incruenlo, with- 
out loss. 

Inculte, adv. % plainly, rudely. Agere 
inculte, to live rudely : from 

Incultus, us, m. (in fy cullus), neglect, 
want of cultivation ; filth. 

Incultus, a, um, adj. (in Sf cultus, cul- 
tivated), uncultivated, uninhabited, 
desert. Fig. rude, uncouth, unpol- 
ished, without cultivation or refine- 
ment. 

Incurro, ere, curri, fy cucurri, cursum, 
a. fy n. (in § curro, to run), to run 
into, upon or against ; to rush, rush 
upon, attack. 

Incurvus, a, um, adj. (in fy curvus, 
crooked), crooked, bending, curved. 

Inde, adv., thence, from thence, from 
that, therefrom, from that place; 
from that time, then, next, after- 
wards, thenceforth. 

Indemnatus, a, um, adj. (in fy damna- 
tus), uncondemned, untried, un- 
heard, without a trial. 

Index, ids, m. § f. (indico), a dis- 
coverer, discloser, informer, wit- 
ness. 

Indicium, i, n. (index), a discovery, 
evidence, proof, information, dis- 
closure, testimony. Indicium pro- 
fiteri, to make a disclosure, turn in- 
former or state's evidence. Indi- 
cium patefacere, a pleonastic expres- 
sion, instead of indicium facere. 

Indico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in § dico, to 
give), to show, discover, disclose, 
inform, give evidence or informa- 
tion, reveal, tell. 

17* 



Indigens, tis, part., wanting, indigent, 
needy, defective, deficient : from 

Indlgeo, ere, ui, n. (in, § 197, 6, fy 
egeo), to want, need, stand in need 
of, require. 

Indignor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to scorn, 
disdain, be displeased with, incens- 
ed, indignant : from 

Indignus, a, um, adj. (in $ dignus), 
unworthy, undeserving; unbecom- 
ing, shameful, unsuitable, unfit, in- 
appropriate, improper. In connec- 
tion with words denoting crime or 
suffering, innocent, not deserving 
punishment, worthy, deserving bet- 
ter things. 

Inditus, a, um, part. : from 

Indo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (in fy do), to 
put, put into, set upon ; to give, ap- 
ply- 

Indoctus, a, um, adj. (in fy doctus), un- 
taught, unlearned, ignorant, unedu- 
cated, without learning. 

Inducice or Indutiai, drum, f pi. (in- 
duo, to put on), a truce or cessation 
from hostilities, suspension of arms, 
armistice. Inducias agitare, see Agi- 
to. Per inducias, during an armis- 
tice. 

Induco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in ty duco), to 
lead or bring in, lead into, intro- 
duce. Fig. to induce, persuade. 
In animum inducere, to bring, in- 
duce or persuade one's self, re- 
solve. 

Inductus, a, um, part, (induco). 

Industria, ce, f, industry, diligence, 
activity : from 

Industrius, a, um, adj., industrious, 
prompt, active, assiduous, diligent. 

Inedia, ce,f (in ty edo, to eat), want of 
food, hunger, fasting. 

Ineo, tre, wi, Hum, irr. n. fy a. (in fy 
eo), to go into, enter ; to commence, 
begin, enter upon. 

Inermis, e, fy Inermus, a, um, adj. (in 
ty arma), without arms, -unarmed> 
defenceless. 



INERS 



198 



INHONESTUS 



Insrs, tis, adj. (in fy ars), without 
art ; slothful, indolent, inactive, 
lazy. 

Inertia, &, f (iners), unskilfulness ; 
sloth, idleness, laziness, inactivity, 
sluggishness, indolence. 

Infectus, a, um, adj. (in fyfactus), not 
done, undone, not made, unaccom- 
plished, unperformed ; impractica- 
ble. Infecio negotio, or infectis re- 
bus, without accomplishing one's 
purpose. 

Infecius, a, um, part, (inficio), dyed, 
stained, colored. 

Infecundus, a, urn. adj. (in ty fecun- 
dus, fruitful), unfruitful, barren, un- 
productive. 

Infelix, wis, adj. (in fyfelix), unhap- 
py, miserable, wretched, unfortun- 
ate ; barren, unfruitful. 

Infensus, a, um, adj., angry, displeas- 
ed, enraged, hostile. 

Inftro, ferre, intuli, iilatum, irr. a. (in 
Sffero), to bring or carry into, intro- 
duce ; to bring upon. Inferrehel- 
lum, to wage war, carry on war, 
make war upon. Inferre signa, to 
carry the standards against (the en- 
emy), advance or march against the 
enemy, to advance. 

Inferus, a, um, adj., below, beneath, 
underneath; Inferi, drum, m., the 
infernal regions, the infernal gods, 
the shades, the dead, who were sup- 
posed to live in a lower world, spread 
out beneath the surface of the earth. 
Comp. Inferior, lower, inferior. Sup. 
Infimus, lowest ; last ; meanest, 
poorest, basest, humblest, worst. 

Infestus, a, um, adj., act., hostile to, un- 
friendly, inimical, at enmity with : 
pass., hateful, odious ; infested, an- 
noyed. Infesta signa, hostile stand- 
ards, standards directed against the 
enemy. 

Inficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (in ty fa- 
cia), to stain, dye, color, tinge. 

Infldus, a, um, adj. (in fy jidus), un- 



faithful, faithless, false, treacherous, 
perfidious. 

Infimus, see Infer us. 

Infirutus, a, um, adj. (in fyfindus, lim- 
ited), infinite, endless, immense, 
boundless. 

lnfrmitas, alis, f, weakness, feeble- 
ness, infirmity, frailty : from 

Infirmus, a, um, adj. (in ty firmus), 
weak, feeble, infirm ; faint-hearted. 
Injirmissimum genus, the feeblest 
class, sc. the women and children. 

Infra, prep, with ace. $ adv., below, 
under, beneath. 

Ingenium, i, n. (in § geno, to beget), 
nature, genius, quality ; natural dis- 
position, character, feelings, tem- 
perament, heart, temper, manner, 
way ; natural capacity, genius, un- 
derstanding, talents, parts, abilities, 
mind, intellect, intellectual powers 
or faculties; counsel, advice. In- 
tendere ingenium or animum, to ap- 
ply the mind, employ the under- 
standing, exercise the judgment. 

Ingens, tis, adj., great, large, huge, 
vast ; prodigious, immense, enor- 
mous ; powerful, mighty, great, im- 
portant. 

Ingenuus, a, um, adj., (ingeno, to im- 
plant by nature), native, natural ; 
free-born, born of parents who had 
never been slaves, liberal, honora- 
ble, gentlemanly. 

Ingero, ere, gessi, gestum, a. (in § ge- 
ro), to carry or put into ; to throw, 
cast, hurl or heap upon. 

Ingratus, a, um, adj. (in ty gratus), un- 
pleasant, disagreeable, offensive ; 
ungrateful, unthankful. 

Ingredior, i, gressus sum, dep. (in fy 
gradior, to step), to enter, go into ; 
to walk, go, advance, proceed ; to 
enter upon, set out ; to commence, 
begin. Eadem ingrediens, com- 
mencing the same course, pursuing 
the same measures. 

Inhonestus, a, um, adj. (in fy konestus), 



INIMICITIA 



199 



INS0L1TUS 



dishonorable, disgraceful, shameful, 
base. 
Inimicitia. ce, /., enmity, hostility: 

from 
Inim'tcus, a, um, adj. (in fy amicus), in- 
imical, hostile, unfriendly. Inimi- 
cus, i, m., an enemy, a private ene- 
my, in distinction from hostis, a pub- 
lic enemy. 
Iniquitas, atis,f, inequality, uneven- 
ness, steepness, disadvantageous 
nature ; difficulty, disadvantage ; 
injustice, oppression, unfairness : 
from 
huquus, a, um, adj. (in fy cequus), un- 
equal, uneven ; hard, difficult ; dis- 
advantageous, unfavorable ; unjust, 
unfair, partial, unreasonable. 
Initium, i, n. (ineo), a commencement, 
beginning, origin. Initio, abl, in 
the beginning, at first, originally. 
Initium agendi facer e, to commence 
action. 
Injuria, ce, f, (injurius, unjust), inju- 
ry, wrong, injustice ; damage, detri- 
ment, hurt, harm. Facere injuriam, 
to inflict injury. 
Injussu, abl. § 94, (in ty jussu), with- 
out orders, without leave. 
Injuste, adv., unjustly, wrongfully, 

injuriously : from 
Injustus, a, um, adj. (in ty Justus), un- 
just, wrongful, unreasonable ; op- 
pressive. 
Innocens, tis, adj. (in fy nocens), inno- 
cent, faultless, harmless, guiltless, 
blameless ; disinterested, upright, 
free from rapacity or avarice. 
Innocentia, ce,f. (innocens), innocence, 
integrity, probity ; disinterested- 
ness, freedom from rapacity or ava- 
rice. 
Innoxius, a, um, adj. (in fy noxius), act., 
harmless, innocent, inoffensive, 
blameless, innoxious ; pass., safe, 
unhurt. 
Inopia, ce, f, want, indigence, need, 
poverty, scarcity, lack : from 



Inops, opis, adj. (in fy ops), poor, nee- 
dy, indigent, necessitous, destitute, 
helpless, powerless. 

Inprlmis, see Imprimis. 

Inquilinus, i, m. (incolo), one who lodg- 
es in a hired house ; a renter, ten- 
ant ; a stranger, denizen. Also adj> 
immigrant, naturalized. 

Insatiabilis, e, adj. (in ty satio, to sa- 
tiate), insatiable. 

Insequor, i, cuius sum, dep. (in fy se- 
quor), to follow, pursue, follow close 
after, press upon, urge. 

Insidice, arum, f pi. (insideo), an am- 
bush, ambuscade ; lying in wait, 
snares, treachery. Insidias alicui 
tender e or facere, to lay snares for, 
to form plots against. 

Insidians, tis, (insidior), lying in wait, 
lying in ambush. 

lnsididtor, oris, m., a lier in wait, lier 
in ambush : from 

Insidior, ari, atus sum, dep. (insidice), 
to lie in wait, lie in ambush, lay 
snares for, plot against. 

Insigne, is, n. (insignis, distinguished), 
a badge, mark of distinction, sign, 
ensign. Insignia, pi., badges or in- 
signia of office ; e. g. the axes and 
rods, ivory seat, the prcetexta or robe 
of office, &c. 

Insblens, tis, adj. (in fy soleo), unac- 
customed to, ignorant of; insolent, 
arrogant, haughty, presumptuous. 

Insolentia, ce, f (insolens), unusual- 
ness, uncommonness, unusual na- 
ture or character, novelty, strange- 
ness, strange behavior ; excess, ex- 
travagance ; pride, haughtiness, in- 
solence, arrogance, vanity. Per in- 
solentiam, extravagantly, excessive- 

ly. 

Insolesco, ere, n. inc. (in § soleo), to 
grow haughty or insolent. 

Insolitus, a, um, adj. (in 6f solitus), 
§213, R. 1, (2), unaccustomed to, 
unacquainted with ; strange, extra- 
ordinary, unusual, unwonted. 



INSOMNIA 



200 



INTERDUM 



Insomnia, a, f. (insomnis, wanting 
sleep), want of sleep, watching, 
waking. 

Insons, tis, adj. (in ty sons), innocent, 
guiltless, unoffending. 

Instans, tis, part, (insto). 

Insfituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in fy statuo), 
to plant, place, appoint, institute; 
to construct, build, make, form ; to 
pronounce, declare, make, appoint; 
to establish, introduce, ordain, de- 
termine ; to begin, commence ; to 
teach, instruct, bring or train up, 
educate, direct ; to decree ; to or- 
der, regulate. 

Institution, i, n. (instituo), a purpose, 
object, subject, plan, design, princi- 
ple ; a custom, practice, institution, 
fashion, manners. 

Insto, are, stiti, n. (in fy sto, to stand), 
to stand in, over, or upon ; to be 
near or at hand, draw nigh, impend, 
approach, threaten; to push or press 
upon, urge, harass, assail. 

Instructus, a, um, part, (instruo), set 
in order, arranged, marshalled, fur- 
nished, equipped, accoutred,* provi- 
ded, prepared. 

Instrumentum, i, n., furniture, an uten- 
sil, implement, instrument ; bag- 
gage, apparatus ; means, assistance, 
aid. Instrumenta militia?, munitions 
of w T ar : from 

Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (in ty struo, 
to build), to construct, build ; to set 
in order, dispose, arrange ; to draw- 
up in battle array, marshal ; to pre- 
pare, furnish, provide, equip, fit out, 
accoutre. 

Insuesco, ere, evi, etum, a. fy n. (in fy 
suesco, to become accustomed), to 
be accustomed, be in the habit of. 

lnsum, esse, fui, irr. n. (in fy sum), to 
be in. 

lnsuper, adv. (in &f super), upon, 
above ; from above ; besides, more- 
over. 

Intactus, a, um, adj. (in ty tactus, touch- 



ed), untouched, unhurt, unattempt- 
ed. Bellum intactum, — not begun. 

Integer, gra, grum, adj., whole, entire, 
undiminished ; strong, vigorous, 
fresh, unimpaired ; pure, spotless ; 
unhurt, uninjured ; untouched, un- 
discussed, undetermined, unsettled, 
undecided, open; upright, honest, 
virtuous. De integro, afresh, anew. 

Integritas, atis,f (integer), soundness; 
integrity, uprightness, probity, hon- 
esty. 

Intelligo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (inter fy le- 
go), to understand, comprehend, 
know, perceive, see. 

Intempestus, a, um, adj. (in fy tempes- 
tus, seasonable), unseasonable. In- 
tempesta nox, midnight, the dead of 
night. 

Intendo, ere, di, turn ty sum, a. (in fy 
tendo), to bend, stretch; to increase, 
augment. Intendere ojjicia, to go 
beyond or exceed one's duty, to do 
more than is required : — to direct, 
turn, apply. Intendere or intendere 
animum, to turn one's self, turn 
one's mind, direct one's attention, 
set one's heart upon ; to intend ; to 
strive, exert one's self; to aim, 
point. Intendere or iter intendere, 
to bend, turn or direct one's course. 

Intentus, a, um, part, fy adj. (intendo), 
stretched, bent; intent upon, fixed, 
attentive, occupied with, bent on ; 
vehement, forcible ; watchful, on 
the alert. It is followed by the da- 
tive or by the ablative, either with or 
without in. 

Inter, prep, (in), with the ace. between, 
betwixt, among, amongst, amid, 

. amidst: in, at, during, within; 
above, before. Inter se, mutually, 
to or with one another or each oth- 
er, together. Procul or longe inter 
se, far from each other. Diversi in- 
ter se, opposite to one another. 

Interdum, adv. (inter fy dum), some- 
times, now and then, occasionally 



INTEREMPTUS 



201 



INVICTUS 



Interemptus, a, um, part, (interimo), 
slain, killed, destroyed. 

Inter eo, ire, ii, Hum, irr. n. (inter fy eo), 
to perish, be destroyed, be slain, 
die. 

Interfectus, a, um, part. : from 

Interficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (inter fy 
facto), to kill, slay, murder, put to 
death, -destroy. 

Interim, adv. (inter), in the mean 
time, meanwhile, in the meanwhile, 
in the interim. 

Interimo, ere, emi, emptum, (inter ty 
emo), to take away; to kill, slay, 
murder, destroy. 

Inter iturus, a, um, part, (intereo). 

Internuntius, i, m. (inter Sf nuntius), a 
messenger that goes between two 
parties, an internuncio, interposer, 
go-between, common or mutual 
friend, or adviser. 

Interpello, are, avi, atum, a. (inter fy 
pello, obs.), to interrupt ; to hinder, 
disturb, prevent, stop, obstruct ; to 
prevent as tribune by a veto. 

Interpono, ere, posui, posttum, a. (inter 
fy pono), to interpose, put in be- 
tween. Interponere fidem, to pledge 
one's credit, to engage one's word 
or honor, pledge his faith or word 
of honor. 

Interpositus, a, um, part, (interpono), 
interposed, pledged. 

Interpres, etis, m. fy f, a mediator, 
umpire, arbitrator, agent ; an ex- 
plainer, translator, interpreter, dra- 
goman. 

Interpretatus, a, um, part, pass., inter- 
preted, explained, translated, § 162, 
17. 

Interpretor, ari, atus sum, dep. (inter- 
pres), to interpret, expound, ex- 
plain. 

Interrogatus, a, um, part. : from 

Interrogo, are, avi, atum, a. (inter fy 
rogo), to ask, question, inquire, in- 
terrogate ; to examine, accuse, 
charge, prosecute, try. 



Intervallum, i, n. (inter ty vallus, a pal- 
isade), a space, interval, distance. 

Intervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. (inter 
fy venio), to come upon or between ; 
to interfere, intervene ; to interrupt, 
stand in the way, be opposed. 

Intestabilis, e, adj. (in 6f testabilis, that 
may testifjO, not permitted to give 
evidence in a court of law, execra- 
ble, detestable, odious, infamous. 

IntesUnus, a, um, adj. (intus, within), 
internal, inward, intestine, civil, 
domestic. 

Intolerandus, a, um, adj. (in § toleran- 
dus), not to be borne or endured, 
intolerable, insufferable. 

Intra, prep, with the ace, within, in. 
Also adv., within. 

Intro, are, avi, atum, a., to go into, en- 
ter, penetrate ; to come over, pass 
within. 

Introduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (intro, with- 
in, 4" duco), to bring or lead in, con- 
duct within, introduce. 

Introeo, ire, ii, irr. n. (intro fy eo), to 
enter, go into. 

Intueor, eri, itus sum, dep. (in fy tueor), 
to look at, gaze upon, behold. 

Inultus, a, um, adj. (in fy ultus), unre- 
venged; unpunished, with impunity. 

Invado, ere, si, sum, n. fy a. (in fy va- 
do), to go into, enter, fall upon, in- 
vade, attack, assail, rush against or 
upon ; to seize, seize upon, lay hold 
of, take possession of. 

Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. (in fy ve- 
nio), to find, find out, meet with, 
discover, ascertain ; to contrive, de- 
vise, invent; to acquire, gain, get, 
procure ; to detect, bring to light. 

Inventus, a, um, part, (invenio). 

Inversus, a, um, part., turned upside 
down, inverted : from 

Inverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (in § verto), to 
turn upside down, invert. 

Invictus, a, um, adj. (in ty victus), un- 
conquered, unsubdued, invincible, 
unconquerable. 



INVIDEO 



202 



ITER 



Invideo, ere, vidi, visum, n. fy a. (in § 
video), to envy, grudge, deny, re- 
fuse. Fortuna virtuti invidet, — de- 
nies success — . 
Invidia, ce, /., envy, jealousy, hatred, 
ill-will, spite, malice, odium, blame, 
dislike, popular odium, unpopular- 
ity. Invidics alicui esse, to serve as 
a reproach, to cause him to be odi- 
ous. In invidia esse, to be odious : 
from 
Invidus, a, urn, adj. (invideo), envious, 

invidious, malignant, spiteful. 
Inviolalus, a, urn, adj. (in fy violates, 
injured), inviolate, unhurt, unin- 
jured, irreproachable, pure, immac- 
ulate, unpolluted, unbroken. 
Invisus, a, um, adj. (in $ visus), not 
seen, unseen. Also, from invideo, 
odious, hateful, hated, offensive, 
disliked, detested. 
Invito, are, avi, atum, a., to invite, 

ask, bid. 
Invdus, a, um, adj., unwilling, reluc- 
tant, against one's will. 
Ipse, a, um, gen. ipsius, $ 135, & $ 283, 
I, Exc. 4, adj. pro., himself, herself, 
itself; or, he himself, &c. ; also, he, 
she, it ; with ego or tu, expressed or 
understood, myself, thyself. Of its 
use when joined with substantive pro- 
nouns used rejiexively, as parum tuta 
per se ipsa probitas, see § 207, R. 28. 
Ipse sometimes signifies, in himself, 
&c, personally, as, Duo imperato- 
res,—ipsi pares ; also, in itself, of 
itself; as, Natura serpentium ipsa 
perniciosa, ski accenditur. 
Ira, ce, f, anger, displeasure, wrath, 

passion, ire, rage, resentment. 
lracundia, ce, f. (iracundus, irascible), 
hastiness of temper, irascibility ; 
anger, wrath, passion. 
Irascor, i, dep. (ira), to be an'gry, dis- 
pleased, influenced by anger or re- 
sentment. 
Iratus, a, um, adj. (ira), angry, dis- 
pleased, enraged. 






Ire, pres. inf. of Eo. 
Irritamenium, i, n. (irflto, to irritate), 
an incitement, incentive, induce- 
ment, encouragement, provocation. 
Irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a. (in $ 
rumpo, to break), to break in, enter 
or rush in by force, burst in or 
into. 
Is, ea, id, gen. ejus, adj. pro. $ 134, he, 
she, it; this or that man, &c, the 
same ; such, such a one, that kind 
of person or thing ; eo, dbl. n., on 
that account, therefore, for this or 
that purpose ; for in eo loco, there ; 
with comparatives, so much, by so 
much, the. 
Isse, perf inf. of Eo. 
Iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem. pro. 
$134, &$233, T, Exc. 4, this, that, 
he, she, it, $207, R. 23, & 25. 
Ita, adv. (is), so, even so, so truly, so 
certainly, thus, in this manner, in 
such a manner ; so much, to such a 
degree, such ; therefore. It is some- 
times used redundantly, or by way of 
apposition, before a clause, in a man- 
ner similar to id, $206, (13). 
Italia, ce, f, Italy. 

Itaticus, a, um, adj. (Italia), Italian. 
Italici, drum, m., Italians, the in- 
habitants of all parts of Italy, ex- 
cept Gallia Cisalpina, and Latium. 
Itaque, conj. (ita $ que), therefore, 

then ; and so, and thus. 
Ite, etc., see Eo. 

Item, adv., also, likewise, in like man- 
ner. Ipse armatus intentusque, item 
milites cogebat,— likewise compelled 
the soldiers to be armed — . 
Iter, itineris, n., a going along ; a jour- 
ney, way, march, rout, road, path, 
course, method, "plan. Ex itinere, 
in itinere, and itinere, on the way, 
on the journey. Iter facer e, to go, 
march, travel. Iter per gere, to con- 
tinue, pursue, prosecute—. Magnis 
itineribus, by forced marches, with 
all speed. Iter transversum, a cross 



ITERUM 



203 



JULIUS 



road, a transverse course. Itinere 

transverso, at right angles. 
Iterum, adv., again, a second time, 

anew. 
Itum, see Eo. 
JturuSy a, um, part. (eo). 



Jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, a., to throw, 
cast, fling, hurl; to throw or cast 
up, raise, erect, place. Fig. to 
throw out a remark, say, remark 
casually, observe. 
Jaculor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to throw 
a javelin, throw, dart, cast, fling, 
hurl, shoot: from 
Jaculum, i, n. (jacio), a javelin, dart. 
Jam, adv., now, immediately, pres- 
ently, instantly, directly ; even ; 
before ; then ; already. Jam antea, 
long before, sometime ago, already. 
Jam inde, all along. Jam inde a 
principio, from the very beginning. 
Jam jam, just now, instantly, now 
truly. Jampridem, long, long ago, 
long since, for a long time. Jam 
primum, in the first place, now first, 
now first of all. Jam turn, even 
then. 
Jampridem, adv., see Jam. 
Janua, a,f., a gate, door, entrance. 
Januarius, a, um, adj. (Janus), of or 
pertaining to the month of January. 
Januarice Calendar, the first of Jan- 
uary. 
Jocus, i, m. in pi. joci fyjoca, % 92, 2, a 
joke, jest ; wit, raillery ; humor, 
pleasantry. Movere jocum, to ex- 
cite mirth, cause merriment. 
Jovis, see Jupiter. 

Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, a., to order, 
bid, command, charge, enjoin ; to 
choose, elect, appoint, decree, as- 
sign ; to ratify, approve. Roga- 
tionem jubere, to vote for a bill, to 
enact a law. Pass, impers., ut jus- 
sum erat, as had been commanded. 



Jucundus, a, um, adj. (juvo), pleasant, 
agreeable,delightful, grateful, pleas- 
ing, joyful. 

Judicium, i, n. (judex, a judge), judg- 
ment; a trial, sentence, decision; 
judicial power ; a court of justice ; 
a suit or action at law, a law-suit, 
legal process, legal remedy or re- 
dress ; judgment, opinion, belief. 
Mutare judicium, animi, to alter one's 
purpose or design. Judicium sum- 
mum, supreme or unlimited juris- 
diction. 

Judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (jus fy dico), 
to judge, give judgment, pass sen- 
tence, determine, decide ; to de- 
clare, pronounce. 

Jugis, e, adj., perpetual, continual, 
never failing, perennial. Jugis aqua, 
a fountain, spring. 

Jugulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (jugulum, 
the throat), to cut the throat, butch- 
er, kill, slay, murder. 

Jugum, i, n., a yoke. In military lan- 
guage, a yoke, a frame consisting of 
two spears placed erect, and a third 
laid transversely upon them, under 
which vanquished enemies were 
sometimes made to pass in a crouch- 
ing posture, as a mark of dis- 
grace. 

Jugurtha, ce, m., a son of Manastabal, 
and adopted son of Micipsa king of 
Numidia. After murdering Adher- 
bal and Hiempsal, sons of Micipsa, 
he became sole king of Numidia, 
and for a long time waged war with 
various success against the Ro- 
mans. He was finally taken cap- 
tive by Marius, and after gracing 
the triumph of the conquerer, per- 
ished in the prison in*which the as- 
sociates of Catiline were subse- 
quently put to death. 

Jugurthlnus, a, um, adj. (Jugurtha), 
relating to Jugurtha, Jugurthine. 

Julius, i, m. (C), a confederate of Cat- 
iline. 



JUMENTUM 



204 



LACERO 



Jumentum, i, n. (jungo, to join), a beast 
of burden, pack-horse. 

Junius, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to 
the month of June. Calendar Ju- 
nice, the Calends of June. 

Junius, i, ?n., a Roman name, see Si- 
lanus. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m., % 85, Jupiter or Jove, 
a son of Saturn, and chief of the 
Greek and Roman gods. 

Jurgium, i, n. (jurgo, to quarrel), a 
dispute, quarrel, altercation, strife, 
contention, personal or private ani- 
mosity ; a brawling, chiding ; slan- 
der, scandal. 

Juro, are, avi, atum, n. fy a., to swear, 
take an oath, make oath : from 

Jus, juris, n., right, law, reason, jus- 
tice, that which is conformable to 
law; the laws ; a court of justice ; 
a sentence, judgment; state, condi- 
tion ; power, authority ; leave, li- 
cense. Jure, justly, reasonably, 
of course, also by law, according to 
law. Jus bonumque, what is just 
and useful. Jus fasque, human and 
divine laws. Jus liberlatis, the rights 
of freedom, or the privileges of free 
citizens. Jus nullum, the total ab- 
sence of justice. 

Jusjurandum, i, n., § 91, (jus fy juran- 
dum, an oath), an oath. 

Jussu, all., % 94, (jubeo), by command. 
Sinejussu, without command. 

Jussum, i, n. (jubeo), an order, com- 
mand, charge. Jussa efficere, to ex- 
ecute — . 

Jussus, a, um,part. (jubeo). 

Justitia, (B, f, justice, impartiality : 
clemency, mercy, uprightness, prob- 
ity : from 

Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, upright, 
virtuous; mild, clement; just, equi- 
table ; suitable, merited, due, rea- 
sonable, proper ; lawful ; justa, 
drum, n., funeral rites, obsequies. 

Juvaturus, a, um, part, (juvo), § 165. 

Juventus, utis, f, (juvtnis, a youth), 



youth, younger days, the age of 
youth; the youth, young persons, 
young men. 

Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a., to help, aid, 
assist, succor, profit, benefit ; to 
please, delight, amuse ; imp., it de- 
lights. Diis juvantibus, with the 
blessing of heaven. 

Juxta, adv., nigh, near, by, hard by : 
equally, alike. Juxta ac, just as, 
equally as. Juxta ac si, just as if, 
just as though. Juxta mecum, equal- 
ly with me, as well as L 



L. 



L., an abbreviation of the pramomen 
Lucius. 

Labor, i, lapsus sum, dep., to fall gen- 
tly, glide down, descend. Fig. to 
fall into a mistake, err, falter, go 
wrong, miss. 

Labor fy Labos, oris, m., labor, toil, 
fatigue, activity, industry. Fig. dis- 
tress, hardship, trouble, misfortune, 
difficulty. The form labos occurs 
more frequently in Sallust than la- 
bor. 

Laboro, are, avi, atum, n. fy a. (labor), 
to labor, be oppressed with toil or 
fatigue; to be in want, trouble, dif- 
ficulty, or distress ; to be hard press- 
ed ; to maintain one's ground with 
difficulty ; to strive, struggle, labor 
for, do one's utmost to effect, try to 
obtain, strive to accomplish. 

Lac, lactis, n., milk. 

Lacedcemon, dnis,f, Lacedemon, oth- 
erwise called Sparta, a celebrated 
city of Peloponnesus, the capital of 
Laconia. 

Lacedcemonius, a, um, adj. (Lacedce- 
mon), Lacedemonian, Spartan. La- 
cedcemonii, drum, m., the Lacedemo- 
nians or Spartans. 

Lacero, are, avi, atum, a. (lacer, maim- 
ed), to maim, mangle ; to rend, tear, 
lacerate ; to waste, squander, con- 



LACESSITUS 



205 



LATINUS 



sume, dissipate ; to revile, defame, 
rail at, asperse, censure ; to tor- 
ment, afflict. 

Lacess'dus, a, um, part., provoked, 
roused, irritated, exasperated : from 

Lacesso, ere, 2vi, itum, a., to pro- 
voke, challenge, irritate, exasper- 
ate, excite ; to rouse, stimulate, as- 
sail. 

Lacryma, &,f, a tear. 

Lacrymo, ty Lacfimo, are, avi, alum, 
n. (lacryma), to weep, shed tears. 

Lceca, a, m. {M. Porcius), a Roman 
senator confederate with Catiline. 

Lcedo, ere, si, sum, a., to hurt, harm, 
injure, offend, annoy; to asperse, 
slander, defame, reproach, rail at, 
censure, inveigh against, assail. 

Latandus, a, um, part, pass., (l&tor), 
to be rejoiced at. 

Latitia, ce, /., (Icetus), joy, gladness, 
mirth, joy fulness, exultation. 

Lcetor, art, atus sum, dep., to rejoice, 
be glad or joyful ; to rejoice at or 
on account of; to be delighted with, 
take delight in : from 

Latus, a, um, adj., glad, joyful, cheer- 
ful, joyous; ready, willing; pleas- 
ed, satisfied, content ; pleasing, ac- 
ceptable ; favorable ; fruitful. Lceti 
pacem agitabamus, we enjoyed the 
delights of peace. Agere Icetus, to 
be joyful. 

Lcevus, a, um, adj., left, on the left 
side. LcBva, ce, f, sc. manus, the 
left hand, the left side. Ad Icevam, 
on or towards the left. 

Lancea, ce.f, a lance, spear, javelin, 
pike, dart. 

Langueo, ere, ui, n., to languish, be 
sick, feeble or faint, fade, droop, be- 
come weak or languid, grow dull 
or heavy, remiss, inactive or list- 
less ; to be wanting in spirit or en- 
ergy. 

Languidus. a, um, adj. (langueo), 
faint, languid, weak, feeble, listless, 
inactive, remiss, dull, sick. 

18 



Lapideus, a, um, adj., of stone, stony : 
from 

Lapis, idis, m., a stone. 

Lapsus, a, um, part, (labor). 

Laqueus, i, m., a noose, halter, cord, 
snare. Laqueo gulam frangere, to 
strangle. 

Lar, laris, m., a household god, a god 
who presided over the house and 
family, and to whom the hearth was 
consecrated, a guardian god who 
presided over all inhabited places. 
Fig. lar or lar familiaris, a house, 
home. 

Lares, ium, f. pi., a towTi of Af- 
rica. 

Largior, ~iri, Itus sum, dep. (largus, 
abundant), to give in abundance, 
bestow largely, lavish ; to give, 
grant, give away; to make pres- 
ents, give largesses, bribe. 

Largiter, adv. (largus), largely, plen- 
tifully, freely, lavishly. 

Largitio, onis, f (largior), a giving 
freely, bountifulness, liberality ; 
largesses ; bribery, corruption, a 
bribe ; profusion, prodigality. 

Largltor, oris, m. (largior), a profuse 
spender, liberal giver; a briber. 

Lascivia, ce,f. (lasc'ivus, wanton), pet- 
ulance, licentiousness ; wanton- 
ness, playfulness, relaxation, gaye- 
ty, sportiveness, love of amuse- 
ment ; lasciviousness. 

Lassitudo, inis.f., weariness, fatigue, 
lassitude : from 

Lassus, a, um, adj., weary, tired, 
faint. 

Late, adv. (latus, wide), widely, ex- 
tensively, far and wide. Late ire, 
to march widely extended. 

Latijie, adv., after the manner of the 
Latins ; in the Latin tongue, in 
Latin : from 

Latlnus, a, um, adj. (Latium, a coun- 
try of Italy), of or belonging to La- 
tium, Latin. Nomen Latinum, Lat- 
ins, inhabitants of Latium. 



LATITUDO 



206 



LENITER 



Latitudo, mis, f. (laius), breadth, 
width, large extent ; a broad tract. 

Latro, onis, m., a life-guard : a mer- 
cenary ; a marauder, bandit, high- 
wayman, robber. 

Latrocinium, i, n. (latrocinor, to rob), 
robbery, highway-robbery, piracy ; 
fraud, artifice, stratagem, violence ; 
an attack of banditti, a contest with 
robbers. 

Latus, a, um, part. (fero). 

Latus, eris, n., the side, flank, ribs. 
Ab latere, from the side ; also, in the 
flank ; near, at one's side. Ex or 
a lateribus, on the sides or flanks. 

Laudo, are, am, dtum, a., to praise, 
commend, extol ; to esteem, prize, 
value : from 

Laus, dis.fi, praise, commendation; 
glory, honor; fame, renown. 

Laxe, adv., loosely, slackly, widely, 
openly. Sperans Romanos laxius 
futuros, — would be more free from 
restraint, disorderly. For this use 
of the adverb in the predicate, see 
Sum : from 

Laxus, a, um, adj., loose, large, open, 
spacious, wide, slack, lax. Laxius 
imperium, 4ess severe, less strict, 
more indulgent. 

Lectus, i, m., a bed or couch. 

Lectus, a, um, part, fy adj. (lego), cho- 
sen, selected, choice. 

Legatio, dnis.fi (lego, are), an embas- 
sy, lieutenancy, legation, the office 
of an ambassador or lieutenant ; 
persons sent on an embassy, am- 
bassadors. 

Legdtus, i, m. {lego, are), an ambassa- 
dor, envoy, legate, commissioner ; 
a lieutenant, deputy, lieutenant- 
general ; the governor of a con- 
quered province. 

Legio, onis, f (lego, ere), a legion, a 
body of soldiers consisting of ten 
cohorts. The number of soldiers in 
a legion was different at different pe- 
riods of the Roman state, having 



originally consisted of three thou* 
sand foot and three hundred horse T 
which number was gradually enlar- 
ged to four, five, or six thousand ex- 
clusive of cavalry. In every legion 
there were three classes of soldiers, 
called the hastati, principes and tria- 
rii or pilani. Each class contained 
ten companies (ordines), and the 
same number of centurions, The 
centurion who led the first company 
of the principes, as well as the com- 
pany itself, was called primus prin- 
ceps, the second secundus, fyc. In 
like manner among the hastati and 
the pilani, the first centurion was 
called primus hastatus and primus 
pilus or centurio primi pili. As the 
triarii constituted the class highest in 
rank, the centurio primi pili held the 
first rank among the centurions of a 
legion : — an army. 

Legionarius, a, um, adj. (legio), of a 
legion, legionary. 

Legitimus, a, um, adj. (lex), according 
to law, appointed by law, legal, 
lawful, right, just, legitimate, con- 
stitutional. 

Lego, are, avi, atum, a., to send as an 
ambassador, depute, despatch ; to 
appoint as lieutenant. Legare sibi 
aliquem, to choose for one's deputy 
or lieutenant. 

Lego, ere, legi, ledum, a., to collect, 
gather, cull, pick up ; to run over, 
read, peruse ; to choose, select, elect. 

Lenio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. (lenis, soft), to 
soften, mitigate, calm, alleviate, as- 
suage, allay, appease, propitiate, 
pacify, lessen, diminish, soothe, ex- 
tenuate. Lenire inopiam frumenti, 
to compensate, make amends for, 
cause to be less felt. 

Leriiter, adv. (lenis), gently, softly, 
sweetly, mildly, placidly, calmly; 
remissly, inactively. Lenius agere, 
to act (i. e. to prosecute the attack) 
with less vigor. 



LENTULUS 



207 



LICENTER 



Lentulus, i, m. (P. Cornelius Lentulus 
Sura), a Roman senator who took 
a prominent part in the conspiracy 
of Catiline. He was at that time 
a praetor, and had once been con- 
sul. He married the sister of L. 
Cassar. See also Spinther. 

Leo, onis, m., a lion. 

Lepidus, ?', m. (31 JEmilius), a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 633. 

Lepor, ty Lepos, oris, m., mirth, wit, 
humor, faeetiousness, grace, ele- 
gance. 

Leptis, is,/., Leptis, the name of two 
towns in Africa, one near Hadry- 
metum, sometimes called Leptis 
minor, the other between the Syr- 
tes, called also Leptis major and 
Neapolis. 

Leptitani, drum, m. pi., the inhabitants 
of Leptis. 

Levis, e, adj., light, of little weight ; 
small, little, slight ; trifling, trivial, 
inconsiderable, of small moment; 
easy, mild, gentle. 

Leviter, adv. (Levis), lightly, slightly, 
softly ; comp. leviiis, less. Leviiis 
strepere, to make less noise. 

Levo, are, avi, atum, a. (levis), §251, to 
lift up, raise ; to make lighter, light- 
en, ease, relieve. 

Lex, legis,/., law ; a law, statute, or- 
dinance. Leges et jura, the consti- 
tution and laws. 

Libens, tis, adj. (libet), willing, pleas- 
ed, glad ; merry, cheerful, joyful. 

Liber, bri, m., the inner bark of a tree ; 
a book. 

Liber, era, erum, adj. (libet), free, in a 
state of liberty ; open, bold, frank, 
unrestrained, uncontrolled, uninflu- 
enced, unshackled ; void of, exempt 
from. 

Liberalis, e, adj. (liber), liberal, befit- 
ting a freeman or gentleman, gen- 
teel, well bred, ingenuous ; bounti- 
ful, generous, munificent, liberal, 
free, 



LiberaUtas, atis, f. (liberalis), ingenu- 
ousness, civility; bounty, liberality, 
munificence, generosity. 

Liberaliter, adv. (liberalis), ingenuous- 
ly, liberally, honorably; profusely, 
bountifully, liberally, munificently. 

Libere, adv. (liber), ingenuously, liber- 
ally, honorably, freely ; largely, 
copiously. Liberius processi, — too 
freely. 

Liberi, drum, m. pi. (liber), children 
(freeborn, not slaves). 

Libero, are, avi, atum, a. (liber), to set 
at liberty, free, make free ; to de- 
liver, release, extricate. 

Libertas, atis, f. (Liber), liberty, free- 
dom, the state and condition of a 
freeman. Jus libertatis, see Jus. 

Libertus, i, m. (libero), a freed man, 
slave made free. This appellation 
is used when reference is made to the 
former master, otherwise the f reed- 
man is called libertinus. 

Libet, libuit or libitum est, § 169, imp., 
it pleases, it is agreeable. Uti libet, 
sc. tibi or vobis, as you please. Li- 
bet mihi conjiteri, I am willing to 
confess, free to own. 

Libidinose, adv. (libidincsus, wanton), 
according to one's pleasure or ca- 
price, wantonly, arbitrarily, capri- 
ciously. 

Libido, inis,f. (libet), will, inclination, 
fancy, humor, caprice ; wanton- 
ness, wilfulness, desire, passion, 
lust, cupidity, sensuality, criminal 
appetite. Habere libidinem, to take 
pleasure, to delight. Libido animi, 
the same as libido, inclination, pas- 
sion. Ex libidine, as one pleases, 
arbitrarily, according to one's pleas- 
ure, humor or caprice. 

Lybys, yos, adj., Libyan. Also, subs. 
m., a Libyan, an inhabitant of 
Libya, a country in the western 
part of Africa between Gastulia and 
the Atlantic ; pi. Libyes, Libyans. 

Licenter, adv. (licens, free), too freely, 



LICENTIA 



208 



LUCTUS 



without due restraint ; freely, with 
freedom. Sperans Romanos licen- 
tius futuros, — more remiss in their 
discipline. 

Licentia, ce,f (licens), licence, liberty, 
permission, indulgence, leave, pow- 
er, ability, freedom from restraint, 
opportunity ; licentiousness, insub- 
ordination. Polluta licentia, shame- 
ful corruption. 

Licet, licuit fy licitum est, imp. § 169, 
it is lawful, it is permitted or al- 
lowed, one may. Licuit mihi, illi, 
etc., I may or can, he may, &c. : — 
it is possible. 

Licinius, i, m. (M.), see Crassus. 

Lictor, oris, m., a lictor, an officer who 
attended on the principal Roman 
magistrates, going before them, 
bearing the fasces. They preceded 
the magistrates in single file ; hence 
the one who led the file was called 
primus lictor, the one in the rear, and 
next ta the magistrate, was called 
proximus. 

Ligneus, a, urn, adj. (lignum, wood), 
of wood, wooden, ligneous. 

Ligur, ty Ligus, uris, m. fy f., o-f Li- 
guria, a country of Italy, a Liguri- 
an. The Liguri&ns were subdued by 
the Romans under L. JEmilius Scau- 
rus, A. U. C. 571, and became allies 
of the Romans. 

Limetanus, i, m. (C^Mamilius), a trib- 
une of the people, A. U. C. 644. 

Limosus, a, um, adj., miry, muddy : 
from 

Limus, i, m., mud, slime. 

Lingua, ce, f, the tongue. Fig. lan- 
guage, words, speech, conversation, 
discourse ; a tongue, language. 

Littera, ce, f, a letter of the alphabet. 
Fig. litter ce, a writing, composition, 
book ; a letter, or letters, epistle, or 
epistles ; literature, letters, learn- 
ing. 

Lixa, cb, m., a sutler, victualler in a 
camp. 



Locatus, a, um, part. : from 

Loco, are, am, atum, a. (locus), to place, 
set, lay, dispose, arrange, station ; 
deposit, store, put. 

Locuples, etis, adj. (locus fy pleo, obs., 
to fill), rich, wealthy, opulent ; well 
stored, well furnished. 

Locus, ?", m., pi. loci, m. Sfloca, n. §92, 
2, a place, room, situation, region, 
part, station, post, position ; natural 
situation. Fig. a place, room, cause, 
opportunity, time ; reason, ground, 
pretext ; condition, state, family, 
rank, station, dignity. Omnibus l&- 
cis, in all places, every where. Lo- 
co cedere, to give way, abandon one's 
post, retire. Urbes munitee loco, — 
strong by situation or nature. Pro 
loco, according to the situation, or 
the nature of the ground. Id loci, 
that place, §212, R. 3. Id locorum, 
that time. Postea loci, after that, 
afterward, §212, R. 4, N. 4. Pec- 
cato si locus esset, if error were ad- 
missible, if a mistake were allowa- 
ble, or of little consequence. Lo- 
cus difficilis, in military language, a 
place of difficult approach. 

Locutus, a, um, part, (loquor). 

Longe, adv. (longus), far off, at a dis- 
tance, far; very, very much, much, 
exceedingly : of time, long, far. 
Longius, farther ; too far, §256, R. 9. 

Longinus, i, m. (L. Cassius), a Roman 
senator confederate with Catiline. 

Longus, a, um, adj., long, either in 
space or time: lasting, durable, of 
long continuance. 

Loquor, i, cutus sum, dep., to speak, 
say, tell, declare, discourse, talk, 
utter. 

Lucius, i, m., a Roman pr&nomen. 

Luctuosus, a, um, adj., mournful, sor- 
rowful, lamentable, sad, doleful, 
calamitous : from 

Luctus, us, m. (lugeo, to mourn), la- 
mentation, mourning, sorrow, afflic- 
tion, grief. 



LUCULENTUS 



209 



MAGNITUDO 



Luculentus, a, um, adj. (lux), bright, 
clear. Luculenta cratio, perspicu- 
ous, elegant, splendid — . 

Lucullus, i, m. (P.), a tribune of the 
people in the Jugurthine war. 

Ludibrium, i, n. (ludo, to play), a mock, 
mockery, laughing stock, jest, sport, 
derision. Habere ludibrio, to mock, 
make a mock of, make sport with, 
make game of, to impose upon, 
trick, befool. Esse ludibrio alicui, 
to serve as a laughing stock, to be 
the sport of. 

Ludifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. fy n., or 
Ludificor, dri, cuius sum, dep. (ludus 
fy facio), to mock, deceive, make a 
a fool of, trifle with, baffle. 

Ludus, i, m., play, sport, diversion, 
pastime, amusement. 

Lumen, mis, n. (luceo, to shine), light ; 
a light, day-light. Fig. an orna- 
ment, honor. 

Lux, lucis,/., light, day-light. 

Luxuria, ce, f. (luxus), luxury, ex- 
cess, riot, profusion, extravagance, 
waste. 

Luxuriose, adv., luxuriously, sump- 
tuously : from 

Luxuriosus, a, um, adj. (luxuria), lux- 
urious, excessive, wasteful, prodi- 
gal, extravagant, voluptuous ; rank, 
luxuriant. 

Luxus, us, m , luxury, excess, riot. 
Per luxum, luxuriously. 



M. 



M., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Marcus. 

Macedonia, a,f, Macedonia or Mace- 
don, a large country between Thes- 
saly and Thrace. 

Macedonwus, a, um, adj., pertaining 
to Macedonia, Macedonian. 

Machma, ce,f, a frame, fabric, work ; 
a machine, engine ; a military ma- 
chine, warlike engine. 

Machinatio, onis,f. (machinor), a con- 

18* 



trivance, device, artifice ; a ma- 
chine, engine. 

Machindtus, a, um, part., with a pas- 
sive signification, § 162, 14, plan- 
ned, devised, contrived : from 

Machinor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (machi- 
na), to contrive, devise, plan, de- 
sign, project, plot. 

Magis, adv., more ; rather. It is of- 
ten joined with eo, quo, tanto, quan- 
ta, &c, as, eo magis, and that the 
more, or so much the more : magis 
magisque, more and more. Its su- 
perlative degree is maxime, which 
see. 

Magistratus, us, m. (magistro, to rule), 
a magistracy, civil office; also, a 
magistrate. The ordinary Roman 
magistrates were divided into two 
classes, the majores, or greater, and 
the minores or less. In the former 
were included the consuls, praetors 
and censors ; in the latter, the ediles, 
quaestors and tribunes of the people. 

Magnified, adv., magnificently, splen- 
didly, nobly, grandly, pompously, 
in a lofty strain, boastfully, sump- 
tuously, stately, haughtily, pathet- 
ically (from 

Magnificus, a, um, adj. (magnus fy 
facio), magnificent, splendid, noble ; 
boastful, proud, glorying, ostenta- 
tious ; sumptuous, rich, costly ; 
great, glorious. 

Magnitudo, mis, f, (magnus), great- 
ness, bulk, magnitude, extent ; mul- 
titude, quantity ; weight, import- 
ance, dignity. Magnitudo itineris, 
the length of the march. Magni- 
tudo animi, greatness of soul, lofti- 
ness of spirit, magnanimity. Post 
magnitudinem nominis Romani, af- 
ter the Roman name or nation had 
become great. Magnitudo pecuniae, 
a great sum — , a great amount — . 
Pro magnitudine, considering the 
importance, according to the im- 
portance. 



MAGNUM 



210 



MANLIANUS 



Magnum, adv., very, greatly, exten- 
sively : from 
Magnus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup. 
maximus), great, large, powerful, 
mighty, excellent; much, consid- 
siderable ; momentous, important. 
Magna vox, a loud voice. Ubi mare 
magnum esse ccepit, when the sea 
begins to swell. Celebrare in ma- 
jus, to exaggerate, to enhance, to 
extol beyond due bounds, magnify. 
Majestas, atis, f, {majus, obs., great), 
greatness, majesty, grandeur, dig- 
nity. 
Major, see Magnus. Major natu, see 

Nutu. 
Majbres, um, m. pi. (major), forefathers, 

ancestors. 
Male, adv., comp. pejus, sup. pesstme, 
(malus), badly, ill, wrongly, amiss, 
disastrously, wickedly. Male pug- 
natum, unsuccessfully — . 
Maledico, ere, dixi, dictum, a. (male fy 
dico), to speak ill of, rail or carp at, 
revile, slander, asperse, abuse, re- 
proach. 
Maledictum, i,n. (maledico), a reproach, 
opprobrious or abusive language ; 
an imprecation, curse. 
Malefactum, t, n. (malefacio, to injure), 

evil deeds, crimes, injuries. 
Maleficium, i, n., a bad action, misdeed, 
wickedness ; hurt, harm, wrong, in- 
jury : from 
Maltficus, a, um, adj. (malefacio), hurt- 
ful, ill-disposed, mischievous, inju- 
rious, pernicious. 
Malevolent ia, ce, f. (malevolens, ill-na- 
tured), ill-will, envy, spite, malice, 
malevolence. 
Malitia, ce,f, malice ; perversity, vil- 
lainy, wickedness, vice. 
Mulo, malle, malui, irr. n. fy a. (ma- 
gis ty volo), % 178, 3, to be more 
willing, choose rather, prefer. It is 
of ten followed by quam, referring to 
magis tn composition. 
Malum, i, n., an evil, mischief, mis- 



fortune, calamity, harm, punish- 
ment, fault : from 

Malus, a, um, adj. (romp, pejor, sup. 
pesstmus), bad, evil, wicked, cor- 
rupt, vicious ; worthless, mean, des- 
picable, vile, unprincipled ; unsuc- 
cessful, unfavorable, adverse, un- 
fortunate, mischievous, pernicious, 
unlucky. 

Mamilius, a, um, adj., of or relating to 
Mamilius, Mamilian. Mamilia lex, 
a law introduced by C. Mamilius 
Limetanus for the trial of those who 
had favored the cause of Jugurtha. 
See J. 40. 

Mamilius, i, m. (C), see Limetanus. 

Manastabal, dlis, m., a Numidian 
prince, a son of Masinissa, brother 
of Micipsa, and father of Jugurtha. 

Mancinus, i, m. (Manillas), a tribune 
of the Roman people, A. U. C. 646. 

Mancipium, i, n. (manceps, a purchas- 
er), property, right of perpetual pos- 
session, dominion. 

Mandatum, ?', n., a commission, order, 
' command, charge, message. Man- 
data efficere or conficere, to execute, 
perform — . Dare mandata verbis, to 
give a verbal message : from 

Mando, are, avi, atum, a., to commit 
to one's charge, bid, enjoin, order, 
command ; to commit, consign, com- 
mend, confide, entrust. 

Maneo, ere, si, sum, n. ty a., to ^top, 
stay, tarry, abide, remain, wait; to 
last, endure, continue ; to remain 
firm. 

Manifestus, a, um, adj., manifest, 
clear, evident, plain, apparent ; 
clearly convicted, evidently guilty. 
Manifestum habere, see Hubeo. 

Manilius, i, m., see Mancinus. 

Manipulus, i, m. (man us fy pleo, obs. to 
fill), a handful ; a band of soldiers, 
company, maniple, the third part of 
a cohort- 
s/aft Z?<7?ms, a, um, adj., Manlian, of or 
pertaining to JVIanlius. 



MANLIUS 



211 



MAXIME 



Manlius, t, m. (T.), see Torquatus. 
Manlius, i, m. (A.), a lieutenant of 
Marius in the war against Jugurtha. 
Manlius, ?*, to. (C), a confederate of 
Catiline, to whom was intrusted 
the command of a large part of the 
forces raised hy the conspirators. 
Manlius, i, to. (Cw.),a Roman general 
who was defeated by the Gauls, 
A. U. C. 649. 
Man si, see Maneo. 

Mansuetudo,inis,f, (mansuetus, tame), 
gentleness, mildness, tameness, len- 
ity, clemency, humanity. 
Mansurus, a, um, part, (maneo). 
Manus, us,/., a hand ; art, labor, skill, 
workmanship ; a body of men, an 
armed force, army, band. Conse- 
rere manum, see Consero. Manu, 
by hand, forcibly, by force of arms, 
violently. Consulere alicui manu, 
to aid by fighting. Neque consilio 
neque maim, — in action, in feats of 
arms. JEqua manu discedere, to 
come off with equal advantage. 
Manu promptus, prompt in action. 
In manu, or in manibus esse, to be 
in one's power, to depend on one, 
also, to be at hand, to be near or 
close, in distinction from eminus. 
Facere prcelium in manibus, to come 
to close quarters. Per manus, by 
force, by main force, forcibly, also, 
from hand to hand. Res fidesque in 
manibus sites erant, their property 
and credit depended upon their la- 
bor. In manus venire, to come with- 
in one's reach, come to blows, come 
to an engagement. 
Mapalia, ium, n. pi., the cottages of 

the Numidians ; villages. 
Marcius, i, m. (Q. Rex), see Rex. 
Marcus, i, m., a Roman prcenomen. 
Mare, is, n., the sea. Terra marique, 
by land and sea. Maria et monies 
polliceri, to promise seas and moun- 
tains, to promise boundless wealth, 
to make extravagant promises. 



Marittmus, a, um, adj. (mare), of the 
sea, lying near the sea, maritime. 
Marius, i,m. (C), a celebrated Roman 
general, who conquered Jugurtha 
and the Cimbri, and afterwards en- 
gaged in a bloody civil war in op- 
position to Sylla. 
Masinisia, &, m., a king of Numidia, 

and grandfather of Jngurtha. 
Massilia, ce, f, a maritime city in the 
southern part of Gaul, now Mar- 
seilles. 
Masslva, <e, m., a Numidian, the grand- 
son of Masinissa, assassinated by 
order of Jugurtha. 
Massugrada, cb, to., the name of a Nu- 
midian prince. ♦ 
Mater, tris, f, a mother. Mater fa- 
milias, § 43, 2, the mistress of a fam- 
ily, lady, wife. 
Materia, ce, $- Maferies, ei, f. (mater), 
matter, stuff, materials ; wood, tim- 
ber. Fig. occasion, cause, source. 
Maternus, a, um, adj. (mater), of a 

mother, motherly, maternal. 
Mature, adv. (maturus), in time, sea- 
sonably, opportunely ; quickly, 
promptly, early, speedily, soon, 
hastily. 
Maturo, are, am, atum, a. fy n., to ri- 
pen, make ripe, mature ; to accel- 
erate, hasten, quicken, despatch, 
expedite, make haste ; to do a thing 
before the time, anticipate. With 
an infinitive it may often be traiisla- 
ted, swiftly, speedily, rapidly, &c. ; 
as, Mufurare iter pergere, to pursue 
a journey with rapidity : from 
Maturus, a, um, adj., ripe, mature, 
ready; seasonable, timely, oppor- 
tune ; early, speedy, quick. 
Mauritania fy Mauretania, a?, f, a 
large country in the western part 
of Africa, new Morocco and Fez. 
Maurus, i, to., an inhabitant of Mau- 
ritania, a Moor, Mauritanian. 
Maxime, adv. (sup. of magis), § 127, 
very greatly, in the highest degree, 



MAXIMUS 



212 



MERCES 



most, most of all, eminently, much, 
very, for the most part, very much, 
above all ; particularly, chiefly, es- 
pecially, principally, in the first 
place. Quam maxime, very much, 
as much as possible. Quam maxi- 
me longus, § 127, as lasting as pos- 
sible. Si maxime animus ferat, if 
(our) minds were ever so much dis- 
posed. Maxime — secundum, most of 
all — next to that ; in the first place 
— in the second place. Multo max- 
ime, most especially, in the very 
highest degree. 

Maximus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of magnus), 
greatest, very great, utmost, chief, 
highest. Maxima amicitia, very in- 
timate friendship. Maxima docu- 
menta, the strongest proofs. 

Maximus, i, m., see Fabius. 

Mecum, see Ego fy Cum. 

Medeor, eri, dep., § 223, R. 2, to cure, 
heal, remedy; to correct, relieve, 
obviate. 

Mediocris, e, adj. (medius), middling, 
moderate, tolerable, ordinary, indif- 
ferent, common, of moderate ex- 
tent or size ; moderate, calm, tem- 
perate, well balanced. Non medi- 
ocris animus, not moderate, i. e. ar- 
dent, ambitious. Mediocria gerere, 
to commit minor acts of hostility, to 
engage in hostilities of little moment. 

Medium, ?', n., the middle, midst. In 
medio relinquere, to leave undeter- 
mined or undecided. In medio, in 
the middle, between : from 

Medius, a, um, adj., mid, middle, in 
the middle or midst, intervening ; 
common to all ; moderate ; neutral, 
inclined to neither side. 

Me Dius Fidius, see Dius ty Fidius. 

Medus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Me- 
dia, a country of Asia, of Media. 
Medus, i, m., a Mede, an inhabitant 
of Media. 

Mehercfde, adv., by Hercules, truly, 
in truth. 



Melior, oris, adj. (comp. of bonus), bet- 
ter, superior, more excellent, prefe- 
rable. Bello melior, more warlike, 
braver. 

Melius, adv. {comp. of bene), better. 

Memet, see Egomet. 

Memini, def pret. % 183, I remember, 
keep in mind, bear in mind ; recol- 
lect, call to mind. 

Memmius, i, m. (C), a tribune of the 
people in the war with Jugur- 
tha. 

Memor, oris, adj. (memini), mindful, 
remembering. 

Memoraollis, e, adj. (memoro), worthy 
of memory, worthy of being re- 
membered or mentioned, memora- 
ble, remarkable. 

Memoria, ce, f. (memor), memory, re- 
membrance, recollection ; time, so 
far as its events are remembered ; as, 
mea memoria, within my memory, 
in my time ; — a record, report, nar- 
rative. Memoria rerum gestarum, 
a narrative of events, history, the 
composition of history. 

Memor o, are, avi, atum, a. (memor), to 
mention, make mention, recount, 
tell, relate, say, speak of. Capsa 
conditor Hercules Libys memoraba- 
tur, — was said to be, §210, N. 1. 

Mens, tis, f, the mind, soul, under- 
standing ; thought ; a design, plan ; 
intention, will, purpose, memory, 
recollection ; wisdom, skill ; rea- 
son, judgment, opinion ; nature, dis- 
position, feelings. 

Mensis, is, m., a month. 

Mentior, r tri, It us sum, dep., to lie, 
speak falsely, assert fasely : to de- 
ceive ; to feign, counterfeit, pre- 
tend, invent. Cujus consilio tan- 
tam rem mentitus esset, — had devis- 
ed such a falsehood. 

Mercator, oris, m. (mercor), a mer- 
chant, trader. 

Merces, edis, f. (mereo), hire, wages, 
pay, reward ; fruit, profit, gain. 



MERC OR 



213 



MINIMUS 



Manuum merces, the wages of man- 
ual labor. 

Mercor, ari, alus sum, dep. (merx, mer- 
chandise), to trade, traffic ; to buy, 
purchase. 

Merens, entis, part, fy adj., deserving, 
worthy of, either in a good or bad 
sense : from 

Mereo, ere, ui, Hum, a.fyn.&f Mere- 
or, eri, itus sum, dep., to deserve, 
merit. 

Meridies, ei, m. (medius fy dies), mid- 
day, noon ; the south. 

Mefitb, adv. (meritus), deservedly, 
with reason. 

Meritum, i, n., merit, desert ; a kind- 
ness, favor ; worth. Ex merito, on 
account of merit : from 

Meritus, a, um, part, fy adj. (mereo fy 
mereor), having merited or deserved, 
deserving well ; merited, deserved. 
Meritus in prcelio, distinguished — . 

Metellus, i, m. (Q.), a Roman consul 
who commanded in the war against 
.Jugurtha, A. U. C. 645 & 646, but 
was superseded by Marius. He 
was subsequently honored with a 
triumph, -and received the surname 
of Numidicus on account of his 
success in the war against Jugurtha. 

Metellus, i, m., see Celer and Creticus. 

Metior, tri, mensus sum, dep., to mete, 
measure, take measure of ; to esti- 
mate, judge of. 
Metor, ari, atus sum, dep. (meta, 
a bound), to measure ; to plan, ar- 
range. Metari castra, to measure 
out the ground for a camp, to pitch 
a camp, to encamp. 
Metuens, ends, part, fy adj., fearing, 

afraid, afraid of : from 
Metuo, ere, ui, n. § a., to fear, be 
afraid, apprehend, be afraid of: 
from 
Metus, us, m., fear, dread, care, con- 
cern, apprehension ; a terror, some- 
thing feared. 
Mens, a, um, adj. pro. % 139 (mex, gen. 



of ego), belonging to me, my, mine, 
my own : meamet- the same as mea, 
or mea ipsius. 
Micipsa, ce, m., a king of Numidia who 
died A. U. C. 636, after a reign of 
thirty years. He was the son of 
Masinissa and uncle of Jugurtha. 
Miles, itis, m. $f (mille), a soldier, a 
foot soldier. Milites scribere, to levy 
or enlist soldiers. 
Militaris, e, adj. (miles), of or belong- 
ing to a soldier, pertaining to war, 
military, warlike, martial. Res mil- 
itaris, the art of war, military af- 
fairs, war. Homo militaris,— expe- 
rienced in war, a good soldier. Mil- 
itaris (Etas, the military age, the age 
at which the Romans were bound 
to serve in war, viz. from the sev- 
enteenth to the forty sixth year. 
Militaria signa, standards. Milita- 
ris equus, a war-horse. Militaria 
facere, to perform military duties. 
Militaris rei faeinora, military ex- 
ploits. 
Militia, ce, f. (miles), military service, 
warfare; war. The genitive militia? 
often signifies in war, or abroad, es- 
pecially when joined with domi. Mi- 
litia paiiens, able to bear arms. 
Militice fiagiiium, a disgrace in war. 
Milito, are, avi, atum, n. (miles), to 

serve as a soldier. 
Mille, num. adj. ind., a thousand. Al- 
so a noun, ind. in sing., in pi. millia, 
ium, etc , n. $ 118, R. 6. Millepassu- 
um, a thousand Roman paces, or one 
Roman mile ; passuum, in this con- 
struction, is often omitted. 
Mince, arum, f pi, threats, menaces. 
Minime, adv. (sup. of parum), least of 
all, least; in negation, not at all, 
not in the least, by no means. 
Minimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of parvus), 
least of all, the least or smallest, 
very small or little. Minimus, or 
more frequently minimus natu, the 
youngest. 



MINISTER 



214 



MODEROR 



Minister, tri, m., a servant, attendant ; 
an aider, abettor, accomplice, tool ; 
a helper, assistant. 

Minitor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq. (mi- 
nor), to threaten often or much, 
menace. 

Minor, us, gen. oris, adj. (comp. of par- 
vus), less, smaller, inferior, less im- 
portant. Minoris, n., for less, at a 
less price, cheaper, of less value. 
Minores magisiratus, see Magistra- 
te. 

Minor, ari, atus sum, dep., to threaten, 
menace. Fig. to overhang, project. 

Minucius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
gens. Q. Minucius Rufus, see Ru- 
fus. 

Minuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to lessen ; 
make less, diminish, abate, impair ; 
to restrict, stay, check, restrain. 

Minus, adj. (n. comp. of parvus), see 
Minor. 

Minus, adv. (comp. of parum), less ; 
not. Si minus, if not. Quo minus, 
the less. 

Mirahilis, e, adj., wonderful, marvel- 
lous, strange, astonishing : from 

Miror, ari, atus sum, dep., to wonder, 
marvel, be amazed or astonished 
at ; to esteem, prize, value, admire. 

Mir us, a, urn, adj., wonderful, strange, 
extraordinary. 

Misceo, ere, miscui, mistum § mixlum, 
a., to mix, mingle, blend, unite ; to 
confuse, disturb, throw into confu- 
sion, fill with, confound, embroil. 

Miser, a, urn, adj , miserable, wretch- 
ed, unfortunate. 

Miserabllis, e, adj. (miseror), to be pit- 
ied, pitable, deplorable, sorry, mis- 
erable, lamentable, wretched. 

Miserandus, a, um, part, (miseror), pit- 
iable, deplorable. 

Misereor, eri, ertus fy efitus sum, dep. 
(miser), §215, to pity, commiserate, 
compassionate. 

Miseria, a>, f (miser), trouble, misfor- 
tune, calamity, misery, wretched- 



ness ; affliction, distress. Alicui in 
miseriam vertere, to result in one's 
ruin. Quoniam eb miseriarum Ven- 
turas eram, since I was destined to 
come to such an extremity of mis- 
ery. 

Misericordia, <b % f, mercy, compas- 
sion, pity : from 

Miseficors, dis, adj. (misereo, to pity, 
fy cor, the heart), merciful, compas- 
sionate, pitiful. 

Miseritus, a, um, part, (misereor). 

Miseror, ari, atus sum, dep. (miser), to 
pity, commiserate, lament, deplore. 

Missio, onis,f. (mitto), a sending, mis- 
sion ; a sending away, discharging ; 
dismissal, discharge, leave of ab- 
sence. 

MissUo, are, avi, alum, a. freq. (mitto), 
to send frequently. 

Missus, a, um, part, (mitto). 

MithridaCtCus, a, um, adj., pertaining 
to Mithridates, king of Pontus, Mith- 
ridatic. 

Mitto, ere, misi, missum, a., to send, 
despatch, depute : to throw away, 
lay aside, dismiss ; to omit, pass 
over, let alone ; to throw, cast, j 
hurl, discharge. 

MoKlis, e, adj. (moveo), easy to be 
moved, movable ; fleet, swift, quick ; 
inconstant, fickle, flexible, pliant, 
changeable, variable. 

MobiUtas, atis, f. (mobilis), mobility, 
activity. Fig. inconstancy, fickle- 
ness, levity, mutability, changea- 
bleness. 

Moderatus, a, um, part, fy adj., moder- 
ate, discreet, temperate. Nihil pen- ■ 
si atque moderati habere, to have 
no consideration, self-control, or re- ■ 
straint: from 

Moderor, ari, atus sum, dep. (modus), 
to moderate, restrain, govern, regu- ' 
late, rule, guide, manage, steer. 
Tanta temperantia inter ambitionem ' 
s&vitiamque moderatus, directing his 
course in so happy a medium be- 



MODESTE 



215 



MOROR 



tween courting popularity and the 
practice of excessive severity. 

Modeste, adv. (modestus), moderately, 
with moderation, temperately, dis- 
creetly ; modestly, humbly. 

Modestia, cp,/., moderateness ; mode- 
ration, dispassionateness, discretion, 
sobriety, modesty, decorum, shame, 
subordination ; honor, dignity, char- 
acter ; lowliness, humility : from 

Modestus, a, um, adj. (modus), mode- 
rate, modest, temperate, sober, dis- 
creet, gentle, unassuming, kind. 

Modice, adv., moderately, modestly : 
from 

Modicus, a, um, adj. (modus), mode- 
rate, modest, temperate, sober. 

Xlodb, adv., just now, now, lately, but 
this moment. Modo — modo, now — 
now, sometimes — sometimes, at one 
moment — at another moment. Mo- 
do — inter dum, modo — deinde, now 
— then, at first — afterwards : — only, 
alone. Si modo, if only, provided 
that. Modo or dummodo, provided. 
Quod modo, provided it. Non modo, 
not only : from 

Modus, ?', m., a measure, manner, way, 
method, means, fashion, rule, mode ; 
limits, bounds ; order, rule, modera- 
tion. Facere or statuere modum, to 
set bounds or limits. Sine modo, 
without measure, boundless. In 
modum, in the manner of, like. Om- 
nibus modis, in every way. Habere 
modum, to regard, observe — . Im- 
pensius modo, very vehemently, or 
greatly, beyond measure. 

Moenia, ium., n. pi., the walls of a city ; 
the fortifications of a city ; a city. 

Moeror, oris, m., (moereo, to mourn), la- 
mentation, sorrow, sadness, grief, 
mourning. 

Wozstus, a, um, adj. (moereo), sad, sor- 
rowful, afflicted, melancholy. 

Molior, iri, itus sum, dep. (moles, a 
mass), to attempt something diffi- 
cult, struggle, strive, labor, toil ; to 



attempt, undertake ; to contrive, 
plot, meditate, prepare. 

Mollio, tre, ~tvi,Uum, a., to soften, mol- 
lify ; to appease, pacify, calm ; to 
enervate, make effeminate : from 

Mollis, e, adj., soft, tender, delicate, 
pliant, flexible, gentle, weak, fee- 
ble, susceptible ; smooth, kind, 
pleasing. Mollis sermo, tender, am- 
orous — . 

Molhier, adv. (mollis), softly, gently, 
calmly, easily ; delicately, luxuri- 
ously, effeminately ; weakly, fee- 
bly, sensitively. 

Mollitia, cb, and Mollilies, ei,f (mollis), 
softness, tenderness ; effeminacy, 
voluptuousness ; gentleness, mild- 
ness, weakness, imbecility, irreso- 
lution. Agere per mollitiem, to live 
voluptuously, delicately or effem- 
inately. 

Moneo, ere, ui, itum, a. § 218, to put 
in mind, remind, admonish, advise, 
warn ; to teach, instruct, counsel, 
suggest. 

Monitor, oris, m. (moneo), an adviser, 
counsellor, admonisher, monitor, 
prompter. 

Momtus, a, um, part, (moneo). 

Mons, tis, m., a mountain, high hill. 
Fig. a great quantity. 

Monumentum, i, n. (moneo, % 102, 4), a 
monument, memorial, record. 

Mora, ce, f, a delay, stay, stop, hin- 
drance ; an impediment, obstacle, 
obstruction. Sine mora, without 
delay, immediately, instantly. Ag- 
itare moras, to frame delays. 

Moratus, a, um, part, (moror.) 

Morbus, i, m., a disease, distemper, 
disorder, malady, sickness. Fig. 
a bad passion, vice, weakness, fail- 
ing. 

Morior, i, mortuus sum, dep. § 174, 
(mors), to die, expire. 

Moror, ari, dtus sum, dep. (mora), to 
delay, tarry, stay, linger, loiter; to 
stay, abide, remain, dwell, live ; to 



MORS 



216 



MUNIFICUS 



retard, detain, hinder, impede, de- 
lay, stop, prevent, check. 

Mors, tis,f, death. 

Mortalis, e, adj. (mors), mortal, perish- 
able. Mortalia, human affairs. Mor- 
talis, is, m., a mortal, a mortal man, 
pi. men, mankind, persons, mor- 
tals. 

Mos, moris, m., a manner, custom, 
way, fashion, usage, practice, hab- 
it, nature, kind ; pi. morals, charac- 
ter, manners. Sibi quisque pro mo- 
ribus consulunt, — according to their 
(several) characters. More, or ex 
more, according to custom ; also, af- 
ter the manner of, like. Natura ant 
moribus, naturally or by custom, by 
practice. More militari, or militice, 
according to military usage. Illi 
mos est, he is wont or accustomed. 
Ita se mores habent, such is the 
fashion. 

Motus, us, m. (moveo), a motion, mov- 
ing, movement; a commotion, tu- 
mult, disturbance, sedition, mutiny. 

Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. fy n., to 
move, stir, impel, agitate, put in mo- 
tion, attempt, prosecute, pursue ; to 
remove, drive away, eject, turnout, 
degrade, expel ; to excite, promote, 
stir up, cause, occasion ; to affect, 
influence ; to disturb ; to incite ; to 
perform. Mover e castra, to remove 
one's camp, to decamp. Movere 
jo cum, see Jocus. 

Mox, adv., by and b} r , presently, quick- 
ly, immediately, soon. 

Muliebris, e, adj., of or pertaining to a 
woman, feminine, female, woman- 
ish, soft, effeminate : from 

Mulier, eris,f, a woman, lady. 

Multitudo, mis, f. {multus), a multi- 
tude, great number, crowd ; the mul- 
titude, rabble, populace. Plebis vis 
in multitudine minus poterat, — not- 
withstanding their number. Duces 
multitudinum, the ringleaders of the 
populace. 



Multum, adv. (comp. plus, sup. plu- 
rimum), much, very much, very, 
greatly, far. Multum et familiari- 
ter agere, to have frequent and fa- 
miliar intercourse : — in many re- 
spects, in many cases, often : from 

Multus, a, um, adj. (comp. n. plus, sup. 
plurimus, which see), many, much, 
a great deal, numerous, frequent, 
too frequent ; great, considerable, 
Multus adesse, to be assiduous, dili- 
gent, intent, be present every 
where. Multis, many, many per- 
sons ; also, the many, the multitude. 
Multa, n., much, many things, ma- 
ny words. Multis, sc. verbis, copi- 
ously, at large. Multum, n., much, 
a great part, a considerable part. 
Multo, n. abL, joined often with com- 
paratives, superlatives, fyc. % 256, R. 
16, much, by much, far, by far, a 
great deal, considerably. Multi — 
pars, many — some. 

Mulucha, ce,f, a river of Africa sepa- 
rating Numidia from Mauritania. 

Mulvius or Milvius, a, um, adj., Mul- 
viuspons, now Ponte Molle, a bridge 
over the Tiber, three miles from the 
middle of Rome upon the Flamini- 
an road. 

Munditia, <b, f (mundus, ornament), 
cleanness, neatness, cleanliness, 
neatness in dress or habit, attention 
to dress ; elegance, polish, refine- 
ment. 

Municipium, i, n. (mumceps, a bur- 
gess), a town, particularly in Italy, 
enjoying its own laws, while its in- 
habitants possessed the rights, in 
whole or in part, of Roman citizens, 
a free town, a municipal town. 

Munificentia, <z,f, munificence, boun- 
tifulness, liberality, generosity. 
Munificentia animi, see Animus: 
from 

Munificus, a, um, adj. (munus fyfacio), 
liberal, bountiful, bounteous, gen- 
erous, munificent. 



MUNIMENTUM 



217 



NAVUS 



Munimentum, t, n n a fortification, shel- 
ter, protection, defence, rampart, 
bulwark. Fig. security, protection, 
defence, preservation, preservative : 
from 

Munio, ire, ivi, Hum, n. ty a., to enclose 
with walls, fortify, secure, protect, 
defend, strengthen. 

Munitio, onis, f (munio), the act of 
fortifying, a strengthening, defend- 
ing ; a fortification, defence, rani- 
part, bulwark. 

Munitus, a, um, part, fy adj. (munio), 
fortified, defended, protected, secur- 
ed. 

Munus, tris, n., a gift, present, boon, 
reward, favor ; an office, part, du- 
ty, charge, trust, employment; a 
show, spectacle, entertainment, ex- 
hibition, public games. 

Murena, ce, m. (C. Licinius). a Roman 
general commanding in Transalpine 
Gaul, A. U. C. 692. 

Murus, i, m., the wall of a town or 
city. Fig. a defence, protection, 
security. 

Mutatio, onis, f. (muto), a changing, 
altering, change, alteration ; an in- 
novation, revolution. Mutationes or 
Mutationes rerum, changes of gov- 
ernment, political changes. 

Muthul, is, m., a river of Numidia. 

Muto, are, am, atum, a. §245,11, to 
change, remove from its place, al- 
ter, exchange, turn ; to barter, traf- 
fic. Mutare fidem, to violate one's 
engagements, change sides, break 
one's word. Quce, quia mortis metu 
mutabant (sc. se) — were exchang- 
ed or substituted for the fear of 
death. 

Mutuus, a, um, adj., mutual, recipro- 
cal. Sumere mutuam pecuniam, to 
borrow money. Reddere &s mutu- 
um, to repay a loan. 

Myrtetum, i, n. (myrtus, a myrtle), a 
myrtle grove, grove of myrtles. 

19 



N. 



Nabdalsa, ce, m., a Numidian gene- 
ral. 

Nactus, a, um, part, (nanciscor). 

Nee, adv., certainly, truly, surely, in- 
deed. 

Nam, or Namque, conj., for; but, then. 
As a causal conjunction it often re- 
lates to something implied rather than 
fully expressed. 

Nanciscor, i, nactus sum, dep., to meet 
with, find, light upon ; to get, gain, 
obtain. 

Narro, are, avi, atum, a., to tell, re- 
count, relate, report, recite, set 
forth, declare, narrate. 

NasJca, ce, m., see Scipio. 

Nascor, i, natus sum, dep., to be born ; 
spring, arise, grow, be produced. 

Natio, onis,f (nascor), a being born ; 
a stock, race ; a race of people, na- 
tion, people, country. 

Natu, all. of the defective noun natus, 
us, m. (nascor), by birth, in age. 
Major natu, older, § 126, 4. Majores 
natu, men advanced in years. 

Natura, a?,f (nascor), nature, the cre- 
ative power ; the nature, natural 
property, character or constitution 
of any thing ; inclination, disposi- 
tion, genius. Concedere naturae, to 
pay the debt of nature, to die. Ver- 
tere in naturam, to become natural. 
Natura and ab natura, by nature, 
naturally. 

Natus, a, um, part, (nascor), born, 
sprung ; born to or for, intended or 
fit for, suited. Annos natus circiter 
viginii, about twenty years old. 

Navigo, are, avi, atum, a. fy n. (navis 
fy ago), to steer or navigate a ship ; 
to sail, sail in or upon, navigate ; to 
obtain by navigation. 

Navis, is, f § 79, 3, a ship, vessel, 
bark, boat. 

Navus, a, um, adj., active, diligent, 
industrious, prompt, vigorous. 



NE 



218 



NEQUEO 



Ne, adv. $ conj. §262 & §267, R. 1, 
not, that not, lest: also for nedum, 
much less ; and for dummodo non, 
provided that not. Ne quidem, not 
even, they are usually separated by 
an emphatic word or words, § 279, 3. 
After verbs of hindering, from, with 
the English gerundive ; as, Impedire 
ne triurnphar ent, to hinder from tri- 
umphing. 

Ne, enclitic conj. § 198, R. 2. In di- 
rect questions it is commonly omitted 
in translating into English ; in in- 
direct questions, whether ; ne — an, 
or ne — ne, whether — or. 

Nee or Neque, conj. fy adv. (ne fy que), 
neither, nor, and not; also not; 
but not, not ; nee — nee, neither — 
nor. Neque tamen, and still, but 
still, nor yet. Neque — et, and not — 
and ; or, not — and, neglecting the 
que. 

Necatus, a, um, part. (neco). 

Necessarib, adv., necessarily, of ne- 
cessity : from 

Necessarius, a, um, adj., necessary, 
needful, unavoidable, indispensa- 
ble, urgent ; friendly, favorable ; 
Necessarius, i, m., a relation, partic- 
ular acquaintance, intimate friend, 
confidant : from 

Necesse, adj. n. ind., necessary, of ne- 
cessity, needful. Necesse est, it is 
necessary, it must needs be. 

Necessitudo, mis, f (necesse), neces- 
sity ; want, need ; the tie of rela- 
tionship or friendship, relation, con- 
nexion, acquaintance. 

Neco, are, avi, atum, fy necui, nectum, 
a. (nex), to put to death, slay, kill, 
destroy, murder. 

Necubi, adv. (ne fy alicubi, somewhere), 
lest any where, nowhere, that no- 
where. 

Nedum, adv., not to say, not only, 
much less, much more. 

Nefandus, a, um, adj. (ne § fandus, to 
be spoken), not to be named, impi- 



ous, base, heinous, execrable, abom- 
inable, atrocious. 

Nefarius, a, um, adj. (nefas, unlawful), 
wicked, impious, base, heinous, 
abominable, execrable, nefarious. 

Negito, are, a. freq. (nego), to deny 
often or strongly, persist in deny- 
ing ; to refuse positively. 

Negligentia, <e, /. (negligens, negli- 
gent), negligence, neglect, careless- 
ness, heedlessness, supineness. 

Negligo, ere, lexi, ledum, a. (nee fy 
lego), to neglect, disregard, slight, 
make light of, take no notice of, not 
to care for or regard, scorn, con- 
temn, despise. 

Nego, are, avi, atum, a. fy n., to say 
no or not, deny, refuse. With the 
infinitive active, to declare that one 
does not or will not. 

Negotiator, oris, m., one who trades or 
traffics, a merchant, factor, trader : 
from 

Negotior, ari, atus sum, dep. (nego- 
tium), to trade, traffic, transact bu- 
siness. 

Negotiosus, a, um, adj., full of busi- 
ness, busy, engaged in public busi- 
ness, occupied with public affairs : 
from 

Negotium, i, n. (nee § otium), a busi- 
ness, office, employment, part, oc- 
cupation, pursuit ; an affair, meas- 
ure, a weighty affair, transaction, 
enterprise ; difficulty, trouble, bur- 
den, task, charge ; a matter, thing, 
fact. Dare negotium alicui, to com- 
mit, confide, intrust ; with ut, fyc, 
to commission, order, charge. Cul- 
pam ad negotia transfer re, — to the 
course of events, to circumstances. 

Nemo, mis, m. ty fi (ne fy homo), no 
one, no body, no man, no. Nemo 
omnium, no one, no man. 

Nepos, otis, m., a grandson. 

Neque, conj., see Nee. 

Nequeo, Ire, lvi % itum, irr. n., not to be 
able, to be unable, I cannot. It is 



NEQUICQUAM 



219 



NOMEN 



used as a deponent verb when fol- 
lowed by a passive infinitive. 

Nequicquam, fy Nequidquam, adv., in 
vain, to no purpose. 

Nequis, Ne quis, or Neu quis, qua, 
quod or quid, adj. pro. (ne fy quis, § 
137, R. (c), fy § 13S), lest any one, 
that no, that no one, nor any one. 

Nero, onis, m. (Tib.), a Roman senator 
during the conspiracy of Catiline. 

Neve, by apocope, Neu, (ne fy ve, or), 
nor, neither, or not, and not. Neu 
quis, see Nequis. 

Nex, necis, /., violent death, murder. 

Ni, conj. (by apocope for 7iisi), if not, 
unless. Ni multitudo togatorum 
fuisset, if there had not been, or had 
it not been for the multitude — . 

Nihil, n. ind. (nihilum, by apocope), 
nothing. It is often used in the ace. 
with a prep, understood, instead of 
non, not, in no respect, in nothing, 
not at all, no. Nihil reliqui or re- 
liquum facere, to leave nothing, omit 
nothing. Nihil pensi, no considera- 
tion or care, § 212, R. 3, N. 3. Ni- 
hil languidi, no inactivity or list- 
lessness. Nihil remissi, no negli- 
gence. Nihil ad me, te, fyc. sc. per- 
tinet, is no concern of mine, does 
not concern me, &c. 

Nihilum, i, n. (ne fy hilum, the least), 
nothing. Pro nihilo habere, to make 
no account of, to account as noth- 
ing. Nihilo, abl. with comparatives, 
not a whit, not at all, in nothing, no. 
- Nihilo minus, nihilominus, or nihilo 
segnius, no less, notwithstanding, 
nevertheless. 

Nimis, adv., too much, too, extremely, 
exceedingly. 

Nisi, conj. (ni fy si), if not, unless, but 
that, except, save only, but, and 
yet, however. Nisi quod, except 
that, only, but, but still. Nisi ta- 
men, but still, but however that may 
be, but yet. Nisi forte, unless per- 
chance, used ironically. 



Nisus, us, m., an attempt, endeavor, 
effort, exertion. Dubia nisu, peril- 
ous to attempt, § 250 : from 

Nitor, i, nisus fy nixus sum, dep. § 245, 
II, to strive, strain, labor, endeavor, 
attempt, exert one's self; to make 
one's way with effort, move, rise, 
mount, advance, climb ; to lean 
upon, rest upon, be supported by, 
depend upon, trust to. Niti corpore, 
to make gestures or motions, make 
signs, gesticulate. 

Nobilior, oris, m. (M. Fulvius), a Ro- 
man knight confederate with Cat- 
iline. 

Nobilis, e, adj., known, well known, 
noted; famous, remarkable, noble, 
illustrious, glorious, celebrated, dis- 
tinguished ; noble, high-born, of 
high birth. Nobilis, is, m., a noble- 
man. Nobiles, nobles, the nobility. 

Nobititas, atis,f (nobilis), fame, repu- 
tation, renown ; excellence, noble- 
ness ; high birth, nobility ; great- 
ness of soul, magnanimity, generos- 
ity ; the nobles, the nobility ; the 
Patricians. Magna nobilitas, high 
birth. 

Nocens, entis, part, fy adj. (noceo, to 
hurt), hurtful, mischievous, perni- 
cious, destructive, baneful ; bad, 
wicked, criminal. 

Noctu, f. abl. sing. § 94, (nox), by 
night, in the night time. Die or diu 
noctuque, day and night. 

Nocturnus, a, um, adj. (noctu), of night, 
nocturnal, in the night. 

Nolo, nolle, nolui, n. fy a. irr. (non fy 
volo, % 178, 2), to be unwilling or 
averse. The imperative of nolo, 
with an infinitive, is translated by 
not, and the infinitive, by an im- 
perative; as, nolite existimare, do 
not suppose. Idem velle atque idem 
nolle, to like and dislike the same 
thing, to have the same desires and 
aversions. 

Nomen, mis, n., a name, appellation, 



NOMINO 



220 



NUBO 



title. Nomine, by name, in the 
name. Servants, .among the Ro- 
mans, had but one name, but men 
who were free born were distin- 
guished by three names ; the nomen, 
or name of their gens or clan, the cog- 
nomen, or name of their familia or 
family, and the prcenomen, or name 
of the individual. To these was 
sometimes added the agnomen, on 
account of some exploit, &c. of 
the individual, § 279, 9. — A family, 
stock, race, nation ; as Nomen La- 
tinum, the Latin nation ; — reputa- 
tion, dignity, renown, fame, charac- 
ter, name ; as, memores nominis Ro- 
rnani, — a pretext, pretence, account, 
reason, excuse. Meo nomine, in my 
name, on my account. Meis nomi- 
nibus, on my own, personal, private, 
or individual account. Alienis no- 
minibus, on account of others, in the 
name of others. Hoc nomine, on 
this account, for this reason. 

Nomrno, are, am, atum, a. (nomen), to 
name, call by name, to speak of; to 
accuse. 

Non, adv., not, no. Non quo, not that, 
not as if. Et non and ac non fol- 
lowing quasi serve to correct the 
preceding proposition, " and not 
rather." 

Nona, dram,/, (nonus, the ninth), the 
nones, the ninth day inclusive be- 
fore the ides. The nones occurred 
on the fifth day of each month except 
in March, May, July, and October, 
when they fell upon the seventh, 
$326. 

Nondum, adv. (non fy dum), not yet, 
not as yet. Nondum etiam, not 
even yet. 

Nonnullus, a, um, adj. (non § nullus), 
some ; pi. some, some persons. 

Nos, Nostrum, Nosm.el, etc., see Ego, 
fy Egomet. 

Nosco, ere, novi, notum, a., to become 
acquainted with, learn. Novi, 1 



have learned, I know, understand, 
§ 183, 3, N. 

Noster, tra, trum, adj. pro. % 139, (nos), 
our, ours, our own. Nostri, our rel- 
atives, friends, fellow-countrymen, 
soldiers, troops, &c. 

Notus, a, um, part, fy adj. (nosco), 
known, well know^n. 

Nove, adv. (novus), newly ; sup. novis- 
sime, lately, very lately, last of all, 
lastly, finally. 

November, fy Novembris, bris, bre, adj. 
(novem, nine), of or belonging to 
November. November, bris, m., the 
month November. 

Novitas, atis, f. (novus), newness, 
freshness, novelty, strangeness ; 
newness of family, want of noble 
ancestry, see Homo. 

Novo, are, avi, atum, a., to introduce 
as new, invent; to change, alter. 
Novare, or novare res, to effect a rev- 
olution or change in government, to 
make an insurrection : from 

Novus, a, um, adj., new, fresh, recent, 
novel, unusual, uncommon, strange, 
extraordinary; inexperienced, un- 
accustomed to. Novus homo, see 
Homo. Res novas, innovations or 
changes in the state of affairs, a 
revolution, sedition, rebellion. No- 
va tabulce, a remission of debts, in 
whole or in part. See Tabula. No- 
vissimus, a, um, sup., last, extreme. 

Nox, noctis, f, night, night-time, the 
night. Nodes atque dies, night and 
day. Noctem agitare, to pass the 
night. 

Noxius, a, um, adj. (noceo, to hurt), 
hurtful, injurious, noxious ; bad, 
wicked, guilty, criminal. 

Nubes, is, f, a cloud. 

Nubo, ere, nupsi, ty nupta sum, nuptum, 
a. $ n. % 223, R. 2, to cover, veil. 
Hence, as brides, in ancient times, 
were accustomed to put on a veil, to 
marry, be married, spoken of the 
bride only. 



NUCERINUS 



221 



OBLONGUS 



Nuceflnus, i, m. (P. Sitiius), a Roman 
who commanded an army in Mau- 
ritania during the consulship of 
Cicero. 

Nudo, are. avi, atum, a., to make na- 
ked, strip bare ; to deprive, bereave, 
strip, spoil : from 

Nudus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, un- 
covered, unprotected, undefended ; 
destitute, without. 

Nullus, a, um, adj. § 107, (ne fy idlus), 
not any, none, no, nobody, no one. 
Alia fuere, qua3 nulla sunt, — none of 
which. 

Numantia, ce, f, a city of Spain, an- 
ciently of great celebrity, built up- 
on rising ground near the Duero. 
It was destroyed by Scipio Africa- 
nus the younger, A. U. C. 621. 

Numantlnus, a, um, adj. (Numantia), 
Numantine, of or belonging to Nu- 
mantia. Subs, a Numantine. 

Numerus, i, m., a number, quantity, 
multitude. Numero, abl., is some- 
times added to numerals, as, numero 
quadraginta, forty in number, to the 
number of forty, or simply forty. 
In numero, among, one of. 

Numida, ce, m., a Numidian, an inhab- 
itant of Numidia. 

Numidia, ce, f, a large country in the 
northern part of Africa, between 
Africa Proper and Mauritania, com- 
prehending the modern territories 
of Algiers, Tunis, and a part of Tri- 
poli. 

Numidicus, a, um, adj., Numidian. 

Numquam, see Nunquam. 

Nunc, adv., now, at present. In ar- 
guments, now, such being the fact, 
in this state of things. In this sense 
it is frequently connected with the im- 
perative. 

Nunquam or Numquam, adv. (ne § 
unquam), at no time, never. 

Nuntio or Nuncio, are, avi, atum, a., to 
announce, hear tidings, tell, report, 
declare, relate, inform, make known, 

19* 



signify ; warn, charge ; pass. imp. 
nunciatum est, word was brought: 
from 

Nuntius or Nuncius, i, m., news, ti- 
dings, intelligence, advice, a mes- 
sage ; a messenger, reporter. 

Nuptice, arum, f. pi. (nubo,) a wedding 
day ; a marriage, wedding, nup- 
tials. 

Nusquam, adv. {ne fy usquam), in no 
place, no where. 

Nutus, us, m. (nuo, obs.), a nod, beck, 
sign made by a motion of the head. 
Fig. will, pleasure, consent. 



O. 



Ob, prep, vnth ace, for, on account of; 
for, instead of. Ob rem, to the pur- 
pose, with advantage, profitably, 
usefully. 

Obediens, tis, part, fy adj., obedient, 
compliant, yielding, subject, sub- 
missive, in subjection to, a slave to ; 
prosperous, favorable : from 

Obedio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. (ob fy audio), 
% 223, R. 2, to obey, give ear to, 
comply with, listen to, serve. 

Objecto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (objicio), 
to throw in the way of, expose ; to 
object, charge, upbraid, cast in one's 
teeth. 

Objectus, a, um, part., thrown to, expo- 
sed : from 

Objicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. {ob fy jacio), 
to throw before, throw to, give, ex- 
pose. 

Oblatus, a, um, part, {offer o). 

Oblino, ere, levi, litum, a. (ob fy lino, 
to smear), to daub or smear over, 
bedaub, besmear, stain. 

Oblttus, a, um, part, (obliviscor,) hav- 
ing forgotten, forgetful, unmindful. 

Oblitus, a, um, part, (oblino), smeared, 
stained. 

Obliviscor, i, oblttus sum, dep. § 216, to 
forget. 

Oblongtis, a, um, adj. (ob fy longus), 



OBNOXIUS 



222 



OBVIUS 



oblong, having greater length than 
breadth. 

Obnoxius, a, um, adj. (ob fy noxius,) 
liable, subject, obnoxious ; subject, 
dependent upon, obliged, beholden, 
or under obligations to, submissive, 
in one's power, responsible, devo- 
ted, influenced, swayed ; abject, 
sordid, fearful ; exposed, liable to. 
Esse obnoxia alicui, to humor or 
gratify any one, to comply with his 
wishes. 

Obruo, ere, ui, utum, a. (ob § mo, to 
throw down), to cover over, over- 
whelm, bury, sink. 

Obrutus, a, um, part, (obruo). 

Obscuro, are, avi, atum, a., to obscure, 
darken ; to cover, hide, conceal ; to 
render obscure, cause to be un- 
known, cover with obscurity : from 

Obscurus, a, um, adj., obscure, dark, 
faint, dim, shady ; obscure, hidden ; 
ignoble, mean. In obscuro vitam 
habere, in obscurity, in privacy — . 

Ohsecro, are, avi, alum, a. fy n. (ob fy 
sacro, to consecrate), to entreat or 
pray earnestly, beseech, implore, 
supplicate, conjure, importune. 

Observo, are, avi, atum, a. fy n. (ob fy 
servo), to observe, watch, note, 
mark, mind, heed, attend to ; to 
obey, comply with, submit to, re- 
gard ; to look up to, esteem, honor, 
respect, reverence. 

Obses, zdis, m. tyf. (ob § sedeo), a hos- 
tage ; any person who is a pledge 
or security. 

Obsessus, a, um, part, (obsideo fy ob- 
sido). 

Obsideo, ere, edi, essum, n. fy a. (ob § 
sedeo), to sit around, beset ; to take 
possession of, occupy ; to besiege, 
blockade, invest, surround. 

Obsido, ere, edi, essum, a. (ob $• sido, 
to settle down), to beset ; to besiege, 
occupy, take possession of, sur- 
round, environ. 

Obstindtus, a, um, adj. (obsfino, to re- 



solve firmly), obstinate, stubborn, 
perverse, inflexible, resolute, deter- 
mined. 

Obsto, are, stzti, stdtum, n. (ob fy sto, 
to stand), to stand in the way, op- 
pose, withstand, hinder, obstruct, be 
inconsistent or at variance with. 

Obstrepo, ere, pui, pitum, n. (ob fy 
strepo), to make a noise at or against, 
interrupt by noise, prevent from be- 
ing heard. 

Obtestdtus, a, um, part. : from 

Obtestor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (ob § tes- 
tor), to call solemnly to witness, 
protest ; to conjure, supplicate, en- 
treat, beseech. Multa obtestatus, 
having earnestly entreated, § 231. 

Obttneo, ere, tinui, tentum, a § n. (ob 
§ teneo), to hold, have, possess ; to 
keep, retain, preserve ; to occupy, 
obtain, get possession of, acquire, 
gain. Ea fama, quce plerosque ob- 
tinet, — which holds possession of 
most persons, i. e. which generally 
prevails, — is currently received. 
Nulla pro socia obtinet, — occupies as 
a partner, holds the place of a part- 
ner or companion. 

Obtruncdtus, a, um, part. : from 

Obtrunco, are, avi, atum, a. (ob ty trun- 
co, to maim), to cut off the head or 
limbs, dismember, cut to pieces, 
slaughter, slay. 

Obtuli, see Offero. 

Obvenio, Ire, vent, ventum, n. (ob § ve- 
nio), to meet by chance ; to fall to 
one's lot ; to fall out, happen, oc- 
cur, offer itself. 

Obviam, adv. (ob fy via), in the way, so 
as to meet. Obviam procedere, pro- 
dire, fyc., to go to meet, advance to 
meet. Obviam mittere, to send to 
meet. Obviam ire periculis, to ex- 
pose one's self to, encounter — . Ob- 
viam ire, to go to meet, resist, op- 
pose, go against, encounter. Ob- 
viam itum est, opposition was made. 

Obvius, a, um, adj. (ob <$- via), meeting 



OCCASIO 



223 



OMNIS 



in the way ; going against, oppo- 
sing. Obvius procedere, to go to 
meet, march against. Obvius esse, 
to meet. 

Occasio, onis, f. (occido, § 102, 7), an 
occasion, opportunity, fit or conven- 
ient season. Per occasionem, when 
opportunity offers, on a convenient 
opportunity. 

Occasurus, a, um, part, (occido). 

Occasus, us, m. (occido), fall, ruin, de- 
struction ; the going down or set- 
ting of the heavenly bodies. Solis 
occasus, sunset, the west. 

Occidens, entis, m. (occido), the west, 
setting-sun. 

Occido, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (ob fy ccedo), 
to beat, strike ; to. kill, slay, mur- 
der, slaughter, destroy. 

Occido, ere, cidi, casum, n. (ob Sr cado), 
to fall, fall down ; to die, perish, be 
lost. 

Occlsus, a, um, part, (occido). 

Occulo, ere, cului, cultum, a., to cover 
over, hide, conceal. 

Occulie, adv. (occultus), secretly, close- 
ly, privately. 

Occulio, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (occu- 
lo), to hide, cover, conceal. 

Occultus, a, um, adj. (occulo), hidden, 
secret, concealed, private. Occul- 
tum habere, to keep secret. Occul- 
tum, i. n., a secret place, a secret. 
In occulto, in concealment, in ob- 
scurity. 

Occupo, are, avi, atum, a. (ob § capio), 
to seize, take possession of, invade, 
occupy, fill, engross ; to attack. 

Occur so, are, avi, atum, n. freq. (oc- 
curro, to meet), to meet, fall in with ; 
to oppose. 

Ocednus, i, m., the ocean or main sea. 

Ocius, comp., ocissime, sup. adv. (ocior, 
swifter), more quickly or swiftly, 
more speedily, sooner. Quam ocis- 
sime, as speedily as possible. 

Octavius, i, m., a Roman gentile name, 
see Rufus. 



Oculus, i, m., the eye. In oculis, be- 
fore the eyes. 

Odi, or os us sum, def. preteritive verb, 
% 183, 1, I hate, detest, abhor. 

Odium, i, n. (odi), hatred, ill-will, spite, 
animosity, dislike, aversion. 

Odor § Odos, oris, in., a scent, smell, 
odor ; a stench, offensive smell. 

Offendo, ere, di, sum, n. § a. (ob fy fen- 
do, obs.), to hit, strike, or run against. 
Fig. to offend, give offence to, dis- 
please. 

Offensa, a-, f. (offendo), a striking 
against ; disgust, displeasure ; an 
offence, injury ; liability of offence. 

Offensus, a, um, part. § adj. (offendo), 
being struck, offensive, disliked, 
odious ; offended, displeased, averse, 
angry, hostile. 

Offer o, ferre, obtuli, oblatum, irr. a. 
(ob fyfero), to bring before, present, 
show, offer, give, hold forth. Quos, 
quoniam res obtulerat, as the subject 
had brought them before (us.) 

Officio, ere, feci, fectum, n. (ob $ fa- 
ciei), to hinder, stop, obstruct, op- 
pose, stand in the way; hurt, be 
hurtful or injurious to. 

Officium, i, n., a duty, office, charge, 
trust, engagement ; business ; kind- 
ness, obligingness; service, atten- 
tion ; employment, part. 

Oleaster, tri, m. (olea, the olive), the 
oleaster or wild olive-tree. 

Omissus, a, um, part. : from 

Omitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (ob $• mitto), 
to lay aside, leave off, omit, let 
alone, let go, give over, cease, pass 
over, say nothing of, make no use 
of. Deditionem omittere, to give over 

- thoughts of surrender. 

Omnlno, adv. (o?nnis), wholly, entire- 
ly, altogether, utterly, at all ; in all, 
in the whole, but, only ; universal- 
ly, generally. 

Omnis, e, adj., all, every, the whole, 
of all kinds ; omnia, all things, every 
thing. Honesta atque inhonesta, 



ONERO 



224 



OPS 



divina et humana, are annexed to 
omnia for the sake of emphasis, eve- 
ry thing of whatever nature, every 
thing whatever. Sometimes in the 
predicate of a sentence it signifies 
only, solely, purely ; as, Perfugas 
omnes presidium imposuerat, — a 
garrison consisting of deserters on- 
ly, or deserters only as a garrison, 
§ 230, R. 2. 

Onero, are, avi, atum, a., to load, bur- 
den, lade, fill, gorge : from 

Onus, eris, n., a burden, load, weight. 
Fig. a trouble, burden. 

Onustus, a, urn, adj. (onus), laden, bur- 
dened, loaded, freighted. Ager onus- 
tus prceda, full of, filled w T ith, 
abounding in — . 

Opera, cs, f. (opus), work, labor, ser- 
vice, assistance, aid, pains, exer- 
tion. Dare operam, to manage, con- 
trive, effect, cause, strive, exert 
one's self, take care, see to it. Op- 
era preiium est, there is a reward 
for one's labor, one's labor is repaid, 
it is worth the while, it is profitable 
or advantageous. 

Opes, see Ops. 

Opifex, wis, m. fyfi (opus fy facio), a 
workman, maker, framer, artificer ; 
an artist, artisan, mechanic. 

Opimius, (L.), a Roman senator, by 
whom C. Gracchus was slain, and 
who was subsequently corrupted 
by the bribes of Jugurtha. 

Opinio, onis, f, opinion, imagina- 
tion, belief, conjecture, expectation. 
Opinione asperius est, is more diffi- 
cult than is imagined. 

Opitulor, ari, atus sum, dep. (ops fy tu- 
lo, obs. to bring, whence tuli), § 223, 
R. 2, to help, aid, assist, succor, re- 
lieve. 

Oportet, uit, imp., it behooves, it is 
meet, fit or proper, it ought. 

Opperior, Iri, oppertus ty opperltus sum, 
dep., to wait, wait for, tarry for, ex- 
pect. 



Oppidanus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to a town. Oppidani, drum, 
townsmen, inhabitants of a town, 
town's-people : from 

Oppidum, i, n., a walled town, town. 

Opporturutas, atis,f, fitness, conven- 
ience, advantageousness, opportu- 
nity ; benefit, advantage ; a favor- 
able circumstance, lucky chance. 
Magna opportunitas, a rare or fa- 
vorable opportunity. Ex opportu- 
nitate, in consequence of opportu- 
nity : from 

Opportunus, a, um, adj., commodious, 
fit, convenient, suitable, proper, 
adapted to the purpose, advanta- 
geous, favorable, seasonable, op- 
portune ; useful, serviceable ; ex- 
posed, subject, liable, obnoxious. 
Multa atque opportuna hahes, — many 
facilities or advantages. Opportuna 
res, a favorable conjuncture, an ad- 
vantageous state of affairs. 

Oppressus, a, um, part., pressed dow r n, 
loaded, oppressed, borne down, 
crushed, depressed : from 

Opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. (oh fy 
premo), to press, press or bear down, 
oppress ; to cover, hide, conceal, 
stifle, suppress ; catch, surprise ; to 
overpower, rout, crush, subdue, 
conquer, overcome, overthrow, kill, 
slay. 

Oppugnatio, onis,f., a fighting against, 
attacking, assaulting, storming ; an 
attack, assault : from 

Oppugno, are, avi, atum, a. (ob fy pug- 
no), to fight against, assail, assault, 
attack, storm. Fig. to attack, op- 
pose, prosecute, harass, trouble. 

Ops, opis, f. § 94, strength, power, 
means, resource, might; aid, assist- 
ance, succor, protection, help, sup- 
port : pi. opes, opum, riches, wealth, 
opulence, substance, property, es- 
tate, treasure ; power, weight, in- 
fluence, interest, authority ; forces, 
resources, means, strength ; help, 



OPTANDUS 



225 



OS 



aid, assistance. Summa ope, with 
all one's might or power, with 
might and main. 

Optandus, a, um, part, fy adj. (opto), to 
be wished for, desirable. 

Opdme, adv. (sup. of bene), very well, 
excellently, best of all, best. 

Optimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus), 
very good, best, kindest, most be- 
neficent, best of all, excellent, most 
eligible, most useful ; bravest. Op- 
timus quisque, every man of high 
distinction or merit ; also, the most 
capable, the ablest, the bravest. 

Optio, dnis,f, choice, liberty to choose, 
option. Facere optionem, see Face- 
re : from 

Opto, are, avi, atum, a. § n., to wish, 
choose, prefer; to wish for, long 
for, desire ; to wish, pray, request, 
ask. 

Opulenier, adv. (opulentus), richly, 
abundantly, splendidly, magnifi- 
cently, sumptuously, generously, 
bountifully. 

Opulentia, ce, f. (opulens, rich), opu- 
lence, wealth, riches, abundance ; 
power, greatness. 

Opulentus, a, um, adj. (ops), rich, weal- 
thy, opulent, abundant ; powerful ; 
fertile. With the abl. abounding in, 
well supplied with. 

Opus, eris, n., work, labor ; a work, 
task ; toil, fatigue, hardship ; mili- 
tary works, fortifications, engines ; 
art, labor. 

Opus, indeclinable noun fy adj. % 243, 
need, occasion, necessity ; needful, 
necessary. Tantummodo incepto 
opus est, we need but to begin. 

Ora, ce,f, the extremity, edge, mar- 
gin, border, boundary ; the coast, 
shore. 

Oratio, bnis,f. (oro), speech, discourse, 
language, speaking ; a speech, ora- 
tion, harangue ; eloquence. Habere 
orationem, to deliver, pronounce, 
speak or make a speech, address, &c. 



Orator, oris, m. (oro), a speaker, ora- 
tor ; an ambassador, deputy. 

Orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, orb, globe, 
sphere. Orbis terrce or terrarum, 
the earth, the world. Orbem facere, 
to draw up troops in the form of a 
circle, to make a circle. 

Ordo, mis, m., order, arrangement, 
disposition, regularity ; a series, 
course, train ; a rank, row ; a rank 
or file of soldiers ; a battalion, band, 
company; an order, rank, degree, 
state, condition. Ordo senatorius, 
equester and plebeius, the senatorial, 
equestrian and plebeian orders, the 
rank of a senator, knight, &c. Or- 
dine, rightly, wisely, properly, just- 
ly. Observare or habere ordines, to 
keep or mind the ranks, to remain 
in line. Ordine egredi, to leave the 
line or ranks. Commutare ordines, 
to alter the arrangement, or to 
change the front (of an army). 

Orestilla, ce,f, see Aurelia. 

Oriens, entis, part, (orior). 

Origo, mis, f, a beginning, head, 
source, origin, original, cause, stock, 
fountain, root ; founder ; a parent 
city or state : from 

Orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep. § 177, to rise, 
arise, grow up, spring, spring up, 
commence, begin, appear. 

Ornatus, us, m. (orno, to adorn), orna- 
ment, embellishment, decoration ; 
dress, garb, attire; trappings, ac- 
coutrements. 

Oro, are, avi, atum, n. ty a. (os, oris), to 
speak, utter ; to beg, ask, entreat, 
pray for, request, beseech, make 
supplication. 

Ortus, us, m. (orior), a rising ; origin, 
birth. Ortus solis, the rising of the 
sun, the east. 

Ortus, a, um, part, (orior), risen, sprung 
up, born, descended. 

Os, oris, n., the mouth. Fig. lan- 
guage, speech ; the face, counten- 
ance ; presence, sight. Loqui pa- 



OSTENDO 



226 



PAREO 



rum libero ore, to speak with too 
much caution or reserve. Incedunt 
per or a vestra, — before your faces. 
Omnium ora in me conversa sunt, the 
eyes of all — . 

Ostendo, ere, di, sum § turn, {oh fy ten- 
do), to show, hold forth or expose to 
view, point out, indicate, betoken, 
mean, manifest, discover, tell, de- 
clare, make known. Ostendere se, 
to show one's self, to appear. 

Ostento, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (oste?i- 
do), to show, to show often, point 
out, display ; to make show of, ex- 
hibit, hold out, offer, promise ; to 
threaten, menace, hold out ; to show 
vainly, vaunt, boast of. 

Ostentus, us, m. (ostendo), a show, ap- 
pearance, display. .Esse ostentui, 
to serve to display ; also, to be a 
show, pretence, or trick. 

Otium, i, n., ease, leisure, freedom 
from business, want of employment, 
idleness, retirement from public bu- 
siness, private life ; quiet, repose, 
tranquillity, rest, peace. Per otium, 
in peace. 



P., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Publius. 

Pabulum, i, n. (pasco), food for cattle, 
herbage, grass, pasture, fodder, pas- 
turage. Humi pabulum, the herb- 
age of the fields, the productions of 
the soil, as herbs, roots, tyc. 

Pacatus, a, um, part. § adj. (paco), 
peaceful, peaceable, quiet, tran- 
quil, reduced to peaceable subjec- 
tion, conquered, subdued. 

Pacifico, are, avi, atum, a. fy n. (pacif 
icus, pacific), to treat about or make 
proposals of peace, make or desire 
peace. 

Paciscor, i, paclus sum, dep., to bar- 
gain, covenant, agree, stipulate, 
promise or demand by covenant, 
stipulate for. 



Pactio, onis, f. (paciscor), an agree- 
ment, bargain, contract, covenant, 
engagement, condition, stipulation ; 
a corrupt bargain ; a promise. Fa- 
cere pa ctionem, to bargain or agree. 

Pane or Pene, adv., almost, nearly. 

Palam, adv., openly, manifestly, pub- 
licly. 

Palor, ari, atus sum, dep., to wander 
to and fro, wander up and down, 
rove, ramble, straggle, be disper- 
sed. 

Palus, udis,f, a marsh, morass, bog, 
fen, swamp, pool, lake. 

Panis, is, m., bread. 

Par, paris, adj., § 222, and R. 2 & 6, 
equal, even in number, like, similar. 
When followed by et, ac § atque, the 
same as. Par est, it is convenient, 
meet, proper, suitable, right. Parem 
esse alicui, to be equal to, to be a 
match for — . 

Paratio, onis, f (paro), an aiming at, 
getting, procuring. 

Paratus, a, um, part, fy adj. (paro), pre- 
pared, ready, provided, furnished, 
fitted, equipped ; in readiness, pro- 
cured, bought. 

Parco, ere, peperci fy parsi, a. fy n. 
(parous), to cease, give over, ab- 
stain, let alone, omit, spare ; to re- 
gard, favor, consult, respect, refrain 
from hurting or injuring, be care- 
ful of; to pardon, forgive; to use 
moderately, be sparing of, save, 
keep, preserve, reserve. 

Parous, a, um, adj., sparing, frugal, 
thrifty, economical, moderate. 

Parens, lis, m. $ f (pario), a parent, 
father or mother. 

Parens, tis, part, fy adj., obedient. 
Subs., a vassal, subject, dependent : 
from 

Pareo, ere, ui, ttum, n., to appear, be 
seen ; to be in waiting or attend- 
ance ; to obey, submit to, comply 
with ; to indulge, gratify, humor, 
follow, be guided by, give way to, 



PARIES 



227 



PATIENS 



listen to, yield to ; to be subject to, 
be ruled or governed by. 

Paries, etis, m., the wall of a house or 
other edifice. 

Pario, ere, peperi, partum, a., to bear 
or bring forth young, produce ; to 
occasion, cause, make, produce ; to 
acquire, procure, get, gain, obtain. 

Pariter, adv. (par), equally, in like 
manner, alike, just as much, at the 
same time, together. Pariter ac, 
atque, fyc, equally as, as much as. 
Pariter cum, at the same time with, 
at. 

Paro, are, am, atum, a., to make ready, 
provide, put in readiness, prepare, 
make preparations, undertake, go 
about, contrive, order, dispose, fur- 
nish, equip; to acquire, procure, 
get, obtain, aim at, strive to obtain ; 
to buy, purchase, secure. Parare 
insidias alicui, to plot against — . 

Parrictda, a, m. ty f {pater fy ccedo), a 
parricide, murderer of parents or 
near relations ; a murderer, assas- 
sin ; a miscreant, villain ; a rebel, 
enemy. 

Pars, tis, f, a part, portion, piece, 
share, side ; some, part ; pars — pars, 
pars — alii, alii — pars, some — others. 
Magna pars, many. Maxima pars, 
most. Magna parte, in a great meas- 
ure. Pars and partes, a party, side, 
faction. Studia partium, party zeal, 
party spirit. Ab omnibus partibus, 
on all sides. 

ParHceps, cipis, adj. (pars fy capio), 
partaking of, having a share in, 
privy to, a sharer, partaker, associ- 
ate, accomplice, partner. 

Partim, adv. (pars), partly, in part, 
some, some part. It is often used 
as an indeclinable noun, and is fre- 
quently repeated or followed by alii ; 
partim — partim, or partim — alii, 
some - others. 
Partio, ire, ivi, ttum, a. (pars), to part, 
divide, distribute. 



Partus, a, um, part, (pario), acquired, 

gained, obtained. 
Parum, adv. (comp. minus, sup. mini- 
me, which see), little, but a little, 
too little, not enough. It is also 
used for minus or non, not. Parum 
habere, see Habere. Parum cogno- 
vi, I have not satisfactorily ascer- 
tained. Parum facere, to value lit-, 
tie, to think little of. Parum seems 
sometimes to be a noun or adjec- 
tive ; as, Parum sapiential. Illis 
parum est impune male fecisse, it is 
not enough for them — . See §212, 
R. 4, & N. 1. 
Parvus, a, um, adj. (comp. minor, sup. 
minimus, which see), little, small ; 
young. Parvi pendere, see Pendo. 
Passim, adv., here and there, up and 
down, at random; every where, 
every way. 
Passus, us, m. (pando), a pace, step ; 
a pace, a Roman measure of five 
feet. 
Patefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. (pateo 
fy facio), to open, set or lay open, 
throw open. Fig. to manifest, de- 
clare, disclose, discover, detect, 
bring to light, show, explain, make 
known. 
Patefactus, a, um, part, (patefacio). 
Patefio, eri, f actus sum, irr. pass, of 

Patefacio, § 180, N. 
Patens, entis, part, ty adj., open, lying 
open, extending, stretching, extend- 
ed wide : from 
Pateo, ere, ui, »., to be open, lie open, 
extend, stretch ; to be accessible ; 
to be plain, evident, manifest, be 
known, appear; to be subject to 
one's power. 
Pater, tris, m., a father. Also, a term 
of respect applied to Roman sena- 
tors ; see Conscriptus. 
Patera, ce, f (pateo), a goblet, a broad 

cup or bowl. 
Patiens, tis, pari, fy adj. (patior), with 
ace, enduring, suffering ; with gen., 



PATIENTIA 



22S 



PEDESTER 



able to bear, capable of enduring, 
patient. 

Patientia, ce, /., a bearing, suffering, 
enduring, patience, forbearance : 
from 

Patior, i, passus sum, dep., to bear, 
undergo, suffer, endure, brook, tol- 
erate, support ; to submit to, bear 
contentedly, to permit, allow, suf- 
fer, let. 

Patria, ce, f. [patrius), one's native 
country or city, native soil or land, 
one's country. 

Patricius, a, um, adj. [pater), of or be- 
longing to a patrician, of patrician 
rank, patrician, noble. Patricius, 
i, 772., a patrician, a descendant of 
the first senators, a nobleman of the 
first rank at Rome. 

Patrimonium, i, n. {pater), a paternal 
estate, inheritance, patrimony ; an 
estate. 

Patrius, a, am, adj. [pater), of or be- 
longing to a father, fatherly, pater- 
nal ; of one's country, native. 

Patro, are, avi, alum, a., to effect, per- 
form, execute, perpetrate, commit, 
achieve, finish, accomplish. 

Patrocinium, i, n. [patronus, a patron;, 
protection, patronage, support. 

Pauci, ce, a, adj.pl., few, a few ; pau- 
ci, a few men ; also, the few, the 
aristocracy; a clique, cabal, junto. 
Paucis or paucissimis, sc. verbis, in 
few words, briefly. Pauca milites 
hortari, — briefly, in few words, 
v2C5, R. 10. £ §231, R. 5. 

PaucV.as, diis.f. pauci,, fewness, scar- 
city, smallness or paucity of num- 
bers, paucity ; a small number. 

Pauldiim, adv. [paulus), by little and 
little, by degrees, gradually. 

Paulisper, adv., for a little while, a 
little while. 

Paululum, adv. [pauhYtus, very little", 
a little, a very little, somewhat ; a 
little distance : a short time. 

Paulum, adv., a little. 



Paulus, a, um, adj., little, small : pern- 
io, abl. with comparatives, §c. §256, 
R. 16, [2] : by a little, a little, some- 
what. Paulo post or post paulo, just 
after, a little after. 

Paulus, i, m. L. JEmilius Lepidus), a 
Roman senator, who commenced a 
prosecution against Catiline, under 
the Plautian law. 

Paupertas, atis.f. [pauper, poor), pov- 
erty, need, indigence. 

Paveo, ere, pavi, a. ty 72., to fear, be 
afraid, dread. 

Pavesco, ere, n. inc. [paveo). to be or 
begin to be much afraid, show signs 
of fear. 

Pav'idus, a, inn, adj. [paveo), timid, 
timorous, afraid, fearful, alarmed. 

Pax, pads, f., peace, quiet, tranquil- 
lity. Agitare pacem, to live in a 
state of peace. Pace, and in pace, 
in peace, in time of peace. 

Peccatum, i, n., a fault, error, offence, 
sin : from 

Pecco, are, avi, at inn, n. <$• a., to do 
wrong or amiss, commit a fault, err, 



mistake, transgress, offend, sin. 

Pectus, oris, n., the breast, chest. 
Fig. the heart, mind, soul, memory, 
thoughts. 

Peculatus. us, m. [peculor, to embez- 
zle; , the crime of stealing or embez- 
zling the public money or proper- 
ty, peculation. 
\ Pecunia, ce, /., money, a sum of mon- 
ey ; goods, property, wealth, riches. 
Pecunia sumpta mutua, borrowed 
money. Pecunia magna, a great 
sum of money. 

Pecus, oris, n.. oxen, horses, swine, 
sheep, goats, drc, cattle, a herd. 
Pecora, pi., the brutes, brute beasts. 

Pedes, It is, m. pes), on foot; a foot 
soldier ; collectively, the foot, foot 
soldiers, infantry. 

Pedester, tris, tre, adj. (pes), on foot, 
going on foot, pedestrian. Pedes- 
ires copice, the infantry, foot soldiers. 



PELIGNUS 



229 



PERFIDIA 



Pelignus, a, um, adj., of or belonging 
to the Peligni, a people of Italy. 

Pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, a., to drive 
or chase away, discomfit, rout; to 
remove forcibly, expel, dispossess. 

Pendeo, ere, pependi, n., to hang from, 
to be suspended ; to hang, rest or 
depend upon. 

Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, a., to 
weigh ; to weigh or ponder in one's 
mind, think of, consider, deliberate 
on ; to esteem, value, appreciate, 
regard ; to pay, liquidate, discharge. 
Pendere parvi, to value little, care 
little for, §214. Pendere poenas, to 
suffer punishment. 

Pene, adv., almost, nearly. 

Penes, prep, with ace, with, in the 
power of, in the hands or possession 
of. Fides penes auctores erit, its 
credit will rest with the writers, i. e. 
the writers must be held answer- 
able for its truth. 

Pensus, a, um, part, fy adj. (pendo), 
weighed, considered, esteemed, 
prized, valued ; valuable, precious, 
dear. Nihil, or nee quidquam pensi 
habere, or ducere, not to care or re- 
gard, not to mind or consider, to 
have no consideration, regard noth- 
ing, respect nothing, to reckon noth- 
ing precious. 

Penuria, ce, f, want, need, scarcity. 

Peperci, see Parco. 

Peperi, see Pario. 

Per, prep, with ace, along, over, 
through, throughout ; for, during, 
about, in, at, by ; between ; with, 
by, through, by means of. Per se, 
of himself, herself, &c, by himself, 
&c, singly ; of one's own accord, 
without solicitation. Per dedecora, 
disgracefully ; — on account of. Per 
me, of myself, without assistance ; 
also, as far as I am concerned. 
In prayers, tyc, for the sake of, in 
the name of : — before. In composi- 
tion, see $ 197, 8. 

20 



Perangustus, a, um, adj. (per, § 197, 8, 
fy angustus), very strait or narrow. 

Per cello, ere, culi, culsum, a. (per fy 
cello, to impel), to thrust or strike 
aside, move forcibly, overthrow, 
overturn ; to strike, hit, smite ; to 
cast down ; to astonish, amaze, stun, 
surprise, strike with consternation. 

Percontor, ari, dtus sum, dep. (per fy 
contor, to delay), to ask, inquire, 
question, interrogate. 

Perculsus, a, um, part, (percello), 
struck, strongly affected, disquiet- 
ed, dispirited, disheartened, sur- 
prised, astonished, filled with con- 
sternation. 

Perditus, a, um, part, fy adj., lost, ru- 
ined, spoiled, desperate, abandoned : 
from 

Perdo, ere, didi, dttum, a. (per ty do), 
to destroy, ruin. Perditum eo, see 
Eo, and §276, II, R. 2. 

Perduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (per fy duco), 
to bring through, conduct, lead, con- 
vey, accompany ; to bring or draw 
over, persuade, gain over. 

Peregrtnans, tis, part., going or living 
abroad. Subs, a traveler, sojourner. 

Peregrlnor, ari, dtus sum, dep. (pere- 
grlnus, foreign), to go abroad, live 
in foreign countries. 

Pereo, ire, ii, irr. n. (per ty eo), to 
perish, be lost or ruined, be des- 
troyed ; to die. 

Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (per 
ty fero), to bear or carry through ; 
to bear, carry, bring, convey ; to 
support, suffer, bear patiently, bear 
or put up with, brook. Perferre 
legem, or rogationem, to carry a bill 
through, get a law passed. 

Perficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (per ty 
facio), to finish, complete, accom- 
plish, effect, perform, execute, dis- 
patch; to bring about, cause. 

Perfidia, ce, f. (perfidus, perfidious), 
perfidy, treachery, perfidiousness, 
falsehood, faithlessness. 



PERFUGA 



230 



PERTERREO 



Perfuga, ce, m., a runaway, fugitive ; a 
deserter : from 

Perfugio,ere, fugi, fugitum, n. (per fy 
fugio, to fly or flee for succor or 
shelter, take refuge. 

Perfugium, i, n. (perfugio), a refuge, 
shelter, sanctuary, asylum. 

Pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectum, n. (per 
fyrego), to go, proceed, go on, come, 
pass on, go forward, advance, con- 
tinue on one's way. Pergere iter, 
to prosecute, pursue, proceed on, — § 
232, (1). Pergere festinans, to hasten. 

Periculose, adv., dangerously, with 
danger, hazardously: from 

Periculosus, a, um, adj., dangerous, 
hazardous, perilous : from 

Periculum, i, n., a trial, experiment, 
proof; risk, danger, hazard, peril. 
Facere periculum alicui, to occasion, 
cause — . Periculo suo, at his own 
risk. 

Perinde, adv. (per 4* inde), similarly, 
just the same. Perinde ac, atque, ut, 
just as, as, just so. Perinde ac si or 
quasi, as if, as though, just as if. 

Peritia, ce,f (perltus, skillful), skill, 
skillfulness, knowledge, expertness. 

Perjurium, i, n. (perjuro, to swear 
falsely), a false oath, perjury. 

Perlatus, a, um,part. (perfero). 

Perlego, ere, legi, ledum, a. (per § 
lego), to read through, read over. 

Permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. (per 
fy maneo), to remain, endure, con- 
tinue, last, hold out, persevere. 

Permisceo, ere, miscui, mixtum or mis- 
lum, a. (per fy misceo), to mingle, 
mix or blend together, throw into 
confusion, confound. 

Permitto, ere, ~isi, issum, a. (per 6f mit- 
to), to dispatch, send away ; lo per- 
mit, give, grant, allow, suffer ; to 
commit, intrust, lis permissum est, 
it was permitted them, they were 
allowed or empowered. 

Permixtio, onis, f (permisceo), a mix- 
ing or mingling together, mixture, 



confusion, convulsion. Permixtio 
terrce, a convulsion of the elements. 

Permixius, a, um, part, (permisceo). 

Permotus, a, um, part. : from 

Permoveo, ere, movi, motum, a. (per fy 
moveo), to move, move greatly, stir 
up, stir, affect, influence, lead, in- 
duce. 

Pernicies, ei,f. (perneco, to kill), death, 
destruction, ruin ; disaster, calamity. 

Perniciosus, a, um, adj. (pernicies), per- 
nicious, hurtful, baneful, mischiev- 
ous, destructive, deadly. 

Perpello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (per fy 
pello), to move, force ; to move, af- 
fect, touch ; lo drive, induce, per- 
suade, lead, prevail upon. 

Perperam, adv. (perperus, wrong), 
wrong, amiss, preposterously ; false- 
ly, incorrectly. 

Perpetior, i, pessus sum, dep. (per fy 
potior), to suffer, endure, bear, 
abide, undergo, submit to, 

Persa, ce, m., a Persian. 

Perscrlbo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (per $ 
scribo), to write, write out, w r rite 
fully or at large, report, record, 
copy out, narrate ; to examine, ob- 
serve, reconnoitre, survey. 

Persequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (per fy 
sequor), to follow, come after ; to 
follow close, pursue, press upon ; 
to revenge, avenge, punish ; to over- 
take ; to execute, perform, do, ac- 
complish ; to recount, relate, nar- 
rate, treat of. 

Perses, ce, $- Perseus, i, m., the last 
king of Macedonia. He was con- 
quered by the Romans under the com- 
mand of JEmilius Paulus, A. U. C. 
586. 

Persolvo, ere, solvi, soluium, a. $• n. (per 
fy solvo), to pay, pay completely. 

Persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum, a. § 223, 
R. 2, (per fy suadeo), to persuade, 
advise, induce, prevail upon. 

Perterreo, ere, ui, itum, a., (per fy terreo), 
to frighten greatly, terrify. 



PERTERR1TUS 



231 



PISO 



Perterrttus, a, um, part, (perterreo). 

Pertimesco, ere, ui, a. fy n. {per fy times- 
co, to become afraid), to fear great- 
ly, be greatly afraid. 

Pertineo, ere, tinui, n. (per fy teneo), to 
reach, extend, stretch ; to tend, aim. 
Quo ilia oratio pertinuit ? whither 
did it tend ? what was its aim ? 

Perturbdius, a, um, part fy adj., dis- 
turbed, disquieted, confused, thrown 
into confusion : from 

Perturbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (per fy tur- 
bo, to disturb), to disturb greatly, 
throw into confusion, trouble, dis- 
quiet, discompose. 

Pervtnio, 'ire, veni, ventum, n. (per fy 
venio), to come to, arrive at, reach, 
come. Imperium perven it ad ignaros, 
falls into the hands of — . 

Pes, pedis, m., the foot. Also the meas- 
ure of a foot. Irepedibus in senten- 
tiam, see Eo. 

Pesslme, adv. (sup. of male), very ill, 
very badly, worst. Quam quisque 
pessime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est, 
the worse any one has behaved, 
the safer he is. 

Pessimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of malus), 
very ill, very bad, the worst. 

Pessum, adv., down, to the bottom. 
Pessum do or Pessumdo, to send or 
throw to the bottom, sink, plunge ; 
to ruin, destroy, undo. Ad inertiam 
pessum datus est, has sunk into 
sloth. 

Pestilentia, ce, f. (pestilens, pestilent), 
a plague, pestilence. 

Pestis, is,f, a pest, plague, infection, 
contagion ; mischief, calamity, de- 
struction, ruin ; a pestilence, dis- 
ease. 

Petitio, onis,f, a canvassing or solici- 
ting for an office, suit ; a petition, 
demand, desire, request. Petitionem 
alicujus cutcb habere, to strive to pro- 
mote one's election : from 

Peto, ere, tlvi, tltum, a., to ask, seek, 
request, desire, entreat ; to seek, 



sue, stand or apply for an office, 
to be a candidate ; to seek after, 
covet, desire ; solicit, court, woo ; 
to aim at, assail, attack, aim a blow 
at ; to desire to reach, go or repair 
to, make for, travel to, advance to. 

Petreius, i, m. (M.), the lieutenant of 
C. Antonius in the war with Cat- 
iline. 

Petulaniia, <b, f (petulans, petulant), 
wantonness, insolence, petulance, 
impudence, lasciviousness. 

PhaltrcB, arum, f pi., trappings for 
horses ; ornaments of men or wo- 
men. 

Philceni, drum, m. pi, the Philaeni, 
two Carthaginian brothers employ- 
ed as commissioners to settle the 
boundaries of the Carthaginian and 
Cyrenian territories. 

Phoenix, ids, m., a Phoenician, an in- 
habitant of Phoenicia. 

Picenus, a, um, adj., Picene, pertain- 
ing to Picenum, a region of Italy on 
the Adriatic sea. 

Pictus, a, um, part, (pingo), painted. 
Picia tabula, a painting. 

Pittas, atis,f. (pius, pious), piety, ven- 
eration, respect, duty, love, affec- 
tion, devotion, religion. 

Piget, uit, itum est, imp., it grieves, re- 
pents, pains, it is irksome or trouble- 
some. Mepiget, I am sorry, griev- 
ed, pained, ashamed, &e. 

Pilum, i, n., a javelin or dart. 

Pilus, i, m., a company of soldiers 
armed with the pilum, a company 
of the triarii or third line of Roman 
soldiers, the first line consisting of 
the hastati, and the second of the 
principes. Primus pilus, the first 
company of the triarii: see Legio. 

Pingo, ere, pinxi, pictum, a., to de- 
pict, delineate, paint, draw. 

Piso, onis, m. (C. Calpumius), a per- 
sonal enemy of Ceesar, and a col- 
league of M. Glabrio in the consul- 
ship, A. U. C. 687. 



PISO 



232 



POENA 



Piso, onis, m. {Cn.), a profligate young 
nobleman, who was an associate of 
Catiline and Autronius in a treason- 
able conspiracy, A. U. C. 688. 

Pistoriensis, e, adj., of or pertaining 
to Pistorium, a town of Etruria, now 
Pistoia. 

Pix, picis,f, pitch. 

Placeo, ere, ui, itum, n., to please, 
give satisfaction, be agreeable. Pla- 
cet, imp., it pleases : — mihi, tibi, fyc. 
it seems good to me, it is my pleas- 
ure, I like, I choose, decide, deter- 
mine, resolve ; also, it is my opin- 
ion. The dative of the person is 
sometimes wanting. 

Placide, adv., softly, gently, mildly, 
quietly, peaceably, calmly, placid- 
ly, without disturbance or trouble, 
easily : from 

Placidus, a, um, adj. {placeo), quiet, 
gentle, soft, mild, calm, easy, still, 
placid. 

Placitus, a, um, part, fy adj. {placeo, 
% 162, 16), agreeable, pleasing, 
grateful. 

Placo, are, dvi, atum, a., to appease, 
pacify, make calm, soften, recon- 
cile, quiet. 

Plane, adv. {planus), openly, mani- 
festly, clearly ; altogether, totally, 
entirely. 

Planities, ei, f, a plane, smooth or 
even surface, a plain, level ground. 
Erat inter ceteram planitiem mons, — 
in the midst of what was otherwise 
a plain : from 

Planus, a, um, adj., plain, even, flat, 
level, smooth. Planum, i, n., a 
plain. 

Plautius, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to the Plautian gens, Plautian. 
Plautia lex, the Plautian law, a law 
introduced by P. Plautius for the 
punishment of those who should be 
guilty of either open or secret vio- 
lence. 

Plebes, ei, or Plebs, is, /., the common 



people, plebeians, in distinction from 
the patricians ; the mob, rabble, 
populace. 

Plenus, a, um, adj. {pleo, obs., to fill), 
full, replete, filled, rich, abounding 
in. Pleno gradu, with a quick step, 
at a quick pace. 

Plerumque, adv., for the most part, 
commonly, generally, often. XJti 
plerumque solet, as usually happens : 
from 

Plerusque, aque, umque, adj. (plerus, 
most, 4" 2" e )» most, the greatest 
part. It occurs more frequently in 
the plural, many, many persons, a 
great part, the greater part, most, 
most persons or things. Plerum- 
que, n. subs., the most, the greatest 
part. 

Plufimum, adv. (sup. of multum), very 
much, most, especially, for the most 
part, generally, commonly. 

Plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. ofmultus), 
very many or much, most, the 
greatest part. Plurimum, i, n. t the 
most, very much. 

Plus, pluris, adj. (comp. of mullus, 
§ 125, 5), pi. plures, pluru, § 110, 
more, pluris or pluris pretii, of more 
value, higher, of a higher price, 
dearer, worth more. Fucere pluris, 
to value higher, esteem more. Plu- 
res, more, a greater number, a ma- 
jority. Quam plures, see Quamplu- 
res. Plus, in the singular is used as 
a noun. 

Plus, adv. (comp. of multum), more. 

Pluvius, a, um, adj. {pluo, to rain), 
rainy. Pluvia aqua, rain-water. 

Poena, ce,f., punishment, satisfaction, 
a penalty, fine. Dare rtddere or 
solvere poznas, to give satisfaction, 
suffer punishment. Capere pcenam, 
to take satisfaction, to inflict pun- 
ishment. Petere poznas, fo seek sat- 
isfaction, try to inflict punishment. 
Esse pcence, § 227, to serve for or to 
be devoted to punishment. 



P(ENI 



233 



PORTATIO 



Pceni, drum, m. pi., the Carthaginians. 

Pcenitendus, a, um, part., to be repent- 
ed of, be sorry for : from 

Pceniteo, ere, ui, n. <$ r a. (poena), to re- 
pent, be sorry. Imp., Pcenitet me, 
etc., it repents me, &c, I repent, re- 
gret, am sorry. 

Pollens, tis, part. $ adj., having great 
power, able to do much, powerful, 
strong, potent, excelling, surpass- 
ing : from 

Polleo, ere, n., to be able, be very 
strong or mighty, be of great force 
or power, prevail much, excel, ex- 
ceed, be powerful, strong. 

Polliceor, eri, itus sum, dep., to prom- 
ise, assume, hold forth, offer. 

Pollicitatio, onis,f, a free or volunta- 
ry promise, promising frequently : 
from 

Pollicitor, an, atus sum, dep. freq. (pol- 
liceor), to promise, assure, hold forth, 
promise often. 

Pollicitus, a, um, part, (polliceor). 

Polluo, ere, ui, utum, a., to pollute, in- 
fect, defile, corrupt, contaminate, 
violate, dishonor, disgrace. 

Pollutus, a, um, part. § adj. (polluo), 
polluted, defiled, unchaste, de- 
bauched, foul, detestable, shameful. 

Pompeius, i, m. (Cn.), Pompey the 
Great, the distinguished rival of 
Julius Caesar. See also Rufus. 

Pomptinus, i, m. (C), a praetor during 
the consulship of Cicero, A. U. C. 
691. 

Pondo, abl. §94, (pendo), in weight. 
It is often used as an indeclinable 
noun, a pound. 

Pondus, eris, n. (pendo), weight, grav- 
ity, heaviness ; a load, burden ; a 
sum. 

Pono, ere, posui, positum, a., to put, 
place, set, lay ; to lay aside, lay 
down, put off, terminate ; to pro- 
pose, offer ; to think, repute, judge, 
esteem, reckon, account ; to speak 
of, mention, set down; to make, con- 

20* 



stitute. Ponere vigilias, to post, sta- 
tion — . Ponere castra, to pitch a 
camp, encamp. 
Pons, lis, m., a bridge. 
Pontificatus, us, m. (pontifex, a pon- 
tiff), the office or dignity of a pon- 
tifex or high priest, the pontificate. 

Popularis, e, adj., of or belonging to 
the people, popular; one's country- 
man, a fellow-countryman, one born 
in the same town or country ; one 
of the same party, an associate, 
partner, accomplice ; one accepta- 
ble to the people, a popular man, 
one who courts the favor of the 
people : from 

Populus, i, m., those who compose 
one state under the same laws, a 
people, state, nation, community. 
It is used with less extent of signifi- 
cation than natio and gens ; — the 
common people, commons, the peo- 
ple, in distinction from the magis- 
trates or nobles. 

Porcius, i, m., a Roman cognomen or 
family name. 

Porcius, a, um, adj., Porcian, of or re- 
lating to Porcius. Porcia l-ex, the 
Porcian law, a law introduced by 
P. Porcius Lseca, when tribune of 
the people, requiring that no magis- 
trate should scourge a Roman citi- 
zen or put him to death, but should 
permit such as were condemned to 
go into exile. 

Porrectus, a, um, part, fy adj., stretch- 
ed out, extended : from 

Porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, a. (porro § 
rego), to stretch, reach or spread 
out, extend, lengthen. 

Porro, adv., right onward, farther, 
afar off; then, moreover, besides, 
next. 

Porta, ce,f, the gate of a city or camp; 
a door, port, portal. 

Portatio, onis, f (porto), a carrying, 
carriage, conveyance, transporta- 
tion. 



PORTENDO 



234 



POTESTAS 



Portendo, ere, di, turn, a. (porro fy ten- 
do), to presage, portend, forebode, 
foretell, foreshow, betoken, augur. 

Portentum, i, n. (portendo), an omen, 
prodigy, portent, miracle. 

Porto, are, avi, alum, a., to carry, bear, 
convey, bring, take, conduct, trans- 
port. 

Portuosus, a, um, adj. (portus, a har- 
bor), abounding in harbors, having 
many good havens. 

Posco, ere, poposci, a., to ask, demand, 
pray earnestly, importune, require, 
call for. 

Positus, a, um, part. (pono). 

Possessio, onis, f, possession ; a pos- 
session, an estate, property : from 

Possessus, a, um, part., possessed, 
owned, held in possession. 

Possideo, ere, edi, essum, a., to possess, 
have, hold, enjoy, be master of, 
have possession of. 

Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. (potis § 
sum, § 154, 6), to be able, have 
power, I can ; to have authority, 
power, influence, ability, weight. 
Possum is joined with quam and the 
superlative degree, in the sense of, as 
possible, fyc. See Quam. Quantum 

. ingenio possem, as far as 1 should be 
able, as far as my talents would per- 
mit. Plus or amplius posse, to be 
more powerful or efficient. Posse 
plurimum, to be most efficient or 
serviceable. Quibus rebus possum, 
by all the means in my power, by 
all practicable means. Potest, imp., 
it is possible, it can be. Potuit ho- 
nestius consuli, one might have pur- 
sued a more reputable course, or 
a more reputable course might 
have been pursued, $ 209, R. 3, 
(6). 

Post, prep, with the ace, after, since, 
behind, in the rear of, next in order, 
back of, subsequently to. Post eum 
diem, the day after. Post diem oc- 
tavum, the eighth day after. Ducere 



post, to reckon of less importance. 
Also adv., after, afterwards. 

Postea, adv. (post fy is), afterward, 
after that or this, subsequently, 
hereafter. Postea loci, the same as 
postea, % 212, R. 4, N. 4. 

Posteaquam, or Postea quam, adv. (pos- 
tea fy quam), after that, after. 

Posterior, us, gen. oris, adj. (comp. of 
posterus), that comes after, posterior, 
later. 

Posterus, a, um, adj. (post), comp. pos- 
terior, sup. postremus, which see; 
coming after, following, next, en- 
suing. Posteri, drum, m., posterity, 
descendants. 

Postfui, see Postsum. 

Postquam, adv., (post fy quam), after, 
after that, when, as soon as. 

Postremb, adv., lastly, ultimately, 
finally, at last ; in fine, in short. 

Postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of poste- 
rus), last, hindmost. Posiremaacies, 
the rear. In postremo, in the 
rear. 

Postsum, esse, fur, irr. n. (post fy sum), 
to be after, give place ; set or lay 
aside. 

Postulatum, i, n., a demand, request, 
desire : from 

Postulo, are, avi, alum, a. (posco), to 
demand, ask, desire, require ; beg, 
implore. 

Potens, tis, adj. (possum), able, having 
power, capable, strong, efficacious, 
powerful, mighty, vigorous, rich, 
having great weight or influence. 

Potentia, a, f. (potens), power, force, 
efficacy ; might, authority, influ- 
ence, sway ; empire, rule, domin- 
ion, power not granted by the laws, 
usurped power. 

Potestas, atis, f. (possum), ability, 
power, leave, license, liberty, per- 
mission, opportunity ; power grant- 
ed by the laws and constitution, 
dominion, rule, empire, authority, 
command ; an office, post, magis- 



POTIOR 



235 



PR.3EDICO 



tracy. Potestatem facer e, to give 
liberty, afford opportunity. 

Potior, In, ttus sum, dep. (potis), § 245, 
I, & R. 1, to be or become master 
of, gain possession of, conquer, ac- 
quire, get, obtain, possess. 

Potior, us, gen. oris, adj. (comp. of 
potis), better, preferable, more ex- 
cellent, dearer, more esteemed. 

Potis, indecl. adj., able, possible. 

Poiissimum, adv. (potior), most of all, 
especially, chiefly, principally, in 
preference to others, first of all. 

Potissimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of potior), 
most of all, first of all. 

Potiiis, adv. comp. (potior), rather, pre- 
ferably. 

Poto, are, avi, alum ty potum, n. § a., 
to drink ; to drink to excess, tipple, 
indulge one's self in drinking. 

Potui, fyc, see Possum. 

Prce, prep, with the abl., before : for, 
by reason of, on account of; in 
comparison of. In composition, see 
§ 197, 9. 

Prceacuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (prce ty acuo, 
to sharpen), to make very sharp ; to 
sharpen, sharpen at the end or point. 

Prceacutus, a, um, part, (prceacuo). 

Prcealtus, a, um, adj. (prce ty altus), 
very high or lofty, very deep. 

Prcebeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (prce fy habeo), 
to give, supply, afford, minister, of- 
fer, furnish, provide. 

Prcebitus, a, um, part, (prcebeo), given, 
supplied, furnished, provided. 

Prceceps, cipitis, adj. (prce fy caput), 
headlong, rapid ; downhill, steep, 
precipitous ; rash, hasty, sudden, 
inconsiderate, prone, precipitate, 
headlong, hastening. Agere prce- 
cipitem, to drive headlong. Dari 
prceceps, to be plunged headlong, 
precipitated, rush headlong, to be 
ruined. Ire prceceps, to rush head- 
long, plunge inconsiderately ; to go 
to destruction or ruin. 

Prceceptum, i, n. (prcecipio), an order 



or direction ; a precept, rule, max- 
im ; advice, counsel, instruction ; a 
command. 

Prceceptus, a, um, part, (prcecipio). 

Prcecldo, ere, cldi, clsum, a. (prce ty 
ccedo), to cut off; to shorten, abridge. 

Prcecipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (prce fy 
capio), to take before ; to instruct, 
teach, direct, charge, enjoin, order, 
command. 

Prcecipitatus, a, um, part. : from 

Prcecipito, are, avi, atum, a. (-prceceps), 
to precipitate, plunge, throw head- 
long, hurry, drive. Se prcecipitare, 
to hasten to ruin ; to ruin or de- 
stroy one's self, accomplish one's 
own destruction. 

Prceclsus, a,um,part. fyadj. (prcecido), 
cut off; steep, broken, precipitous. 

Prceclarus, a, um, adj. (prce fy clarus), 
very clear or bright ; noble, illus- 
trious, brilliant, conspicuous, fa- 
mous, celebrated, excellent, distin- 
guished; beautiful. 

Prceda, ce, f, prey, booty, plunder, 
spoil, pillage ; plundering, pilla- 
ging ; gain, profit, advantage. Agere 
prcedam, to drive off captured cat- 
tle and captives as booty ; to plun- 
der, take booty. Bellicce prcedce, the 
spoils of war. 

Prcedabundus, a, um, adj. (prcedor), 
ravaging, pillaging. Dicit se prce- 
dabundum, eodem esse venturum, — 
after going on a predatory excur- 
sion. 

Prcedator, oris, m. (prcedor), a robber, 
pillager, plunderer. 

Prcedatorius, a, um, adj. (prcedator), 
robbing or plundering, predatory. 

Prcedico, are, avi, atum, a. (prce fy dico, 
are), to spread abroad, proclaim, re- 
port, publish, declare, give out, pre- 
tend, say, tell, relate ; to praise, 
commend, extol, celebrate. Bene 
prcedicare, to speak well of, extol. 
Prcedico, ere, xi, ctum, a. (prce fy dico, 
ere), to tell before, premise ; to fore- 



PiUEDITUS 



236 



PRJETEREO 



tell, forewarn, predict ; to admon- 
ish, charge, order, direct, enjoin; 
to make known, appoint, give no- 
tice of. 

Prceditus, a, um, adj. (prcE $ datus), 
§ 244, having, possessed of, endued 
with. 

Prcedoceo, ere, cui, ctum, a. (prce fy do- 
ceo), to teach beforehand. 

Prcedoctus, a, um, part, (prcedoceo), 
previously instructed. 

FrcBdor, ari, atus sum, (prceda), to rob, 
plunder, pillage, spoil, ravage. 

Prcefectus, a, um, part, (prceficio), set 
over, appointed to the command. 

Prcefectus, i, m. (prceficio), a superin- 
tendent, overseer, director, presi- 
dent, governor, prefect, a general, 
commander, a general of cavalry, 
the general commanding the cav- 
alry of the allies in the wing of the 
army. 

Prcefero,ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. {prce 
fyfero), to bear or carry before ; to 
show ; to prefer, give the prefer- 
ence to, choose rather. 

Prceficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (pro? fy 
facio), to set over, appoint to the 
command. 

Prcegredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. (prce 
fy gradior, to step), to go before, 
precede. 

Prcemissus, a, um, part. : from 

Prcemilto, ere, m'isi, missum, a. (prce fy 
mitto), to send before. 

PrcemJum, i, n., money ; utility, profit, 
advantage ; a reward, recompense, 
premium, prize. 

Prcepedio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (prce fy pes), 
to impede, hinder, obstruct ; to bind, 
shackle. 

Prceposttrus, a, um, adj. (prce fy pos- 
terus), having that first which ought 
to be last, preposterous, absurd. 

Prceruptus, a, um, adj. (prcerumpo, to 
break off), broken, steep, craggy, 
rugged, hard to climb. 

Prcesens, tis, adj. (prce § ens, §> 154, 1), 



present, at hand, in person ; vigor- 
ous, active, ready, prompt, resolute. 
hi prcesens, sc. tempus, at present, 
for the present, now. 

Prceseniia, ce, f. (prcesens), presence, 
sight, appearance. 

Prcesertim, adv., especially, chiefly, 
particularly. Quum prcesertim, or 
prcesertim quum, especially since. 

Prcesideo, ere, edi, essum, n. (prce fy se~ 
deo), to preside over, superintend, 
direct, command, have the com- 
mand. 

Prcesidium. i, n. (prceses, a president), 
a guard, garrison, escort ; a defence, 
protection, security, guard ; aid, 
succor, help, assistance, support, 
resource, refuge, relief, reinforce- 
ment. 

Frcestabilis, e, adj. (prcesto, are), ex- 
cellent, distinguished, noble : from 

Prcesto, adv., present, ready, at hand : 
joined with sum it signifies to be 
ready, be present, be in attend- 
ance. 

Prcesto, are, iti, itum, a. 6f n. (prce fy 
sto), § 224, fy R. 5, to stand before : 
to jDe superior to or better than, ex- 
cel, surpass, be distinguished ; rarely 
also in a lad sense, to be distin- 
guished or notorious ; to do, exe- 
cute, perform, cause, make, effect. 
Pr&stat, imp., it is better. 

Prcesum, esse,fui, irr. n. (prce fy sum), 
to be set over, preside over, have 
the charge or command of, rule 
over, direct. 

Prceter, prep, with the ace, before, 
close by, near, past, besides, in ad- 
dition to, except, save. Also adv., 
except, save only. 

Prceterea, adv. (prceter fy is), besides, 
moreover ; at any other time, in any 
other instance. As a connective, be- 
fore a noun, and also, before a noun 
and adjective, and other. 

Prcettreo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. n. (prceter fy 
eo), to go or pass by, pass along ; to 



PR^TERGREDIOR 



237 



PRIVATIM 



pass over, leave out, pass over in 
silence, let slip, omit. 

Prcetergredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. 
(prceter fy gradior, to step), to go 
past or beyond, pass by. 

Prcetor, oris, m. (prceeo, to go before), 
a prelor, chief commander or ma- 
gistrate, a general. Prcetor or Prce- 
tor urbanus, a civil magistrate next 
in rank to the consul, a judge. Pro 
prcetore, a propretor, see Proprcetor. 

Prcetorium, i, n., the general's tent or 
pavilion in the camp : from 

Prcetorius, a, um, adj. {prcetor), of or 
belonging to a pretor, pretorian. 
Prcetoria cohors, the pretorian cohort 
or general's guard. 

Prcevtnio, ire, veni, ventum, a. (prce fy 
venio), to come before, prevent, an- 
ticipate. 

Prceventus, a, am, part, (prcevenio). 

Pravitas, alis,f, crookedness, deform- 
ity ; perverseness, depravity, wick- 
edness, knavery : from 

Pravus, a, um, adj., crooked, distort- 
ed ; wrong, bad, wicked, vicious, 
depraved, unprincipled, perverse. 
Pravum, i, n., depravity, villainy, 
vice, error. 

Premo, ere, pressi, pressum, a., to press, 
press upon ; to oppress, overwhelm, 
press hard upon. 

Pretium, i, n., a price, worth, value ; 
a reward, meed ; pay, hire, wages, 
gain, profit, gold, money, wealth, 
riches. Pretium est, the same as 
operce pretium est, see Opera. Cum 
pretio, with gain, gainful, profitable. 

Prex, dot. preci, § 94, a prayer, suppli- 
cation, entreaty. 

Pridem, adv., long ago, long since. 

Primb, adv. (primus), at the first, at 
first, in the first place. 

Primum, adv., first, in the first place, 
for the first time. Primum omnium, 
first of all. Ubi primum, as soon 
as : from 

Primus, a, um, adj. (sup. of prior), 



first, foremost, in the van, in front ; 
principal, chief, excellent, distin- 
guished, best, most important, most 
valuable ; earliest. In primis or im- 
primis, above all, chiefly, especial- 
ly, peculiarly, first, in the first place, 
first of all ; also, among the first, in 
the van. 

Princeps, ipis, m. fy f. (primus fy ca- 
pio), first, foremost ; an author, ad- 
viser, promoter, encourager, leader, 
head; chief, principal, head-man, 
prince, first in rank. Princeps sena- 
tus, or princeps in senatu, the prince 
of the senate, the senator whose 
name was first marked by the censors 
in the list of senators. Principes, 
heavy armed soldiers, who were 
stationed in the second line ; see 
Pilus. Princeps belli faciendi, the 
first to commence hostilities. 

Principium, i, n. (princeps), a begin- 
ning, commencement. Principia, 
in military language, the first line 
of an army in order of battle, the 
front. Principiis transversis, the 
front having been formed at right 
angles, having converted the flank 
into the front. A principio, from 
the beginning, first, first of all, at 
first, in the first place. 

Prior, us, gen. oris, adj. % 126, 1, (sup. 
j)rimus, which see), former, first, an- 
tecedent, previous, prior, superior. 

Pristinus, a, um, adj., former, first, ac- 
customed, wonted, pristine, origi- 
nal. 

Prius, adv. (prior), first, at first, before, 
previously, sooner ; with quam fol- 
lowing, before that, before, sooner 
than, rather than. 

Priusquam, adv., see Prius. 

Privatim, adv., privately, in private, 
in a private capacity, in private 
life. Privatim caper e, to take from 
private citizens, or on one's own 
private account, as an individual, 
individually. Privatim amicitiam 



PRIVATUS 



238 



PR(EL1UM 



populi Romani colere, — by purchas- 
ing the favor of individuals, by pri- 
vate favor : from 

Privatus, a, um, part, fy adj. {privo), 
deprived of; private, one's own, 
particular; belonging to an individ- 
ual or individuals ; subs, a private 
person, one not in any public of- 
fice. 

Privignus, i, m., a step-son. 

Privo, are, avi, alum, a. {privus, sin- 
gle), to take away from, deprive, 
bereave. 

Pro, prep, with the all., before, in front 
of, opposite to, in presence of; in, 
on ; according to, in proportion to, 
conformably with ; as is suitable 
to, as becomes : for, on account of, 
by reason of, in consideration of; 
for, in the place of, instead of, from 
being ; as, for, as if; in favor of, on 
the side of, in behalf of, to the ad- 
vantage of, for; in comparison of; 
considering. Pro tempore respondit, 
as became the occasion — . Pro tec- 
tis, on the verge of the roofs. 

Pro or Proh ! int., G ! ah ! Pro de- 
um atque hominum fidem, see Fides. 

Probitas, atis, f {probus), goodness, 
probity, honesty, virtue. 

Probo, are, am, atum, a. {probus), to 
approve, praise, commend, assent 
or agree to. 

Probrum, i, n., a shameful or wicked 
action, any heinous or detestable 
offence, villainy, wickedness ; dis- 
grace, infamy, dishonor, reproach, 
shame. Probro habere, to consider 
disgraceful, §227. Probri gratia, 
as a mark of disgrace. 

Probus, a, um, adj., good, honest, vir- 
tuous, upright, worthy, modest, 
chaste. 

Procax, acis, adj. (proco, to ask), petu- 
lant, pert, saucy, wanton, bold, for- 
ward, lascivious. 

Procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n., to pro- 
ceed, go forward, advance, go forth, 



go ; pass, elapse ; to happen, turn 
out, eventuate ; to go on well ; suc- 
ceed, prosper, be favorable to, be 
useful or serviceable, be aided, pro- 
moted or advanced. Eo vecordice 
processit, advanced to such a pitch 
of madness. Adherbal ubi intelli- 
git eo processum, — that it had come 
to this. 

Proconsul, is, m. {pro fy consul), a pro- 
consul, one who governed a prov- 
ince or commanded an army with 
consular power. 

Procul, adv., far, far off, at a distance, 
remote ; very much, greatly. 

Procuratio, onis, f {procuro, to take 
care of), the administration of a 
thing, management, charge, care. 

Prodigium, i, n., a prodigy, portent, 
miracle, omen. 

Proditio, onis, f. {prodo), a discovery. 
manifestation, indication; treache- 
ry, faithlessness, treason. 

Proditus, a, um, part., betrayed : from 

Prodo, ere, didi, datum, a. {pro $• do), 
to declare, disclose, manifest, show, 
discover, betray ; to yield or sur- 
render perfidiously, desert, forsake 
treacherously, deceive, betray. 
Prodere fidem, to betray confidence, 
violate one's engagements. 

Produco, ere, xi, ctum, a. {pro fy duco), 
to draw out, extend ; to lead out, 
bring forth, bring before the peo< 
pie. 

Productus, a, um, part, {produco), 
lengthened ; brought out, brought 
forward before the people. 

Prcelians, tis, part., fighting. Prceli- 
antes, pi., combatants : from 

Prcelior, ari, atus sum, dep., to fight, 
engage, join battle, combat, contend 
in fight : from 

Prcelium, i, n., a fight, battle, engage- 
ment, combat, contest, attack. Pros- 
Hum committere, or facere, to join 
battle, engage. Prcelium in mani- 
bus facere, to engage hand to hand 



PROFANUS 



239 



PROMISSUM 



or in close combat. Ante proelium 
factum, before the engagement. 

Pro/anus a, um, adj. (pro fy fanum), 
profane, not sacred or consecra- 
ted. 

Profectio, onis, f (profciscor) , a going 
or setting out, departure, journey. 

Profecto, adv. (pro fy /actus), certain- 
ly, surely, truly, indeed, in truth, 
doubtless. 

Profectus, a, um, part, (projiciscor). 

Proftro, ferre, tuli, latum, a. (pro fy 
fero), to carry or bring out : to pub- 
lish, make known, spread abroad, 
manifest, reveal ; to defer, put off, 
postpone, adjourn. 

Projiciscor, i, profectus sum, dep. (pro 
ty facio), to set out on a journey, 
go, go away, depart ; to journey, 
travel ; to go on, proceed. 

Profiteor, eri, fessus sum, dep. (pro fy 
fateor), to profess, declare openly, 
own, acknowledge, avow; to de- 
clare one's self a candidate. Profi- 
teri intra legitimos dies, to declare 
one's self a candidate within the 
appointed time, i. e. three market 
days, or twenty seven days before 
the election. 

Projiigatus, a, um, part., routed, dis- 
comfited : from 

Projligo, are, avi, atum, a. (pro fy fligo, 
to strike against), to throw or dash 
to the ground, cast down ; to rout, 
put to flight, defeat, overthrow. 

Profugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, n. (pro 
Sf fugio), to flee, fly, run away, es- 
cape. 

Profugus, a, um, adj. (profugio), flee- 
ing, escaping by flight, fugitive ; put 
to flight, driven away, banished, 
exiled. Abire or discedere profugus, 
to flee. 

Prof undo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. (pro fy 
fundo), to shed copiously, pour 
forth; to throw away; to lavish, 
squander, w 7 aste, consume. 

Profundus, a, um, adj., deep, profound. 



Fig. boundless, profound, insatia- 
ble. 

Profuse, adv., profusely, lavishly, ex- 
travagantly, immoderately, exces- 
sively : from 

Profusus, a, um, part, fy adj. (prof un- 
do), immoderate, excessive, profuse ; 
prodigal, wasteful, lavish. 

Profuturus, a, um, part, (prosum). 

Progenies, ei, f (progigno, to beget), 
a progeny, offspring, descent ; a 
line, lineage, race ; children, de- 
scendants. 

ProJubeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (pro fy habeo), 
to keep off or away, keep or ward 
off, debar, hinder, impede, stop, pre- 
vent, prohibit, obstruct ; to keep, 
preserve, defend, protect ; to check, 
curb, restrain, repress ; to prohibit, 
forbid. Prohibere ne, etc., see Ne. 

Proinde, adv. (pro $ inde), therefore, 
for that reason, on that account; 
just so, equally, the same as, in like 
manner. Proinde quasi, just as if. 

Projecius, a, um, part. : from 

Projicio, ere,jeci, jectum, a. (pro fy ja~ 
cio), to throw or fling forth or away ; 
to throw ; to cast or drive out, expel, 
eject. In has miserias projectus 
sum, — plunged into these misfor- 
tunes. 

Prolato, are, avi, atum, a. (profero), to 
extend, lengthen, prolong, dilate ; 
to defer, put off, delay, protract, 
postpone. 

Promiscue, adv., confusedly, promis- 
cuously, indifferently, without order 
or distinction : from 

Promiscuus, a, um, adj. (promisceo, to 
mix), promiscuous, confused, com- 
mon, mingled. Pudorem, pudici- 
tiam, divina atque liumana promiscua 
habere, to reckon common, hold 
cheap, have no respect for, pay no 
regard to — . 

Promissum, i. n. (promiito,) a promise, 
pledge, vow, proposition, proposal, 
engagement, something promised. 



PROMISSUS 



240 



PROSCR1BO 



Promissa expectare, to wait for the 
fulfilment of promises. 

Promissus, a, um, part. : from 

Promitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (pro fy 
mitto), to fling, hurl or dart forward, 
send before ; to promise, engage. 

Promptus, us, m. {promo, to draw out), 
in the abl., in promptu, in readiness, 
at hand, visible, manifest, present, 
evident, clear, easy. Ingenium in 
promptu habere, to bring out or dis- 
play one's talents or abilities. 

Promptus, a, um, adj. (promo), clear, 
manifest, evident, open ; ready, pre- 
pared; practicable, easy; prompt, 
active, ready, bold, brave, valiant, 
quick, zealous, ardent. 

Promulgo, are, avi, alum, a., to pub- 
lish, proclaim, promulgate. 

Pronus, a, um, adj., inclined or bend- 
ing forward, leaning forward, bend- 
ing down, stooping, looking towards 
the earth, prone ; easy, practicable. 

Prope, adv. (comp. propius, sup. prox- 
ime). Also prep, with ace., near, 
nigh, beside, close by, near to, al- 
most, nearly. ProximeHispaniam, 
$c. % 235, R. 5. 

Propediem, adv. (prope fy dies), short- 
ly, after a while, within a few days, 
in a short time, presently. 

Propello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (pro fy 
pello), to drive forward, propel ; to 
drive away, repel, repulse, keep or 
ward off. 

Properans, tis, part, ty adj. (propero), 
hastening, in haste, quick. 

Properanter, adv. (propero), hastily, 
quickly, speedily. P roper antius per- 
gere, — too precipitately, too rashly, 
<i 256, R. 9. 

Properantia, ce,f. (propero), a making 
haste, haste, dispatch, expedition. 

Propere, adv. (properus, hasty), in 
haste, in a hurry, hastily, speedily, 
quickly. 

Propero, are, avi, atum, n. fy a. (pro- 
cerus), to make haste, hasten, accel- 



erate, to prepare with haste ; to be 
eager, desire. Properandum est, 
there is need of dispatch. 

Propinquus, a, um, adj. (prope), neigh- 
boring, near; near of kin, allied, 
nearly related. Subs., a kinsman, 
relation, intimate friend. Propinqui 
inter se, near to one another. Op- 
pido propinqua, sc. loca, the parts or 
places near the town. Propinqui 
genere, nearly related by birth. 

Propior, us, gen. oris, adj. § 126, 1, 
(prope), sup. proximus, which see ; 
§ 235, R. 5, nearer, nigher, closer ; 
more nearly related or allied ; more 
like. 

Propius, adv. (comp. of prope), nearer, 
more nearly, nearer to. 

Propdno, ere, posui, positum, a. (pro fy 
pono), to set out or expose to view, 
set forth or display, offer, present ; 
to publish, make known ; to tell, 
explain, show, point out, declare. 

Propraetor, oris, m. (pro fy prator), a 
propretor, one sent to govern a prov- 
ince with the authority of pretor, 
one invested with the authority of 
pretor. 

Propter, prep, (prope), with the ace, 
near, hard by, close to ; for, on ac- 
count of, by reason of, owing to, 
through; for the sake of. Adv., 
near. 

Propulso, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (pro- 
pello), to drive aw r ay or back, repel, 
keep or ward off. 

Proripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (pro fy 
rapio), to snatch away. Proripere 
se, to hurry or hasten away, rush 
out, escape quickly. 

Prorsus, adv., straight on or along, di- 
rectly, right onward ; altogether, 
entirely, utterly, wholly, at all, to- 
tally ; exactly ; in a word, in short ; 
in fact. 

Prosapia, ce,f., a race, lineage, stock, 
progeny, pedigree, family. 

Proscrlbo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (pro fy scri- 



PROSCRIPTIO 



241 



PUER 



60), to publish any thing to be sold ; 
to confiscate one's property ; to pro- 
scribe or outlaw one ; to doom to 
deatli and confiscation of prop- 
erty. 

Proscription onis,f. {proscribo), adver- 
tising a thing to be sold ; a proscrip- 
tion of one's effects ; a proscription 
or outlawry, dooming to death and 
confiscation. 

Proscriptus, a, wm, part, {proscribo), 
proscribed, outlawed. 

Prospecto, are, avi, atum, a.freq. (pro- 
spicio), to view, behold, see afar off, 
gaze upon. 

Prospectus, us, m. {prospicio), a looking 
forward, view, prospecl, sight. 

Prosper fy Prosper us, a, um, adj., fa- 
vorable, prosperous, lucky, fortu- 
nate. 

Prospere, adv. {prosper), happily, pros- 
perously, fortunately, luckily, suc- 
cessfully. 

Prosum, desse, fui, % 154, 5, irr. n. 
{pro fy sum), to do good, profit, be 
profitable or serviceable, avail, con- 
duce, be of use. 

Provenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. {pro fy 
venio), to come forth, appear, be 
born, spring up, arise. 

Providens, tis, part, fy adj. {providto), 
provident, foreseeing, circumspect, 
careful, prudent. 

Providenter, adv. {providens), provi- 
dently, with foresight or precaution, 
wisely, prudently. 

Providentia, &, /., foresight, forecast, 
forethought, providence, caution, 
prudence, carefulness : from 

Provideo, ere, vldi, v'isum, a. fy n. {pro 
Sf video), to look forward, foresee ; 
to provide or guard against, shun, 
avoid, take measures to prevent, 
take care; to provide, make pro- 
vision, see to, look after, take care 
of, provide for ; to perceive, dis- 
cern. 

Provincia, ce,f., a conquered country 

21 



governed by a magistrate sent from 
Home, a province. 

Provlsus, a, um, part, {provideo). 

Proxime, adv., see Prope. 

Proxlmus, a, um, adj., (sup. of pro- 
pior), § 222, R. 1, $ 5, $ § 235, R. 
5, very near, nearest, next, last ; 
nearly related, closely allied, inti- 
mate. Subs., a relation, familiar or 
intimate friend, partisan, associate. 

Prudens, tis, adj. (for providens), pru- 
dent, sagacious, provident, wise, 
considerate; skillful, expert, able, 
learned, experienced. 

Prudenter, adv. {{or providenter), pru- 
dently, providently, wisely, dis- 
creetly. 

Psallo, ere, i, n., to play on a stringed 
instrument ; to sing to the sound of 
the lyre. 

Pubes § Puber, eris, adj., of ripe years, 
arrived at the age of puberty. Pu- 
beres, um, m. pi., youth, young men. 

Publice, adv. {publicus), publicly, in 
public, in the state, in the name or 
behalf of the public, by public au- 
thority, on the public account, on 
the part of the public ; collectively. 
Publice rapere, to take from the pub- 
lic. Uti publice amicitiam, populi 
Romani coleret, — by public ser- 
vices. 

Publico, are, avi, atum, a., to confis- 
cate, make public property of: from 

Publicus, a, um, adj. {populus), com- 
mon, public, belonging to the pub- 
lic ; general. 

Publius, i, m., a Roman pran omen. 

Pudct, uit, pudtium est, imp., to be 
ashamed. Ilium pudet, he is asham- 
ed. 

Pudicitia, ce,f. (pudlcus, modest), chas- 
tity, modesty, virtue. 

Pudor, oris, m. {pudeo), shame, mod- 
esty ; respect, reverence ; reputa- 
tion, fame, honor, character. 

Puer, en, m., a male child, boy ; a 
boy, slave, servant. 



PUERITIA 



242 



QUAM 



Pueritia, ce, f. (puer), boyhood, child- j 
hood. 

Pugna, ce, f. (pugnus, a fist), a battle, 
fight, encounter, engagement, com- 
bat. Facere pugnam, to join battle, 
fight. 

Pugno, are, avi, atum, n. {pugna), to 
fight, combat, engage, contend. Ca- 
pere urbes pugnando, to take by as- 
sault — . Male pugnatum est, an un- 
successful battle was fought. 

Pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., fair, beau- 
tiful, handsome ; excellent, glori- 
ous, splendid, honorable, noble, 
magnificent. 

Pulsus, a, um, part, (pello). 

Pulvlnus, i, m., a cushion, pillow, bol- 
ster. 

Pulvis, eris, m. § fi, dust, powder. 

Purlieus, a, um., adj., Carthaginian, Pu- 
nic ; perfidious, false. The Cartha- 
ginians were accused by the Romans 
of frequent violations of their com- 
pacts, and hence Punica fides, sig- 
nifies treachery. Punicum bellum, 
Punic war. The wars of the Ro- 
mans with the Carthaginians were 
called Punic wars, and were three in 
number. 

Puto, are, avi, atum, a,, to lop, prune ; 
to adjust, settle, or liquidate one's 
accounts ; to weigh, ponder, con- 
sider, revolve in mind ; to think, 
account, esteem, judge, hold, reck- 
on, imagine, suppose. 



Q. 



Q., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Quintus. 

Qua, adv. {abl. fern, of qui, sc. via 
or parte), which way ; where ; 
whence; in what way ; wherever, 
wheresoever. 

Quadraginia, num. adj. (quatuor), forty. 

Quadrdtus, a, um, part, fy adj. {quadra, 
to square), squared, square, quad- 
rate. Quadratum agmen, an army 



formed into a parallelogram or hol- 
low square, with its baggage in the 
centre. 

Quaro, ere, slvi, situm, a., to seek, 
seek after, look for ; to provide, pro- 
cure, get, gain, find, acquire, ob- 
tain ; to make inquisition, investi- 
gate, search, examine into, try ; to 
ask, inquire, interrogate ; to desire, 
aim at, purpose ; to demand, re- 
quire, need. Dolum qucerere, to 
meditate, plan or contrive some 
stratagem. Quceritur in aliquem, a 
prosecution is instituted against — , 
he is tried, or prosecuted. 

Quasltor, oris, m. (quwro), a seeker, a 
searcher; a judge, examiner, com- 
missioner. 

Quceso, ere, a. def. verb, § 183, 7, to 
seek, pray, entreat, ask, beg, be- 
seech, desire, request. 

Qucestio, onis, f. (qucero), a seeking, 
inquiring, searching ; a question, 
subject of inquiry ; an examination, 
inquiry, inquisition, trial, prosecu- 
tion. Exercere quastionem, to con- 
duct an investigation or trial. 

Qucestor, oris, m. {qucero), a questor, a 
Roman magistrate who had the care 
of the public money; a treasurer; 
a paymaster. Qucestor pre prcetore, 
a questor with pretorian power. 

Qucestus, us, m. (qucero), a trade, em- 
ployment, occupation, profession ; 
gain, profit, advantage, interest. 
Quis omnia qucestui sunt, § 227, by 
whom all things are turned to 
gain. 

Qualis, e, adj., of what kind or sort, 
what manner of, what. 

Quam, conj. fy adv., how, how much, 
as much. Tarn — quam, so— as. With 
superlatives or possum, as possible. 
It is often omitted after plus, minus 
and amplius, § 256, R. 6. Quam 
primum, or quamprimum, as soon as 
possible. Quam scepissime, as fre- 
quently as possible. With com- 



QUAMOBREM 



243 



QUIETUS 



paratives, and words implying com- 
parison, as, than. 

Quamobrcm, conj. (quis, ob, res), why, 
wherefore, therefore, for which 
cause or reason. In questions, why ? 
wherefore ? for what reason ? 

Quamplures, adj. pi. (quam § plures), 
very many, a great many. 

Quamprimum, see Quam. 

Quamquam, conj., although, though. 
Before tamen, quamquam or quam- 
vis must sometimes be supplied. 

Quamvis, adv fy conj. (quam fy vis, 
from volo), as much as you will, 
very much, greatly, never so — , 
however ; although, though. 

Quando, adv. ty conj., when ; since, 
seeing that. 

Quantum, adv., how much, as much 
as. After tardus, as : from 

Quantus, a, um, adj., how great, how 
much, so much ; with tantus express- 
ed or implied, as great — as, as much 
— as. Quanti ? gen. § 214, at what 
price ? how dear ? how much ? 
Quanto, abl., § 256, R. 16, by how 
much, by as much. Quanto — tanto, 
by how much — by so much, the 
more — the more, the — the. Quan- 
tum negotii sustineam, how weighty 
a charge — . 

Quapropter, adv. (qua ty propter), for 
what reason ? why ? for which rea- 
son, wherefore, on which account. 

Quare, conj. § adv. (quis fy res), for 
which reason, wherefore, there- 
fore. 

Quartus, a, um, num. adj. (qualuor), 
the fourth. 

Quasi, conj. (for quamsi), as, as if, as 
it were, just as if; as, just as. It 
often serves as a kind of apology for 
the apparent boldness of a figurative 
expression : as, Majorum gloria pos- 
teris quasi lumen est .--about, almost. 
Medio quasi collis, about the mid- 
dle — . Quasi vero, as if indeed, 
ironically. 



Quatriduum, ?', n. (quatuor fy dies), the 
space of four days, four days. 

Quatuor, ind. num. adj., four. 

Que, enclitic conj., § 198, R. 2, and; 
que — et, et — que, both— and. For 
the position of que, see § 279, 3. 

Queo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n., to be able, 
I can. 

Queror, i, questus sum, dep., to lament, 
bewail, bemoan ; to complain, com- 
plain of. 

Questus, a, um, part, (queror). 

Qui, qua, quod, pro. rel., § 136, fy int. 
§ 137, who, which, that ; what. 
Quo, abl. n., with comparatives, the ; 
quo — eo, by how much — by so much, 
the the. 

Qui, abl. of qui ty quis, §§ 136, R. 1, fy 
137, R. (b), how, in what way ; why. 

Quia, conj., § 198, 5, because, inas- 
much as. 

Quicumque, qucecumque, quodcumque, 
rel. pro., § 136, (qui 6f cumque), who- 
ever, whatever ; whosoever, what- 
soever; all, every. 

Quid, see Quis. 

Quidam, qucedam, quoddam or quid- 
dam, indef. pro., § 138, (qui ty dam), 
a certain one, one. 

Quidem, conj., indeed, truly, in truth, 
certainly, at least. Ne — quidem, 
see Ne. Quidem usually follows an 
emphatic word, § 279, 3. 

Quies, etis,f, rest, repose, ease, quiet, 
peace, sleep. Neque vigiliis neque 
quietibus, neither in watchings nor 
in slumbers, neither waking nor 
sleeping. 

Quiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. (quies), to 
rest, repose, take rest, be quiet, be 
at rest, sleep. 

Quietus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), quiet, 
calm, tranquil, peaceable, undis- 
turbed, easy, at rest, still, without 
noise, contented. Equites rem qui- 
eiam (esse) nuntiant, — that the af- 
fair is peaceable, that no danger is 
to be apprehended. Quieta mo- 



QU1LIBET 



244 



QUIVIS 



vere, to disturb the (public) tran- 
quillity. 

QuiUbet, quceTibet, quodtibet fy quidti- 
bet, indef. pro., § 138, 5, (qui § libet), 
whosoever will, any one whom you 
please, any one, any. Quidlibet, 
subs., any thing, any thing you 
please. 

Quin, adv. fy conj. (qui fy ne), after 
verbs of doubting, fyc. § 262, L 10, 
2, that not, but that, so as not, with- 
out, followed in English by a present 
participle, as, quin aperirem, with- 
out portraying. It is sometimes 
used instead of a relative and non, 
§ 262, R. 10, 1, who— not, Quin ? 
why not ? Quin, yet, however, but, 
nay, even, moreover ; indeed, tru- 
ly. Non quin, not but that, not 
that — not. Neque Mis diutius ea 
(victoria) uti licuisset quin, i. e. ita 
ut non — qui plus posset, imperium 
atque libertatem extorqueret, nor 
could they have enjoyed the vic- 
tory very long, without some one 
more powerful wresting from them, 
&e. Resistere non poterant, quin 
faterentur, could not avoid con- 
fessing. 

Quindtcim, num. adj. (quinque fy de- 
cern), fifteen. 

Quinquaginta, num. adj., fifty : from 

Quinque, num. adj., five. 

Quinquennium, i, n. (quinquennis, of 
five years), the space of five years, 
five years. 

Quintus, a, um, num. adj. (quinque), 
the fifth. 

Quintus, i, m. a Roman prcenomen. 

Quippe, conj., for, because, forasmuch 
as, since, inasmuch as, as, as being; 
in fact, indeed. Quippe qui, quce, 
quod, inasmuch as he, because he. 
Quippe quls (sc. nobis) hostis nullus, 
— since we had no enemy. Quippe 
cui (sc. plebi) omnes copies in usu 
quotidiano et cullu erant, as all their 
property — . Quippe cui in animo 



hceserat, as it had been deeply im- 
pressed upon his mind. 

Quirttes, ium, m. pi. properly, the in- 
habitants of Cures, a town of the 
Sabines. Hence, after the union 
of the Romans and Sabines, the 
united people were called Quirites, 
i. e. Romans, Roman citizens. 

Quis, dat. $ abl. pi. of Qui, § 136, 2. 

Quis, quce, quid, int. pro. §137, who? 
which ? what ? Quid, what ? why ? 
wherefore ? § 235, R. 5. Quis mor- 
talium, what man ? Quis $ qui, af- 
ter si, ne, nisi, num, etc. have the 
sense of aliquis, § 137, 1, (c). 

Quisnam fy quinam, qucenam, quid- 
nam or quodnam, int. pro. % 137, 
who ? which ? what ? 

Quispiam, qucepiam, quodpiam, quidpi- 
am or quippiam, indef pro. § 138, 
(quis), any one, some one. Ne quis- 
piam, no one. 

Quisquam., qucsquam, quidquam or quic- 
quam, indef. j)ro. §138, (quis ty quam), 
any one, any, any thing. Ne quis- 
quam, etc., no one, nothing, no. 

Quisque, quceque, quodque, quidque or 
quicque, indef pro. § 138, (quis fy 
que), every man, every one, each, 
all, every ; any one. It is often 
connected with superlatives to express 
universality, § 207, R. 35, as, pru- 
dentissimus quisque maxime negotio- 
sus erat, the ablest men were the 
most engrossed in public affairs. 

Quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, rel. pro. 
§ 136, (quis fy quis), whoever, who- 
soever, whateser, whatsoever. Its 
antecedent is always indefinite, and 
hence, like what, whoever, &c. ; in 
English it appears often to imply both 
relative and antecedent. 

Quivi, see Queo. 

Quivis, qucevis, quodvis or quidvis, in- 
def pro. § 138, (qui ty vis, from volo), 
any one you please, whoever, who- 
soever, any one, any, every one, 
every. 



quo 



245 



RECIPIO 



Quo, adv. (qui), whither, to what place, 
where, in or to which place or thing, 
to which. Vaccenses, quo Metellus 
— presidium imposuerat, — among 
whom : — why ; for which reason or 
cause, wherefore, on which ac- 
count; because, that; to the end 
that, in order that, that, to or at 
which. Quo minus, after clauses 
denoting hindrance, § 263, R. 9, that 
not, from, or for not, with the present 
participle of the verb following it ; as, 
Quo minus victoria uterentur, from 
making use of the victory. Quo 
minus — eo magis, the less — the 
more. See Qui. Non quo, follow- 
ed by sed, not that, not as if. 

Quoad, adv. fy conj. (quo fy ad), as long 
as, whilst, till, until. 

Quocumque, adv. (quo fy cumque), to 
whatsoever place, whithersoever. 

Quod, conj. (qui), for ad quod or prop- 
ter quod, with respect to, in regard 
to or as to this, that, §206, (14); 
though, although ; that, why, where- 
fore, because, in that. Quod si, 
§206, (14), if now, if then; but 
then, now, but if. 

Quominus, see Quo. 

Quomodo or Quo modo, adv. fy conj. 
(qui fy modus), in what manner, in 
what way, how. 

Quoniam, conj. (quum fy jam), seeing 
that, since, as. 

Quoquam, adv. (quo fy quam), any 
whither, to any place. 

Quoque, conj., also, likewise, too. Quo- 
que, pro., see Quisque. Also the abl. 
of Quis or Qui, with the conjunction 
que annexed. 

Quoquomodo or Quoquo modo, adv. 
(quisquis ty modus), in whatever man- 
ner, howsoever, however. 

Quotidianus, a, um, adj., daily ; ordi- 
nary, common, usual, familiar : 
from 

Quotidie, adv. (quot fy dies), every day, 
daily. 

21* 



Quousque, adv. (quo fy usque), how 
long, how far. 

Quum or Cum, adv. ty conj., when, 
while ; though, although. Quum — 
turn, not only — but also, both — and, 
as — so also, as well — as also. In 
this construction, the clause introdu- 
ced by turn is usually most promi- 
nent : — since, as. 



Radix, Icis, f, a root ; the foot or bot- 
tom of a hill or mountain. Sub ra- 
dicibus montium, at the foot of the 
mountains. 

Ramus, i, m., a branch, bough, an arm 
of a tree. 

Raplna, ce,f, robbery, rapine, pillage, 
depredation ; prey, plunder : from 

Rapio, ere, pui, ptum, a., to snatch, 
take or carry away by force, carry 
off, ravish ; to plunder, pillage, take 
away, seize forcibly, take forcible 
possession of; to hurry, hasten. 

Ratio, onis, f (reor), reason, the ra- 
tional faculty ; a design, plan, pur- 
pose, measure ; a cause, motive ; a 
method, manner, way, means; a 
matter, business, concern, affair, 
advantage, interest, circumstances ; 
an account, reckoning, calculation ; 
respect, consideration, regard, con- 
cern, care. Belli atque pads ratio- 
nes irahere, to ponder the advanta- 
ges of peace and war. Alienum 
suis rationibus, inconsistent with 
his policy or interests. 

Ratus, a, um, part, fyadj. (reor), think- 
ing, judging, believing, supposing, 
considering: established, fixed, de- 
termined, firm, stable, valid. 

Re, inseparable prep., back, again, 
§196, 11, & 197, 11. 

Receptus, us, m. (recipio), a retreating, 
retreat ; a place of refuge, retreat. 

Receptus, a, um, part. : from 

Recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (re ^ ca- 



RECITO 



246 



RELINQUO 



pio), to take again, get back, re- 
ceive ; to retake, regain, recover. 
Recipere se, to come back, return, 
retreat, retire : — to take, receive, 
accept, admit. 

Recito, are, avi, atum, a. (re fy cito, to 
call by name), to recite, read aloud, 
rehearse ; to repeat from memory. 

Recte, adv. (rectus), directly, in a 
straight line ; rightly, properly, 
well, correctly. 

Rector, oris, m. (rego), a ruler, gov- 
ernor, director. 

Rectus, a, um, part. Sf adj. (rego), 
right, straight, direct ; right, proper, 
reasonable. 

Recuptro, are, avi, atum, a., to get 
again, regain, recover. 

Recuso, are, avi, atum, ?i. fy a. (re ty 
causa), to refuse, deny, reject, be 
unwilling. 

Redditus, a, um, part. : from 

Reddo, ere, d7di, ditum, a. (re fy do), to 
give back, render, restore, return : 
to give, render, deliver ; to pay, re- 
quite, recompense. Redder e pcenas, 
see Poena. 

Redeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. n. (re fy eo), to 
return, come back, come again. 
Redire ad rem, to return to the sub- 
ject. 

Rediens, untis, part, (redeo). 

Redimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (re <^ 
emo), to buy back or again, repur- 
chase, recover, redeem ; to buy, 
purchase ; to acquire, get, procure ; 
to rescue, ransom, redeem ; to repel, 
avert, ward off, by means of money, 
Sfc. Redimere culpam, flagitium, 
facinus, etc., to make amends for, 
atone for, recompense — . 

Rediturus, a, um, part, (redeo). 

Redttus, us, m. (redeo), a return. 

Refero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (re ty 
fero), to bring or carry back or 
again ; to return, restore, deliver ; 
to tell, relate, report, say, mention. 
Referre ad senatum, to propose to 



or lay before the senate, consult, 
ask, propose for deliberation. Pos- 
tulant uti referatur, sc. ad senatum, 
— that the opinion of the senate 
should be taken. 

Refert, retulit, imp. (res ty fero), it con- 
cerns, imports, profits, is the inter- 
est of. 

Reficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (re fy fa- 
cio), to make again or anew, repair, 
rebuild, renew, refit; to rekindle, 
recruit, refresh, recover, reanimate, 
reassure. 

Regio, d7iis, f. (rego), a region, coun- 
try, district, territory ; a border, 
limit, boundary. 

Regius, a, um, adj. (rex), of a king, 
kingly, royal, regal, princely, mo- 
narchical. 

Regnum, i, n. (rex), a kingdom, regal 
government, the dominion of a king, 
sovereignty, sovereign power ; a 
kingdom, realm, country subject to 
a king. Pervenire in regnum, to be- 
come a king. 

Rego, ere, xi, ctum, a., to keep straight, 
guide, manage, direct, regulate, 
moderate, govern, rule, sway, con- 
trol. 

Regredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. (re $ 
gradior, to step), to go back, return. 

Regressus, a, um, part, (regredior). 

Regulus, i, m. dim. § 101, 3, (rex), the 
king of a small country, a petty 
king, prince. 

Relictus, a, um, part, (relinquor). 

Religio, onis, f. (reltgo, to retrace), 
the fear of God, religion, devotion, 
piety, religious or superstitious feel- 
ing ; religious rites and ceremonies ; 
a religious scruple; superstition. 

Religiosus, a, um, adj. (religio), fearing 
God, pious, devout, holy, religious ; 
faithful, scrupulous, conscientious ; 
sacred, venerable ; superstitious. 

Relinquo, ere, I'tqui, liclum, a. (re ty 
linquo, to leave), to leave behind, 
leave, leave at one's death ; to for- 



RELIQUUS 



247 



REPUTO 



sake, desert, abandon ; to leave as 
an inheritance, bequeath ; to let 
alone. 

Reliquus, a, um, adj. (relinquo), re- 
maining, the rest, the residue, the 
other. Reliqui, the rest, the others. 
Reliquum, i, n. fy reliqua, drum, the 
rest, residue, remainder. Reliquum 
est, it remains. Nihil reliqui, or re- 
liquum facere, to leave nothing, 
leave nothing remaining or undone, 
§ 212, R. 3, N. 3, see Nihil In re- 
liquum, in future, for the future, 
henceforward. 

Remaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. (re 
ty maneo), to tarry behind, stay, re- 
main, continue, abide. 

Remedium, i, n. (re <fy medeor), a medi- 
cine, remedy, cure. 

Remissus, a, um, part, fy adj., sent 
back ; slackened, relaxed, neglect- 
ed; remiss, careless, negligent, in- 
attentive. Nihil remissi, see Nihil. 
Missis remissisque nuntiis, in send- 
ing to and fro, or backwards and for- 
wards : from 

Remitto, ere, rnlsi, missum, a. (re fy 
mitto), to send back, return ; to 
slacken, let loose, relax ; to inter- 
rupt, leave off, discontinue, inter- 
mit, cease, give over, omit. 

Remoratus, a, um, part. : from 

Remoror, ari, atus sum, dep. (re fy 
moror), to stop, delay, obstruct, hin- 
der, keep back, stay, retard ; to tar- 
ry, stay, linger, delay. 

Remotus, a, um, part., removed: from 

Rembveo, ere, ovi, olum, a. (re 6f mo- 
veo), to remove, withdraw, take 
away. 

Renbvo, are, avi, atum, a. (re fy novo), 
to make anew, remake, renew ; to 
refresh, relieve, recreate, revive. 

Reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., to suppose, 
judge, think, imagine, believe, con- 
jecture, anticipate. 

Repello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (re § pel- 
lo), to drive or beat back, repel, 



drive or turn away, keep off; to re- 
ject, refuse. Repelli ab amicitia, to 
to have one's proffered friendship 
rejected. 

Repens, tis, part., (repo). 

Repente, adv. (repens, hasty), sudden- 
ly, on a sudden, unawares, unex- 
pectedly. 

Repentlnus, a, um, adj. (repens), un- 
looked for, unexpected, sudden. 

Reperio, Ire, peri, pertum, a. (re fy 
pario), to find, find out, discover, in- 
vent, contrive, devise. 

Repeto, ere, tvi, itum, a. (re fy peto), to 
ask or demand again ; to demand 
back, demand as one's right, claim, 
demand payment ; to resume, go 
on with again ; to go back, trace 
back. Supra repetere, to trace far- 
ther back or to a remoter period. 

Repetunda, arum, f. pi., or Pecuniae 
repetunda, (properly the participle of 
repeto, for repetendae, § 162, 20), 
money to be demanded back ; ex- 
tortion, the taking of money or other 
property contrary to law, while one 
commanded in a province ; illegal 
exactions made by governors of 
provinces. 

Repo, ere, psi, ptum, n., to creep. 

Reprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (re fy pre- 
hendo, to take), to catch again, lay 
hold of, seize ; to reprove, blame, 
censure, find fault with. 

Repudio, are, avi, atum, a. (repudium, a 
divorce), to reject, refuse, cast off, 
repudiate. 

Repugno, are, avi, atum, n. (re fy pug- 
no), to fight against, make a resist- 
ance, resist, oppose. 

Repulsa,a,f. (repello), a repulse, de- 
nial, refusal, defeat, failure of being 
elected to a magistracy when one is 
a candidate. 

Repulsus a, um, part, (repello), repul- 
sed. Repulsus abire, to suffer a re- 
pulse. 

Reputo, are, avi, atum, a. (re § puto), 



REQUIES 



248 



RETINEO 



to consider, weigh over, revolve in 
one's mind, reflect upon ; to com- 
pute, calculate, reckon. Reputando, 
on considering, on careful consider- 
ation. 

Requies, ei, fy etis,f (re fy quies), rest, 
repose, quiet, ease, respite. 

Requiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. (re fy qui- 
esco), to rest, lie at ease, repose, 
take rest. 

Requiro, ere, slvi, sltum, a. (re fy quce- 
ro), to seek again, seek out, look for, 
seek after ; to seek, ask, demand, 
require; to interrogate, inquire af- 
ter. 

Res, rei,f, a thing, affair, matter, con- 
cern, fact, deed, act, measure, cir- 
cumstance, subject, business, occa- 
sion ; the result, event, issue ; meth- 
od, course. Res militaris, the art of 
war. Res or res gestce, see Gestus : — 
the fact, the truth. Uti rem sese 
habere putant, as they suppose the 
fact to be. Re or re vera, in fact, in 
truth, in reality ; — experience, use ; 
a cause, reason, purpose. Res and 
res familaris, property, substance, 
effects, goods, chattels. Resfides- 
que, property and credit : — a state, 
condition, or circumstances. Res 
secundm et adversce, prosperity and 
adversity. Mala res, broken for- 
tunes. Bona res, a prosperous con- 
dition : — utility, profit, interest, ben- 
efit, advantage. Ob remfacere, use- 
fully, with advantage or profit. In 
rem esse, to be useful, for one's ad- 
vantage. Pro re, according to cir- 
cumstances : — an event, occurrence. 
Res followed by publica, or an adjec- 
tive relating to country, as Romana, 
fyc. signifies the state, government, 
commonwealth, see Respublica: — 
the subject or matter of which one 
treats. Id quod res habet, — which is 
true or certain. Ex re ceslimare, to 
value intrinsically or on its own ac- 
count. Res nova?, see Novus. Res 



capitalis, see Capitalis. Nomen ex 
re inditum, a name bestowed upon 
(them) in consequence of (their) na- 
ture or peculiar character. With a 
relative or demonstrative pronoun res 
often supplies the place of a prece- 
ding noun or clause, as ea res, Cat. 
7 #8. 

Rescindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. (re fy 
scindo, to rend), to cut, cut off, cut 
or break down, destroy ; to annul, 
disannul, make void, abrogate, can- 
cel, abolish, revoke, repeal. 

Resisto, ere, stiti, n. (re $ sisto, to 
stand), to stand still, halt, stop, 
stay ; to withstand, resist, hold out 
against, oppose, make resistance. 
Aperte resistere non poterant quin 
faterentur, they could not avoid 
manifesting in public. 

Respicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. ty n. (re fy 
specio, to see), to look back, look 
back upon. 

Respondeo, ere, di, sum, a. (re fy spon- 
deo, to promise), to promise in re- 
turn, to answer, reply, respond, de- 
clare as by an oracle or by divina- 
tion, predict. 

RespubUca fy Res publica, reipublicm, 
f § 91, (res fy publicus), the state, 
commonwealth, republic, govern- 
ment, politics, public affairs. Trac- 
tare rempublicam, to administer the 
government. Facere contra rempubli- 
cam, to act against the state, to be 
guilty of treason. 

Restinguo, ere, inxi, inctum, a. (re fy 
stinguo, to extinguish), to extin- 
guish, quench, put out. 

Resfituo, ere, ui, iitum, a. (re ty statuo), 
to put or set up again, replace, re- 
store to its former condition, rein- 
state, restore, revive, give back. 

Reticeo, ere, ui, n. 8f a. (re fy laceo), to 
hold one's peace, be silent ; to con- 
ceal, keep secret. 

Retineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. (re fy 
teneo), to hold or keep back, stop, 



HETRACTUS 



249 



detain, hinder; to retain, keep, pre- 
serve ; to coerce, restrain, check, 
repress. 

Retractus, a, um, part., brought back : 
from 

Retrdho, ere, xi, ctum, a. {re ty traho), 
to draw or pull back, bring back. 

Reus, i, m., a person accused or im- 
peached, a culprit, criminal, de- 
fendant. Fieri reus, to be accused 
or prosecuted. 

Reverto, tre, ti, sum, a., ty Revertor, 
i, sus sum, dep. {re fy verto), to turn 
back or over, come back, return. 

Revocdtus, a, vm, part. : from 

Revoco, are, avi, alum, a. {re fy voco), 
to call back, recall. 

Rex, regis, m. {rego), a king, sove- 
reign, monarch. 

Rex, Regis, m., a cognomen belonging 
to a plebeian family of the Marcian 
gens. Q. Marcius Rex, a Roman 
general, sent by the senate to op- 
pose Catiline's forces in Elruria. 

Rhegium, i, n., now Reggio in Cala- 
bria, a city in the southern part of 
Italy, opposite to Messana in Sicily. 

Rhodius, a, um, adj., Rhodian, of 
Rhodes, an island containing a city 
of the same name, near the coast of 
Caria, in Asia Minor. Rhodii, drum, 
m. pi., the Rhodians, inhabitants of 
Rhodes. 

Rogatio, onis,f {rogo), a demand, de- 
sire, prayer, request ; a question ; a 
law proposed to the people, a bill. 
Rogationem promulgare, to propose 
a bill or law for the approbation of 
the people. Perferre rogationem, 
see Perfero. Rogationem jubere, see 
Jubeo. 

Rogatus, a, um, part, {rogo), § 234, 1, 
asked. Sententiam rogatus, being 
asked his opinion, questioned as to 
his opinion. 

Rogito, are, avi, atum, a.freq., to ask 
frequently, make frequent inquiries, 
inquire, interrogate, ask : from 



Rogo, are, avi, atum, a. 6f n., to ask, 
desire, request, pray, demand, ques- 
tion, inquire, entreat, beg, sue for. 
Rogare magistratum, to take the 
votes of the people on the appoint- 
ment of a magistrate, to elect a mag- 
istrate, cause to be elected. 

Roma, &,f. Rome, a city of Latium, in 
Italy, on both sides of the Tiber, 
the capital of the ancient Roman 
empire. 

Romdnus, a, um, adj. (Roma), of or be- 
longing to Rome, Roman. Romani, 
drum, m. pi., the Romans. 

Rudis, e, adj., unwrought, uncultiva- 
ted, unpolished, rude ; ignorant, in- 
experienced, raw, untaught, illite- 
rate. 

Rufus, i, m. {Cn. Octavius), a Roman 
questor, sent into Africa, A. U. C. 
649. 

Rufus, i, m. (Q. Minucius), a Roman 
consul with Sp. Albinus. 

Rufus, i, m. (Q. Pompeius), a Roman 
pretor, A. U. C. 691. 

Rulna, ce,f. {ruo, to fall down), a fall, 
downfall ; ruin, destruction, calam- 
ity, overthrow. Incendium ruind 
restinguere, to extinguish a fire 
by pulling down the neighboring 
houses, see Incendium. 

Rumor, oris, m., a rumor, flying or 
common report, hearsay, report. 
Ex rumore, according to common 
fame or report. 

Rupes, is,f, a rock, crag, cliff, steep, 

Rursum fy Rursus, adv. {reversus, re- 
turning), backward ; again, on the 
other hand ; again, a second time, 
afresh, anew. 

Rutilius, i, m., P. Ruiilius Rufus, the 
lieutenant of Me tell us in the war 
with Jugurtha. 



S. 



S., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Sextius. It is also put in epistolary 



SACER 



250 



SATIUS 



writings for salutem dicit, salutes, 
wishes health, presents his compli- 
ments or respects. 

Sacer, era, crum, adj., consecrated, 
holy, sacred, divine. 

Sacerdos, otis, m. § f. (sacer), a priest 
or priestess. 

Sacer dotium, i, n. (sacerdos), the office 
of a priest, priesthood. 

Sacnlegus, a, um, adj. (sacer fy lego), 
guilty of stealing sacred things, sac- 
rilegious ; impious, wicked, pro- 
fane. 

Scenius, i, m. (L), a Roman senator. 

Sape, scepius, s&pissime, adv. § 194, 
6th clause, often, oftentimes, oft, 
many times, frequently. The com- 
parative of this word is frequently 
used for the positive. Numero is of- 
ten added redundantly to saepe. 

S&penumero, adv., see Scepe. 

Scevio, Ire, ii, itum, n. (scevus), to rage, 
be fierce or cruel, be angry, frown. 

Sceviiia, &,f., cruelty, severity, fierce- 
ness, ferocity, barbarity, inhumani- 
ty. Smvitia temporis, the inclem- 
ency of the season : from 

Scevus, a, urn, adj., rigorous, severe ; 
cruel, fierce, barbarous, savage, in- 
human. Mare s&vum, boisterous, 
stormy, turbulent, tempestuous. 
Omnia sceva patiebamur, — every 
species of cruelty. 

Sagittarius, i, m. (sagitta, an arrow), 
an archer, bowman. 

Sal, salis, m. fy n., pi. sales, m., salt. 

Salto, are, avi, alum, n. ty a.,freq. (sa- 
lio, to leap), to dance. 

Saltuosus, a, um, adj. (saltus, a forest), 
full of woods or forests, woody. 

Saluber, bris, bre, adj. § 108, R. 1, 
healthful, wholesome, salubrious ; 
sound, healthy, robust : from 

Salus, utis, f. {salvus, safe), safety, 
preservation, health, life, quiet, 
comfort. 

Saluto, are, avi, atum, a. (salus), to sa- 
lute, greet, pay one's respects to, 



send compliments to ; to visit, call 
upon. 

Samnis, itis, m. fyf., Samnite, of Sam- 
nium a country of Italy, now Abruz- 
zo Citeriore. Samnites, um fy ium, 
m., the Samnites. 

Sanctus, a, um, part, ty adj. (sancio, to 
decree), decreed, established ; sa- 
cred, inviolable, holy, divine ; vir- 
tuous, upright, incorrupt. 

Sane, adv. (sanus, sound), soundly, so- 
berly, discreetly ; certainly, truly, 
indeed, very. 

Sanga, ce, m, (Q. Fabius), a Roman 
senator, the patron of the Allobro- 
ges. He was descended from that 
Fabius who from his conquest of 
the Allobroges was surnamed Alio- 
brogicus. 

Sanguis, mis, m., blood. Fig. death ; 
kindred, offspring, stock, parentage, 
race, descent, blood, relationship, 
consanguinity. 

Sapiens, tis, part, fy adj. (sapio), wise, 
learned, sage, judicious, discreet. 
Subs, a wise man. 

Sapientia. a, f. (sapiens), wisdom, 
good sense, judgment, discretion, , 
prudence, knowledge. 

Sarcina, ce,f. (sarcio, to mend), a bun- 
dle, burden, load, pack, baggage. 

Satelles, itis, m. § f, a life-guard, 
body-guard, attendant. 

Satietas, a'.is^., satiety, fulness. Fig. 
a glut, disgust. Satietas me tenet, I 
am tired or sick of, satiated with : 
from 

Satis, adj. indecl. 6f adv., enough, suf- 
ficient, sufficiently, (comp. satior, 
us, better, more useful or advanta- 
geous. Satius est, it is better). Sa- 
tis habere, to be content or satisfied, 
to account sufficient. 

Satisf actio, onis,f (satisfacio, to satis- 
fy), a satisfaction ; amends, repara- 
tion ; excuse, plea, apology, satis- < 
factory explanation. 

Satius, see Satis. 



SATUR 



251 



SECESSIO 



Satur, ura, urum, adj. (satis), full, sa- 
ted ; plentiful, abundant. 

Satura, <z,f. (satur), a platter or char- 
ger filled with various fruits to be 
presented as an offering to Ceres 
and Bacchus. Per saturam, by the 
gross or lump, without order or dis- 
tinction, confusedly. 

Saucio, are, am, alum, a., to wound, 
hurt : from 

Saucius, a, am, adj., wounded, hurt. 

Saxeus, a, um, adj., of stone, stony, 
rocky : from 

Saxum, i, n., a stone, rock, crag, cliff. 

Scalce, arum, f pi. (scando, to climb), a 
ladder, stair. Aggredi scalis, to scale. 

Scaurus, i. m. (M. JE,milius), a Roman 
Consul, A. U. C. 639, and leader of 
the senate, A. U. C. 640, during the 
war with Jugurtha. 

Scelerdtus, a, um, adj. (scelero, to pol- 
lute), wicked, bad, impious, vicious, 
flagitious, nefarious. 

Scelestus, a, um, adj., wicked, mis- 
chievous, unprincipled, impious : 
from 

Scelus, tris, n., wickedness, villainy, 
guilt, crime, impiety. Per summum 
scelus, most villainously. 

Sciens, lis, part. $ adj. (scio), know- 
ing, acquainted with, having a 
knowledge of; skillful, well skill- 
ed or versed, expert. Me sciente, 
with my knowledge, if I know it. 

Scienlia, ce, f. (sciens), knowledge, 
science, skill, expertness. 

Sciticet, adv. (for scire or scias licet), it 
is evident, clear or manifest, it is 
plain ; truly, in truth, certainly, 
doubtless, assuredly; forsooth; to 
wit, that is to say. It is often used 
ironically. 

Scio, Ire, Ivi, Mum, a., to know, under- 
stand, be aware ; to learn, hear. 

Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio 
Africanus, an illustrious Roman 
general by whom Hannibal was 
defeated at the battle of Zama. 



Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio 
JEmilianus Africanus, by whom 
Carthage and Numantia were de- 
stroyed, was the son of Paulus 
iEmilius, and grandson by adoption 
of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
major. 

Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio 
Naslca, was the great-grandson of 
that Scipio whom the Roman sen- 
ate adjudged to be the best man in 
Rome, and the son of him who slew 
Tiberius Gracchus. He was con- 
sul, A. U. C. 643. 

Scite, adv. (scifus, skillful), skillfully, 
dexterously, nicely, exactly ; in- 
geniously ; elegantly, tastefully, 
genteelly. 

Scortum, i, n., a skin, hide ; a harlot, 
courtezan, mistress, prostitute. 

Scribo, ere, psi, ptum, a., to mark, cut 
or imprint lines ; to draw ; to write ; 
to draw up, write, compose, treat of 
in writing, commit to writing, re- 
cord ; to designate, or appoint. Scri- 
bere mililes, exercitum, tyc, to enlist, 
enrol, levy — . 

Scrinium, i, n., a casket, coffer, trunk, 
chest, case, desk, escritoire, book- 
case. 

Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo), a writer, 
scrivener, author, narrator, histo- 
rian. 

Scriptus, a, um, part, (scribo.) 

Scrutor, ari, alus sum, dep. (scruta, old 
clothes), to feel, search, explore, 
examine, investigate. 

Scutum, i, n., a buckler, shield, target. 

Se, insep. prep., without, apart, aside, 
§ 196. 

Se, pro., see Sui. 

Secedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (se fy ce~ 
do), to go apart, retire, withdraw, 
retreat, secede, separate. 

Secessio, onis, f (secedo), a retiring, 
withdrawing, separation, secession ; 
a secession of the plebeians from 
the patricians. 



SECRETO 



252 



SENTENTIA 



Secretb, adv., separately, apart, aside, 
secretly, in secret, in private : from 

Secretus, a, um, part, fy adj. (secerno, 
to separate), separated, severed, re- 
mote, apart, separate, alone ; se- 
cret, private. 

Secum, for cum se, see Cum fy Sui. 

Secundum, prep, with the ace, and 
adv., nigh, near, after, behind, next 
to, in the second place, in the next 
place. 

Secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor), second, 
following, going or coming after; 
favorable, favoring, prosperous, 
lucky, successful. Secmido mari, 
along the sea-coast. Secundus he- 
res, see Heres. Secunda oratio, a 
laudatory or flattering speech. Se- 
cundce res, see Res. 

Secus, adv. (sequor), otherwise, differ- 
ently. Haud secus, not otherwise, 
not less, equally, just as though : — 
it is often followed by ac, atque or 
quam, than, and may be translated, 
otherwise than ; non secus ac, or at- 
que, not otherwise than, just as: — 
unsuccessfully, unfortunately, ill. 
Secus cedere or procedere, to turn 
out ill, fail of success. 

Secutus, a, um, part, (sequor). 

Sed, conj., but, now. It is commonly 
used to denote distinction or opposi- 
tion, but sometimes only marks a 
transition from one subject to an- 
other. 

Sedes, is,f. (sedeo, to sit), a seat, chair, 
bench ; a seat, abode, dwelling 
place, residence, settlement, habi- 
tation. 

Seditio, onis,f. (sedeo), dissension, dis- 
cord, strife ; a popular commotion 
or insurrection, civil discord, sedi- 
tion. 

Sediliosus, a, um, adj. (seditio), turbu- 
lent, tumultuous, seditious, treason- 
able, factious, mutinous. 

Sedo, are, avi, atum, a., to alia)'-, ap- 
pease, mitigate, calm, soften, as- 



suage, allay, pacify, quiet, sooth, 
check, quench, extinguish. 

Segnis, e, adj., dull, heavy, slothful, 
slow T , inactive, sluggish, lazy, cow- 
ardly. 

Segniter, adv. (segnis), slowly, slug- 
gishly, slothfully, negligently. Ni- 
hilo segnius, § 256, R. 16, with the 
same activity or eagerness, with un- 
diminished zeal, nevertheless, not- 
withstanding. 

Sella, ce, f. (sedeo), a seat, chair. 

Semet, see Sui. 

Semisomnus, a, um, adj. (semi, half, fy 
somnus), half-asleep, half-awake. 

Semper, adv., always, ever, forever, 
continually. 

Sempronia, &, f, a profligate woman 
who was concerned in the Catilina- 
rian conspiracy. She was the wife 
of D. Junius Brutus, and had a son 
D. Brutus who subsequently took 
part in the conspiracy against Cse- 
sar. 

Sempronius, a, um, adj., of or relating 
to Sempronius, Sempronian. Sem- 
pronia lex, a law introduced by 
Sempronius Gracchus, requiring two 
provinces to be annually assigned for 
the consuls, before the consular elec- 
tion. These provinces the consuls 
subsequently took by lot or otherwise, 
as they pleased. 

Senator, oris, m., a senator, (senex, 
old). 

Senatorius, a, um, adj. (senator), of or 
belonging to a senator, senatorial. 

Senatus, us or i, m. (senex), a senate, 
council, the Roman senate. 

Senectus, utis,f. (senex), age, old age. 

Senesco, ere, senui, n. incept, (seneo, to 
be old), to grow or become old ; to 
fade, pine or waste away, decay, 
wear away, fail, decline, decrease ; 
to become torpid or languid ; to be 
composed, settled. 

Sententia, ce,f. (sentio), opinion, judg- 
ment, resolution, mind, purpose, in- 



SENTINA 



253 



SIBYLLINUS 



tention, will. Ex sententia, pros- 
perously, successfully, according to 
one's wish or desire, satisfactorily, 
to one's mind. Meet sententia, in 
my opinion or judgment, as I con- 
ceive, as I think or imagine. Ex 
animi sententia, truly, sincerely, se- 
riously, positively, in my opinion, 
on my conscience. Vir ex sententia 
ambobus, agreeable, acceptable — : 
— a vote, suffrage, sentence, decree, 
judgment. Sententiam dicere, to 
give one's opinion or vote : — sense, 
signification, meaning, purport; a 
thought, sentiment, sentence. 

Sentlna, &,f, the bilge-water and filth 
in the bottom of a ship; the bottom 
of a ship where the bilge-water is ; 
a sink, sewer. Fig. the rabble. 

Sentio, Ire, sensi, sensum, a., to discern 
by the senses, perceive, feel, see, 
discover, observe, find out, know, be 
sensible or aware ; to think, judge, 
suppose, entertain an opinion or sen- 
timent. Sentire contra rempublicam, 
to be hostile to the government. 

Seorsum, adv. (se ty verto), apart, asun- 
der, separately. 

Separdtim, adv. (separdtus, separate), 
separately, apart, severally. 

Septimius, i, m., a Roman name ; a Ca- 
mertian, confederate with Catiline. 

Sequor, i, cutus sum, dep., to go or 
come after, walk behind, follow, 
attend, wait upon, accompany ; to 
be consequent upon, connected 
with ; to follow after, seek for, pur- 
sue, aim at ; to favor, take the part 
of ; to regard, obey ; to follow, imi- 
tate ; to accord with, correspond to, 
partake of. Hcec sequi decrevistis, 
— to pursue these measures or this 
course. Inertiam sequi, to indulge, 
practice — . 

Serius, a, um, adj., grave, serious, in 
earnest ; of weight or importance. 
Seria, drum, n. pi., serious affairs, 
matters of weight. 

22 



Sermo, onis, m. (sero, to connect), 
common discourse, talk, speech, 
conversation. 

Serpens, tis, m. fy f. (serpo, to creep), 
a serpent. 

Servllis, e, adj. (servus), of or pertaining 
to a slave or slaves, slavish, servile. 

Servio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. (servus), to be a 
slave, serve, obey, be subservient to, 
have" regard to, aim at, be devoted to. 

Servitium, i, n. (servus), slavery, servi- 
tude, bondage, service, subjection, 
ministry. Servitia, pi., slaves, a 
body of slaves. 

Servztus, utis, f. (servus), slavery, ser- 
vitude, service, bondage, thralldom. 

Servius, i, m., a Roman pr<jenomen. 

Servo, are, dvi, atum, a. fy n., to save, 
preserve ; to observe, keep, main- 
tain ; to guard, watch. 

Servus, a, um, adj., serving, subject. 
Servus, i, m., a slave, bondman, 
servant. 

Sestertius, i, m. (semis, half, fy tertius, 
§ 327), a sesterce, of the value of 
two asses and a half, or one fourth of 
a denarius, or about 3 1-4 cents of 
our money. Sestertium, i, n., a thou- 
sand sesterces. 

Severe, adv. (severus), gravely, seri- 
ously, severely, rigidly. 

Severitas, atis,f, gravity, seriousness, 
severity, strictness, austerity : from 

Severus, a, um, adj., grave, reserved, se- 
rious, severe, rigorous, strict, harsh. 

Sextius, i, m., a Roman prcenomen. 

Sextus, a, um, num. adj. (sex, six), the 
sixth. 

Si, conj., if; since ; although, even 
if. Si modo, see Modo ; quod si, 
see Quod. 

Sibyllinus, a, um, adj. (sibylla, a sibyl 
or prophetess), of or pertaining to a 
sibyl, sibylline. There were ten sib- 
yls who lived at different periods and 
in various countries. Among these 
the Cumcean sibyl was highly distin- 
guished, and the books containing 



SIC 



254 



SIMULTAS 



her prophecies were preserved with 
great respect by the Romans. 

Sic, adv., so, thus ; accordingly. Sic 
ut, so that, so as ; — hence, therefore. 

Sicca, cb, f, a city of Numidia, in 
which was a celebrated temple of 
Venus. 

Siccenses, ium, m. pi., the inhabitants 
of Sicca. 

Sicilia, ce, f, Sicily. 

Sicut <$f Sicuti, conj. (sic ut, fysic uti), so 
as, just as, as, as it were, as if, like. 

Sidonius, fy Sidoriicus, a, um, adj., 
Sidonian, Tyrian, Phoenician, of or 
belonging to Sidon, a city of Phoe- 
nicia. Sidonii, drum, m. pi., Sidon- 
ians, inhabitants of Sidon. 

Signator, oris, m. (signo), a sealer, 
signer, one who attests a writing by 
affixing his seal. Signator falsus, a 
false signer, a forger. 

Signatus, a, um, part, (signo), marked, 
signed, sealed. 

Signifwo, are, avi, alum, a. (signum fy 
facio), to give notice or warning, 
signify, indicate, intimate, notify, 
show, declare. 

Signo, are, avi, atum, a., to mark, 
mark out ; to seal, sign : from 

Signum, i, n., a mark, sign ; a token ; 
a statue ; a seal, impression ; a 
standard, ensign, banner, flag ; by 
metonomy, troops, forces ; a signal 
in war. Dare signum, to give a sig- 
nal. Signa canere, to give the sig- 
nal by sound of trumpet, to sound 
the trumpets for battle. Relinquere 
signum, to desert one's standard. 
Observare signa, to mind or heed the 
standards. The standard was usu- 
ally the figure of some animal ; the 
principal standard of a whole legion 
was the figure of an eagle, but be- 
sides this every maniple had its own 
standard. 

Silanus, i, m. (T. Turpilius), a Roman 
governor of the town of Vacca, in 
the Jugurthine war. 



Silanus, i, m. (D. Junius), a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 692. 

Silanus, i, m. (M. Junius), a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 645. The province 
of Gaul was assigned to him where 
he was defeated in battle by the 
Cimbri. 

Silentium, i, n., a being silent ; silence. 
Silentio, abl., in silence, silently, in 
obscurity ; — quietness, inactivity, 
sloth, stillness : from 

Sileo, ere, ui, n. § a., to be silent, keep 
silence, be still, say nothing. Sile- 
tur, silence is maintained, nothing 
is said. 

Similis, e, adj., like, resembling, simi- 
lar. 

Similitudo, mis, f (similis), likeness, 
resemblance, similitude, similarity. 

Simul, adv. (similis), together, in com- 
pany, at once, together with, along 
with, at the same time; likewise, 
also, besides : as soon as, as soon 
as ever. As a connective it serves 
to unite that which is of less, to that 
which is of greater moment. Simul 
ac, as well — as ; both— and. Simul 
et, at the same time — also ; both — 
and. Simul — et, at the same time 
— and. 

Simulans, tis, part, (simulo). 

Simulator, oris, m., a feigner, pretend- 
er, counterfeiter, one who pretends 
that to be which is not, skillful in 
simulation. Cujuslibet rei simulator 
ac dissimulator, skilled in every 
species of simulation and dissimu- 
lation : from 

Simulo, are, avi, atum, a. (similis), to 
feign, make like the reality, pre- 
tend, counterfeit, simulate ; to be 
like to, resemble, imitate. Ad sim- 
ulanda negotia altitudo ingenii in- 
credibilis, — in the arts of simulation, 
in giving to things a false appear- 
ance. 

Simultas, atis, f. (similis), a disguised 
malice or hatred, secret grudge, 



SIN 



255 



SOLERS 



dissembled animosity, enmity, ha- 
tred, animosity. 

Sin, conj., but if, if however ; si, if, is 
often found in a preceding clause. 
Sin has the force of sed si, being 
both adversative and conditional. 

Sine, prep, with the abl., without. Sine 
with the noun following it, instead of 
depending on a verb, has often the 
force of a negative adjective or a 
genitive of quality, limiting the mean- 
ing of a preceding noun ; as, oppi- 
da sine prcesidio, — ungarrisoned. 

Singulalim, adv., one by one, seve- 
rally, singly, particularly, individu- 
ally. Singulatim circumire, to go 
about from one to another : from 

Singulus, a, um, adj., single, one by 
one, each, every, every one, one at 
a time. Singulos appellare, ladere, 
etc., separate, single, or separately, 
singly, individually. 

Sinister, tra, trum, adj., left, on the 
left, on the left hand or side. Sin- 
istra, ce,f, sc. manus, the left hand. 

Sino, ere, sivi, situm, a., to permit, suf- 
fer, allow, let alone. 

Sinus, us, m., the bosom ; the lap ; 
the innermost part, the heart; a 
bay, creek, gulf. 

Siquis fy siqui, siqua, siquod § siquid, 
or separately, si quis, etc., indef 
pro. § 138 & $ 137,' R. (c), if any 
one, if any ; whoever, whatever. 

Sisenna, &, m. (L.), a historian be- 
longing to the Cornelian family, 
who wrote a history of the social 
war and of that waged by Sylla. 

Siiis, is,f. <5> 79, 2 & §82, Ex. 2, thirst. 
Fig. drought, dryness, sultriness. 

Sittius, i, m., see Nucerlnus. 

Situs, us, m. (sino), site, situation, local 
position ; a region, country, tract. 

Situs, a, um, part, fy adj. (sino), situa- 
ted, situate, placed, set, put, lying, 
built. Situs esse, to rest, depend, 
be placed. 

Sive, conj. (si ty ve, or), or if, or indeed 



if, and if, or ; sive — sive or seu t 
whether — or whether ; whether — 
or rather ; whether — or. 

Socia, cBf f (socius), a wife, partner, 
associate. 

Societas, atis, f, partnership, union, 
connexion, company, society, fel- 
lowship, association, alliance, par- 
ticipation ; a league, confederacy, 
alliance : from 

Socius, a, um, adj., united, associated, 
joining or sharing in, partaking, al- 
lied, confederate. Socius, i, m., a 
companion, associate, fellow, sha- 
rer, partner ; an ally, confederate. 
Socii or socii Italici, Italian allies, 
allies from all parts of Italy south 
of the Rubicon except Latium. 

Socordia, ce,f, foolishness, folly, dull- 
ness ; carelessness, indolence, sloth, 
sluggishness, inactivity : from 

Socors, dis, adj. (se fy cor), senseless, 
thoughtless, foolish, silly, dull, stu- 
pid ; sluggish, inactive, slothful, la- 
zy, careless, negligent, indolent. 

Sol, solis, m., the sun. Magis sub 
sole, more under the sun, nearer the 
equator. 

Solemnis, e, adj. (sollus, the whole, fy 
annus), solemn, performed at cer- 
tain times and with certain rites, 
festive, celebrated, appointed, sta- 
ted ; accustomed, ordinary, usual, 
customary. Solemne, is, n., a so- 
lemnity, solemn festival, solemn 
rite or ceremony. 

Soleo, ere, itus sum, neut. pass. § 142, 
R. 2, to use, be accustomed or wont; 
to be usual or customary. It may 
sometimes be translated " frequently, 
often ;" as, Docetque se audire soli- 
turn, — that he had often heard. Ut 
solet, as is usual. Solet sc. facere, 
is wont to do. The pluperfect of 
this verb has often the force of an 
imperfect. 

Solers, tis, adj. (sollus, the whole, fy 
ars), ingenious, skillful, expert. 



SOLERTIA 



256 



SPES 



Solertia, a,f (so/ers), ingenuity, saga- 
city, genius, quickness, shrewdness; 
craftiness, subtlety, cunning. 

Solitudo, inis, f (solus), a lonely or 
solitary place ; a desert, wilder- 
ness ; solitude ; solitariness. Post- 
quam solitudinem intellexit, — the sol- 
itariness of the place. 

Solitus, a, um, part, (soleo). 

Sollicitatus, a, um, part. : from 

Sollicito, are, avi, atum, a., to move, 
stir; to disturb, trouble; to allure, 
entice, gain over, invite, excite ; to 
tempt, instigate, stir up, urge to re- 
bellion, induce, urge, rouse, press, 
solicit. 

SoUiciludo, mis, f, solicitude, anxie- 
ty, disquiet, trouble, uneasiness of 
mind, care. 

Sollicitus, a, um, adj., solicitous, anx- 
ious, uneasy, troubled, disquieted, 
perplexed. 

Solum, adv., only, alone : from 

Solus, a, um, adj., § 107, alone, only ; 
lonely, solitary, desert, retired, un- 
frequented ; destitute of kindred or 
friends. 

Solutus, a, um, part, fy adj., loosed, 
unbound, released, relaxed, loose, 
lax ; free, independent, unrestrain- 
ed; disunited, dissevered, divided, 
uncompacted ; paid, settled, liqui- 
dated, discharged : from 

Solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a., to loose, 
loosen, unloose, untie, unbind ; to 
weaken, relax, enervate, enfeeble ; 
to solve, explain ; to pay, discharge ; 
to atone for. Solvere poenas, to suf- 
fer punishment. 

Somnus, i, m., sleep, slumber, rest, re- 
pose. Fig. sloth, laziness. Captus 
somno, overtaken or overpowered 
by sleep. 

Sonitus, us, m. (sono), a sound, noise, 
din. 

Sons, tis, adj. hurtful, noxious ; accu- 
sed ; guilty, criminal. 

Sordidus, a, um, adj. (sordes, filth), 



filthy, dirty, squalid, sordid, foul; 
base, mean, low, despicable. 

Sp., an abbreviation of the pr&nomen 
Spurius. 

Sparus, i, m., a dart, lance, spear. 

Spatium, i, n., a course, race-ground ; 
a running, race, course ; space, 
room, extent ; distance, interval ; 
time, an interval or space of time. 
Brevi spatio, in a short time. 

Species, ei,f (specio, to see), a form, 
figure, fashion, shape, appearance ; 
a sight, spectacle ; semblance, ap- 
pearance ; a pretext, color, pretenee, 
cloak, show ; an image, picture, 
likeness; beauty. Specie, in ap- 
pearance. Ager una specie, — of a 
uniform appearance. 

Spectaculum, i, n. (specto), a spectacle, 
public sight or show ; a sight, spec- 
tacle. 

Spectatus, a, um, part, ty adj. seen, 
beheld ; known, proved, approved, 
tried : from 

Specto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (specio, 
to see), to behold, look or gaze up- 
on, view ; to see, observe, mark, 
regard ; to try, prove, examine. 

Speculator, oris, m. (speculor), a spy, 
scout. 

Speculdtus, a, um, part. : from 

Speculor, ari, atus sum, dep. (specula, 
a watch-tower), to view, espy, ob- 
serve, explore, watch. 

Sperdtus, a, um, part., hoped for, look- 
ed for, expected : from 

Spero, are, avi, atum, a., to hope, trust, 
feel confident, expect. 

Spes, ei, f, hope, confidence, expec- 
tation, prospect. Contra spem, con- 
trary to expectation. Proficiscitur 
magna spe civium, — with high ex- 
pectations on the part of his fellow 
citizens. Spes maxima, the most 
sanguine expectations, the most ex- 
travagant hopes. Habere spem in 
aliquo, to put confidence, rest one's 
hopes, depend upon — . In spe ha- 



SPINTHER 



257 



STUDIUM 



here, to have in prospect, to hope 
for. 

Spinther, eris, m. (P. Cornelius Len- 
tulus), a Roman edile during the 
consulship of Cicero. 

Spiro, are, avi, alum, n., to breathe. 

Spolialus, a, um, part. : from 

Spolio, are, am, alum, a. § 251, to 
strip, bereave, deprive of, rob, plun- 
der, spoil, pillage : from 

Spolium, ?', n., the skin stripped off a 
beast ; spoil, plunder, pillage, booty, 
prey. 

Sponsio, onis,f (spondeo, to promise,) 
a promise, engagement, bond, stip- 
ulation, bargain. Sponsionem fa- 
cere, to agree, stipulate. 

Spurius, i, m., a Roman pramomen. 

Staliliiis, i, m. (L.), a Roman knight 
confederate with Catiline. 

Statim, adv. (slo, to stand), firmly, im- 
mediately, forthwith, straightway, 
without delay. 

Statlvus, a, um, adj. (sto, to stand), 
standing. Stativa castra, a stand- 
ing camp, station, quarters. 

iStaiuo, ere, ui, ulum, a. (sto), to set up, 
raise, erect ; to put, place, set, sta- 
tion, draw up, post, establish, fix ; 
to hold, judge, be of opinion, firmly 
believe ; to resolve, determine, de- 
cide, appoint, fix, assign, ordain, de- 
cree ; to give sentence, pass sen- 
tence or judgment, condemn. 

Status, us, m. (sto), a standing, stand- 
ing still ; a state, station, condition, 
situation, rank. 

Stimulo, are, avi, alum, a. (stimulus, a 
goad,) to prick, goad; to torment, 
vex, trouble, disturb ; to urge or 
drive on, impel, rouse, incite, in- 
stigate, stimulate ; to provoke, stir 
up, excite. 

Stipator, oris, m. (stipo, to stuff), an at- 
tendant, companion ; a guard, body- 
guard. 

Stipendium, i, n. (slips, a small coin, 
& pendo), the pay of soldiers, the 

22* 



pay of an army, wages ; a stipend 
or salary. Stipendia facere, to serve 
as a soldier. Slipendiis faciendis 
sese exercuil, — in actual service. 
Miles emeritis slipendiis, a soldier 
who has completed his term of ser- 
vice, and received his discharge. 
Homo nullius slipendii, one who 
has seen no service ; — a tribute or 
tax. 

Slirps, pis, m. fy /., the root of a tree, 
the trunk, stump or body of a tree, 
the stem or stock of a tree or plant. 
Fig. the origin or foundation ; a be- 
ginning, rise, source ; a stock, fami- 
ly, kindred, race, lineage ; offspring, 
progeny, posterity. Ab stirpe, from 
the root, utterly ; also, from one's 
origin or ancestors, in virtue of one's 
ancestry. 

Sirenue, adv., strenuously : from 

Strenuus, a, um, adj. § 126, 5, (a.) ac- 
tive, strenuous, energetic, ready, 
prompt, quick,vigorous, stout ; brave, 
valiant. 

Slrepltus, us, m., a harsh or confused 
noise, hurly-burly, rustling, rattling, 
clashing, din, clattering, clamor, 
shouting, uproar, loud noise : from 

Strepo, ere, ui, ttum, n., to make a 
noise or harsh sound, rustle, roar, 
rattle, ring, resound. Strepere voce, 
to shout, yell. 

Studeo, ere, ui, n., to study, attend to, 
apply the mind to, take delight in, 
fancy, labor, exert one's self, be 
bent on, be ambitious of, pursue ; 
to be attached to, favor, be partial 
to; to desire, aim, wish, be anxious. 
Novis rebus sl.udere, to plot a revo- 
lution in the state. 

Studium, ?, n., study, care, diligence, 
attention ; eagerness, zeal, ardor of 
mind, fondness, desire, inclination, 
propensity, will, humor, fancy ; fa- 
vor, partiality, attachment, regard ; 
pursuit, employment, profession, fa- 
vorite study. Studia civilia, civil 



STULTITIA 



258 



SULLA 



dissensions, contentions among the 
citizens. 

Stultitia, &,f, folly, foolishness : from 

Stultus, a, um, adj., foolish, unwise, 
silly. 

Stuprum, i, n., seduction, violation, 
fornication, adultery, lewdness, de- 
bauchery. Stuprum corporis, pros- 
titution. Multa nefanda stupra fe- 
cerat, had committed many atro- 
cious acts of lewdness. 

Suadeo, ere, si, sum, n. fy a., to advise, 
exhort, recommend, suggest, coun- 
sel, urge. 

Sub, prep, with ace. or all. % 235, (2.) 
under ; beneath, at the foot of ; on ; 
at, during ; towards, near, by. 

Subactus, a, um, part, (subigo.) 

Subdole, adv., deceitfully, cunningly, 
craftily, subtly, slyly, artfully : 
from 

Subdolus, a, um, adj. (sub fy dolus), 
cunning, crafty,deceitful, sly,subtle. 

Subduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (sub fy duco), 
to draw up, lift or raise up, raise, 
withdraw, take away, remove, draw 
off, lead away. 

Subigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (sub fy ago), 
to bring, lead or conduct under ; to 
urge on, lead, impel, drive, force, 
constrain, compel, oblige, necessi- 
tate ; to subject, subjugate, reduce, 
vanquish, conquer, subdue. 

Sublatus, a, um, part, (sustollo), rais- 
ed; taken away, removed. Sub- 
lato auctore, concealing the (name 
of her) informant. 

Sublevo, are, avi, atum, a. (sub fy levo), 
to lift, raise, or hold up, support ; to 
help, aid, succor, relieve, assist, fa- 
vor, protect, defend ; to ease, light- 
en, lessen, diminish, soften. 

Subsidium, ?', n. (subsideo, to lie in 
wait), a body of troops in reserve, a 
reinforcement ; a line or rank of 
troops; aid, help, assistance, suc- 
cor. Locare or collocare in subsidio 
or subsidiis, to station as a reserve. 



Tlie name of subsidium was espe- 
cially applied to the triarii, see Pi- 
lus. 

Subvenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. (sub fy 
venio), to come on, to come after ; 
to come to one's assistance, assist, 
aid, help, succor, relieve. Prius- 
quam subveniretur, before assistance 
could be given. Subveniendum est, 
assistance must be given. 

Subverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (sub fy verto), 
to turn upside dow 7 n, overturn, over- 
throw, demolish, subvert, annul, re- 
verse, make void, destroy, put an 
end to ; to corrupt, impair. 

Succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (sub fy 
cedo), to go under, go to, approach, 
advance. 

Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. (sub ty 
curro, to run), to run under ; to run 
to one's assistance, succor, aid, as- 
sist, help, relieve. 

Sudes, is,f, a stake. 

Sudor, oris, m., sweat. Fig. labor, 
fatigue, toil, difficulty, pains, exer- 
tion. 

Suffodio, ere, fodi, fossum, a. (sub fy 
fodio, to dig), to dig under, under- 
mine. 

Suffragatio, onis, f (suffragor, to vote 
for), giving one's vote or influence 
to get a person elected, a voting for 
one, earnestness or zeal to promote 
one's election, interest in one's fa- 
vor, recommendation. 

Sui, sibi, se, subs. pro. m. f. fy n., § 
133, of himself, herself, itself, them- 
selves, &c. In the acc.fy abl. it is 
often doubled, sese. The prep, cum 
when used with se is annexed to it, 
as secum. The particle met is often 
annexed intensively ; $ 133, R. 2. 

Sidla, &, m. (P. Cornelius), a consul 
elect, A. U. C. 688, who w 7 as con- 
victed of bribery. 

Sulla, &, m. (Servius Cornelius), a con- 
federate of Catiline, and brother of 
P. Sulla. 



SULLA 



259 



SUPERVACANEUS 



Sulla, ce, m. (L. Cornelius), L. Corne- 
lius Sylla or Sulla, a Roman gene- 
ral of the Cornelian gens, distin- 
guished fpr his military talents, and 
still more for his enmity to Ma- 
rius, and his cruelties during the 
civil wars. He was the uncle of 
Publius and Servius Cornelius 
Sylla. 

Sullanus, a, um, adj., of or relating to 
Sylla, Sylla's. 

Sulphur, uri§, n., sulphur, brimstone. 

Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. § 153, to be ; to 
exist, live ; to stay, remain, contin- 
ue, abide ; to bring, confer, be, serve, 
prove, afford, with two datives, §227. 
Esse in conjuratione, to be engaged 
or concerned in — . Esse extra con- 
jurationem, not to be engaged in — . 
Supra esse, to exceed, surpass. 
Esse pluris, etc. to be worth, — §214. 
To have, with a dative of the pos- 
sessor, §226. To be of, to possess, 
with a genitive or ablative of charac- 
ter, &c, §211, R. 6 & 8. To rest 
in, be placed upon. To be the part, 
property, &c, §211, R. 8, (3). It 
often takes an adverb in the predi- 
cate where an adjective is used in 
English ; as, Mala abunde omnia 
erant, — were abundant. Frustra 
esse, to be unsuccessful or fruitless ; 
as, Cujus consilium frustra erat. 
Fuere qui dicerent, some said, § 264, 
6 : — to tend, serve, contribute, with 
the genitive of a gerund or gerund- 
ive. 

Summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of superus), 
highest, at the top, topmost, upper- 
most ; last, greatest, very great, su- 
preme, utmost, consummate, ex- 
treme, glorious. Summus vir, very 
great, illustrious, excellent — . Sum- 
mum, i, n., the top or summit of any 
thing. 

Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, a., to 
take, take up, receive. Pecuniam 
mutuam sumere, to borrow — . Su- 



mere supplicium de aliquo, to pun- 
ish, inflict punishment upon : — to 
choose, select. Bellum sumere, to 
enter upon, engage in, undertake : 
— to procure. Liber os sumere, to 
adopt — . 

Sumptus, us, m. (sumo), charge, ex- 
pense, cost. 

Sumptus, a, um, part. (sumo). 

Sudmet, see Suus. 

Supellex, lectilis,f., household furni- 
ture or goods, movables, chattels. 

Super, prep, with ace. or abl. §235, (3) ; 
with ace, over, above, on, upon, be- 
yond, more than ; with abl., of, on, 
about, concerning. Super esse, to 
surpass. Also adv., over, above, 
over and above. Satis superque, 
enough and more than enough. 

Superbia, ce,f, pride, haughtiness, in- 
solence, arrogance. Per superbi- 
am, proudly, haughtily : from 

Superbus, a, um, adj., proud, haughty, 
vain-glorious, arrogant, insolent, 
scornful. 

Superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus), 
higher, upper ; past, gone by, for- 
mer, first ; superior. Discedere su- 
perior, to come off victorious. 

Supero, are, avi, atum, a. § n. (super), 
to outreach, outdo, outstrip, sur- 
pass, exceed, excel ; to overbal- 
ance, more than compensate ; to 
overcome, conquer, vanquish, sub- 
due ; to refute, disprove, repel ; to 
abound, be abundant, be superflu- 
ous or redundant; to remain. Quce 
Jugurtha fesso, aut majoribus ad- 
stricto superaverant, which were 
more than Jugurtha, fatigued or en- 
gaged in more important concerns, 
could execute. 

Super sto, are, n. (super fy sto), to stand 
over or upon. 

Superus, a, um, adj. (super), comp. su- 
perior, sup. supremus or summus, 
above, upper. 

Supervacaneus, a, um, adj. (supervaco, 



SUPERVADO 



260 



SYPHAX 



to be superfluous), above what is 
usual or ordinary, unnecessary, su- 
perfluous, useless, needless. 

Supervado, ere, n. {super Sf vado), to 
go, climb or pass over, surmount. 

Suppeto, ere, ivi. itum, a. (sub fy peto)^ 
to occur, suggest itself, come into 
one's mind ; to be near or at hand. 
Minus suppetere, not to occur. 

Supplement um, t, n. (suppleo, to sup- 
ply), a supply, filling up, supple- 
ment; supplies, reinforcements, re- 
cruits. Suppltmentum scribere, to 
levy or enlist recruits. 

Supplex, wis, adj. (sub § plico, to fold). 
suppliant, begging or entreating on 
one's knees, kneeling, prostrate, 
humble, submissive. Subs, a sup- 
pliant, humble petitioner. 

Supplicium, i, n. (supplex), a supplica- 
tion, prayer, humble entreaty ; sup- 
plicatory offerings or sacrifices, a 
public thanksgiving, worship ; cap- 
ital punishment, condign punish- 
ment, torture, any severe punish- 
ment. Summum supplicium, capi- 
tal punishment. Supplicio cogere, 
to govern with severity, impel to 
duty by punishment. 

Supplico, are, aui, atum,n. (supplex), to 
pray or beg humbly, beseech, im- 
plore, entreat, supplicate, worship. 

Supra, prep, with ace. (superus), above, 
over, upon, beyond, more than. 
Supra esse, to surpass. Supra bo- 
num at que honestum, beyond what 
is proper and becoming. Supra 
caput esse, to be over the head, to 
be near, to be at hand, to menace. 
Also, adv., above, before, farther. 
Supra repetere. to go farther back, 
to carry one's narration farther 
back. Supra quam, more than, 
above what, beyond what, higher 
or farther than. 

Sura, <2, m., see Lentulus. 

Susceptufi, a, um, part., taken up, un- 
dertaken : from 



Suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (sursum, 
up, ty capio), to take or lift up, re- 
ceive, catch; to bear, suffer; to un- 
dertake, take in hand, take up, enter 
upon, begin, engage in, encounter, 
take upon one's self, incur, undergo. 

Suspectus, a, um, part, ty adj. (suspicio), 
suspected, mistrusted, suspicious. 
Habere suspectum, to suspect. 

Suspicio, onis, f, suspicion, mistrust, 
distrust, jealousy : from 

Suspwio, ere, pexi, pedum, n. tya. (sur- 
sum, up, or sub $- specio, to see), to 
look up or upwards ; to look up to, 
admire, honor, respect ; to suspect. 

Suspicor, art, at us sum, dep. (suspicio), 
to suspect, apprehend, fear, mis- 
trust; to think, imagine. 

Sustento, are, am, atum, a. freq., to 
sustain, bear or hold up, uphold, 
feed, support, maintain ; to hold out, 
bear, suffer, endure; to withstand, 
oppose, resist ; to check, stop, re- 
strain, keep back : from 

Susl'meo, ere, thud, tentum, a. (sursurn, 
up, fyteneo), to hold up, sustain, up- 
hold, support, undertake, bear, car- 
ry, hold, discharge ; to defend, sup- 
port, protect, preserve, maintain, 
nourish ; to suffer, bear, undergo, 
endure, hold out against. 

Sustollo, ere, susiuli, sublatum, a. (sur- 
sum ty tollo), to raise or lift up ; to 
take away, remove, suppress. The 
second and third roots of this verb 
are taken from suffero. 

Suthul, ulis, n., a town of Numidia. 

Suus, a, um, poss. adj. pro. % 139, (sui), 
§203, one's own, its own, his or her 
own, their own ; his, hers, its, their. 
Suus locus, the place of one's own 
choice, and hence favorable. Sui, 
one's friends, party, people, soldiers, 
&o. The enclitics met and pte are 
sometimes annexed to it. 

Syphax, acis, m., a king of Numidia, 
w 7 ho w 7 as conquered by Scipio, with 
the aid of Masinissa. 



SYRTIS 



261 



TEGO 



Syrtis, is, f (<rujw, to draw), sands, 
shelves, quicksands, a syrtis or 
place of movable sand-banks in 
the sea, which were so called be- 
cause the sands were drawn to and 
fro by the violence of the winds 
and tides. Of this kind are two 
tracts in the Mediterranean near the 
coast of Africa, which are called 
Syrtis Major and Syrtis Minor, now 
the gulf of Sidra and the gulf of 
Capes. 

T. 

T, an abbreviation of the pramomen 
Titus. 

Tabernaculum, i, n. {taberna, a shed), 
a tent, pavilion. 

Tabes, is, f. {tabeo, to melt away), a 
melting or wasting away ; poison, 
infection ; a wasting disease, con- 
sumption, pestilence, plague, conta- 
gion, disease. 

Tabesco, ere, tabui, n. incept, {tabeo), 
to melt, dissolve, be dissolved or 
melted ; to waste or pine away, be 
consumed, decline, languish, decay, 
fade, decrease. 

Tabula, ce,f, a board or plank. Tab- 
ula or tabula picta, a picture, paint- 
ing ; — a table or tablet covered with 
wax for writing on, a writing, book. 
Tabula, writings, account-books, 
records, bills, bonds, instruments. 
Tabula? nova, new accounts, bills, 
&c, by which the whole or a part 
of his debt due on the old account, 
was remitted to the debtor. See 
Novus. 

Taceo, ere, ui, itum, n., to be silent, 
hold one's peace, say nothing, 

Tacitus, a, um, part, ty adj. {taceo), si- 
lent, mute, in silence, silently ; still, 
quiet; without notice, unobserved. 

T&da, ce, f, a tree producing pitch, 
the torch-tree, pitch-tree ; a torch ; 
chips or pieces of the pitch or pine 
tree. 



T&det, duit, or tasum est, imp., it is 
irksome to, it wearies. Tadet me, I 
am weary of, tired of, disgusted with. 

Tcedium, i, n. {tmdet), weariness, irk- 
someness. 

Talis, e, adj., such, of this or that kind, 
such like, so distinguished, so great, 
so eminent, of such magnitude. 

Tarn, adv., so, so much, so very. Quam 
— tarn, with comparatives or superla- 
tive, the — the, as — so. 

Tamen, conj., notwithstanding, never- 
theless, for all that, however, yet, 
still. In the apodosis of a sentence 
it corresponds to tametsi, quamvis, 
quamquam, si, etc., in the protasis, 
and is sometimes to be supplied. 

Tametsi, conj, {tamen fy etsi), though, 
although, notwithstanding that. 

Tana, ce, m., a river of Numidia be- 
tween the towns of Lares and Cap- 
sa. 

Tandem, adv., at length, at last, final- 
ly, in the end. In urgent interroga- 
tion, pray. 

Tanquam, or Tamquam, adv. {tarn fy 
quam), as, just as, as it were, as if. 

Tantum, adv. (tantus), only, alone, 
but, merely. 

Tantummodo, or Tantum modo, adv., 
only ; provided only. 

Tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so much, 
such, so important, as great. It is 
often followed by ut, that, or quan- 
tus, as. Tanto, abl, by so much, 
so much, the, with comparatives, ^c. 
$ 256, R. 16, (2). 

Tarde, adv., slowly, tardily : from 

Tardus, a, um, adj., slow, tardy, slug- 
gish, slack. 

Tarquinius, i,m. {L.), a confederate of 
Catiline, who became a witness 
against the conspirators. 

Tectum, i, n. {tego), a roof. 

Tectus, a, um, part. : from 

Tego, ere, texi, tectum, a., to cover, 
hide, conceal, disguise, cloak ; to 
defend, protect, shelter. 



TELUM 



262 



TENTO 



Telum, i, n., a missile weapon, a dart, 
javelin, lance, spear, arrow. Esse 
cum telo, to go armed, to carry arms 
about one, to be in arms. 

Temtre, adv., without cause, casually, 
by chance, inconsiderately, lightly, 
rashly, hastily, thoughtlessly, in- 
discreetly ; carelessly, confusedly, 
in disorder. Temere munita, hastily, 
slightly — . 

Temeritas, dtis,f. (temere), rashness, in- 
considerateness, hastiness, thought- 
lessness, temerity, fool hardiness, in- 
discretion, imprudence. 

Temperantia, gb, f. (temperans, tem- 
perate), moderation, temperance, 
abstinence. 

Tempero, are, avi, atum, a. fy n. (tem- 
pus), to temper, mix in due propor- 
tion ; to mitigate, soften, temper; 
to regulate, moderate, set bounds 
to, check, restrain. Temperare, or 
temperare sibi, to govern one's self, 
to practice moderation, be moder- 
ate. Temperare victoria?, to use a 
victory with moderation, to be tem- 
perate in victory. 

Tempestas, atis, f. (tempus), time ; a 
year, season, period ; good or bad 
weather,stormy or boisterous weath- 
er, a storm, tempest. Fig. trouble, 
calamity, misfortune. Multce tem- 
pestates, a long time, a long course 
of years, many years, many occa- 
sions or times ; many perils, com- 
motions, difficulties or trials. Pauca 
tempestates, a short time, a brief 
space. Alia in tempestate, at another 
time. 

Templum, i, n., an open space ; con- 
secrated ground ; a temple. 

Tempus, oris, n., time, space of time, 
duration, a season ; an occasion, op- 
portunity, convenient, proper or ap- 
pointed time ; the state or condi- 
tion of any one, circumstances ; 
danger, difficulty, exigency ; an 
event, occurrence, conjuncture, the 



times. Ad tempus or in tempore, in 
time, seasonably, at the appointed 
time, in proper time, in good time, 
opportunely, in good season. Ad 
hoc tempus, hitherto, down to the 
present time. Ex tempore or pro 
tempore, as time permits, accord- 
ing to circumstances, as occasion 
requires. Ex tempore, immediate- 
ly, without premeditation. Tem- 
pore, in time, in point of time. 

Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum or tentum, 
a. ty n., to -stretch out, extend ; to 
go, advance, travel towards, direct 
or shape one's course or march ; to 
contend, strive, try, exert one's 
self, endeavor, fight, contend, op- 
pose, resist. Tendere insidias, see 
Insidiai. 

Tenebrce, drum, f. pi., darkness ; ob- 
scurity, gloom. 

Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, a. & n. (tendo), 
to hold, hold fast, keep, have ; to 
possess, hold, occupy; to detain, 
delay, check, curb, restrain ; to 
keep, refrain, abstain; to retain, 
keep, hold, preserve ; to hold out, 
last, endure, continue ; to rule, di- 
rect, sway, govern, move. Magna 
me spes tenet, great hopes possess 
me, I have great hopes : — to capti- 
vate, charm, delight. Imbecilla &tas 
ambiiione corrupta tenebatur, — was 
seduced or captivated — . Tenere in 
custodia or in custodiis, to keep in 
custody or in prison, to detain in 
free custody. 

Tentdtus, a, um, part, tried, essayed, 
proved, attempted ; tempted, soli- 
cited, sounded, tampered with : 
from 

Tento, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (tendo 
or teneo), to explore by touching, 
feel, examine. Fig. to seek, try, 
essay, attempt ; to make attempts, 
prove, explore, sound, tempt, tam- 
per with, entice to revolt, put to the 
test ; to attack, harass, invade ; to 



TERENTIUS 



263 



TOLLO 



assail, practice upon ; to irritate, 
provoke, excite, incite. Lassitudi- 
nem tentare, to try the effect of — . 
Bello tentare, to make war upon. 

Terentius, i, m. (Cn.), a Roman sen- 
ator. 

Tergum, i, n., the back of a man or 
beast. A or ab tergo, from behind, 
behind, in the rear. 

Terra, a,f., the earth; a country, re- 
gion, land. Terra marique, by land 
and sea, in all places. Terrce or 
orbis terrarum, the earth, the world. 
Fig. men. mankind. 

Terracinensis, is, in., a Terracinian, 
an inhabitant of Terracina, an an- 
cient city of Latium, still called by 
the same name. 

Terreo, e-e, ui, itum, a., to affright, 
frighten, alarm, terrify, inspire with 
terror ; to attempt to frighten. 

Terrihilis, e, adj. {terreo), dreadful, ter- 
rible, horrid, horrible, frightful. 

Territus, a, um, part, (terreo), alarm- 
ed, affrighted, frightened, dismayed. 

Terror, oris, m. (terreo), great fear, ter- 
ror, affright, dread. 

Tertius, a, um, num. adj. (ter, thrice), 
third, the third. 

Testamenlum, i, n. (teslor, § 102, 4), a 
testament or last will. 

Testis, is, m. tyf, a witness. 

Testor, ari, atus sum, dep. (testis), to 
testify, witness, bear witness, attest, 
show, declare ; to affirm, aver, de- 
clare solemnly, protest ; to call to 
witness. 

Testudo, mis, /., a tortoise ; in milita- 
ry affairs, a covering of shields held 
over the heads of a body of soldiers 
to protect them from falling darts, 
&c. Also, a movable shed or pent- 
house under which besiegers ad- 
vanced to the walls. 

Teter, tra, trum, adj., foul, offensive, 
noisome, horrid, hideous, gloomy. 

Tetrarcha, &, m., a tetrarch or gover- 
nor of a fourth part of a country ; 



a governor of any country, without 
regard to the parts into which it is 
divided. 

Thala, &, f, a town in the southern 
part of Numidia, the exact situation 
of which is unknown. 

Thercei, drum, m. pi., inhabitants of 
Thera, an island of the iEgean 
Sea. 

Thesaurus, i, m., a treasure, collection 
of money ; a repository, storehouse, 
magazine, treasury. 

Thirmida, ce, f, a town of Numidia 
the situation of which is uncertain. 

Thrace, acis, adj., Thracian. Subs., a 
Thracian, an inhabitant of Thrace, 
a large country of Europe on the 
east of 3Iacedonia. 

Tiberius, i, m., a Roman prceno- 
men, often written by abbreviation 
Tib. 

Timeo, ere, ui, a. fy n., to fear, be 
afraid of, dread, apprehend, regard; 
fear for or on account of; to be 
averse to, dislike. 

Timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo), full of 
fear, fearful, timorous, timid, afraid, 
cowardly. 

Timor, oris, m. (timeo), fear, apprehen- 
sion, dread, affright. Timor animi, 
see Animus. 

Tisidium, i, n., a town of Africa. 

Titus, i, m., a Roman prainomen. 

Togatus, a, um, adj. {toga), clothed in 
a toga or Roman gown, gowned, 
togated, toged. Togati, drum, m. pi., 
Romans, since the Romans were dis- 
tinguished by the use of the toga. 
Also, Roman citizens, in distinction 
from soldiers, as the latter did not 
wear the toga. 

Tolero, are, dvi, atum, a., to bear, bear 
patiently, suffer, support, endure, 
tolerate, allow; to maintain, sup- 
port, sustain, alleviate, lighten. 

Tollo, ere, a., to raise, lift or take up, 
elevate ; to set up, cause to ascend. 
Fig. to extol, praise. Tollere ani- 



TOREUMA 



264 



TRANSIGO 



mum, to take courage; to inspire 
with courage. 

Toreuma, alis, n., a vase or any piece 
of plate engraven, chased, emboss- 
ed or adorned with bas-relief. 

Tormentum, i, n. (torqueo, to hurl), a 
warlike engine for throwing stones, 
darts, &c. 

Torpesco, tre, pui, n. inc. (torpeo, to be 
numb), to grow numb or torpid, be- 
come languid or dull, grow faint, 
listless, sluggish, inactive or indo- 
lent. 

Torquatus, i, m. (L. Manlius), a Roman 
consul A. U. C. 689. 

Torquatus, i, m. (T. Manlius), a cele- 
brated Roman dictator who put his 
son to death for engaging with the 
enemy contrary to orders, A. U. C. 
415. 

Totus, a, um, adj., gen. ius, § 107, all 
together, whole, total, entire, the 
whole. 

Tracto, are, am, alum, a. freq. (traho), 
to drag forcibly ; to touch, handle, 
feel ; to exercise, manage. Tractare 
rempublicam, to direct, govern — . 

Tractus, us, m. (traho), a drawing or 
dragging ; a direction, course, ex- 
tent ; a tract, region, country. Pari 
tractu, at an equal or uniform dis- 
tance, parallel. 

Tractus, a, um, part, (traho). 

Traditus, a, um, part. : from 

Trado, tre, didi, ditum, a. (trans fy do), 
to give, consign, deliver, give over. 
In cuslodiam tradere, to commit to 
custody or to prison ; — to give, be- 
queath ; to recommend, commit to 
one's care or protection ; to give 
up, surrender, commit, devote; to 
transmit, hand down. Per manus 
tradere, to transmit from hand to 
hand, hand down. 

Traduco, or Transduco, ere, xi, ctum, 
a. (trans fy duco), to bring or carry 
over, lead or convey through, trans- 
port, transfer. 



Traho, ere, xi, ctum, a., to draw, drag. 
Trahere, or trahere ad supplicium, to 
drag to execution. Trahere pecu- 
niam, to squander, waste, throw 
away ; — to draw to one's self; to 
conceive, get, receive. Trahere ra- 
pere, to rob, plunder ; — to protract, 
draw out, spin out, delay, defer, put 
off, consume, retard, prolong ; to 
lead away, withdraw, divert; to 
weigh, consider, conceive, imagine, 
revolve, reflect on ; to ascribe, at- 
tribute ; to interpret, explain, con- 
strue ; to form, take, direct, order. 
Trahere consilium, to form a decis- 
ion or determination. Trahere om- 
nia, to interpose delays of all kinds. 
Trahere animo, or cum animo, to im- 
agine, figure to one's self, have ever 
in mind, revolve or deliberate with- 
in one's self. 

Trames, itis, m. (trameo, to go through), 
a cross-way, cross-road, by-path. 

Tranquillus, a, um, adj., calm, still, 
smooth, tranquil, quiet, peaceful, 
placid. 

Transduco, see Traduco. 

Transeo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. n. {trans, 
over, beyond, fy eo), § 233, to go or 
pass over or beyond ; to desert, go 
or pass over to the enemy ; to pass, 
pass through. 

Transftro, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
(trans tyfero), to carry or bring over, 
transfer, transport. Transferre su- 
am culpam, to transfer one's own 
fault, charge the blame due to one's 
self : — to turn, apply, adapt ; to de- 
fer, postpone, put off. Transferrin 
to be transferred, to pass. 

Transfuga, a, m., a deserter, fugitive, 
runaway, one who goes over to the 
enemy : from 

Transfugio, tre, fugi, fugitum, n. 
{trans fyfugio), to fly over, go over 
to the enemy, desert, revolt. 

Transigo, tre, egi, actum, a. (trans ty 
ago), to drive right through. Trans- 



TRANSPADANUS 



265 



TROJANUS 



igere vitam, to lead, pass, spend : — 
to finish, despatch, accomplish, per- 
form, conclude, transact, settle, ad- 
just. 
Transpaddnus, a, um, adj. (trans $ 
Padus, the Po), beyond the Po. 
Subs, one living beyond the Po. 
Transvectus, a, um, part. : from 
Transveho, ere, vexi, vectum, a. (trans 
ty veho, to carry), to carry or con- 
vey over, transport. Transvehi, to 
pass over, travel or sail over. 
Transversus, a, um, part, fy adj., 
athwart, crosswise, transverse, ob- 
lique. Transversa proelia, attacks 
upon the flank. Transversum age- 
re, to lead aside or astray : from 
Transverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (trans fy 

verto), to change, turn, turn away. 
Trepido, are, am, dtum, n., to be in a 
hurry or confusion, make haste for 
fear, run up and down in a state of 
trepidation ; to be agitated, flurri- 
ed ; to tremble for fear, be afraid 
or alarmed ; to hasten : from 
Trepidus, a, um, adj., hastening with 
fear and trembling, trembling or 
hastening for fear, in disorder or 
trepidation, confounded, dismayed, 
alarmed, frightened, afraid, anxious, 
solicitous, fearful, hurried, unquiet, 
disturbed, full of anxiety ; causing 
alarm, alarming, anxious. Res tre- 
pidce, alarming or dangerous cir- 
cumstances, a perilous state or con- 
dition. 
Tres, tria, num. adj. § 109, three. 
Tribundtus, us, m. (tribus), the tribune- 
ship, the office and dignity of a trib- 
une. 
Tribunicius, a, um, adj., of or pertain- 
ing to a tribune, tribunicial : from 
Tribunus, i, m. (tribus), a tribune, prop- 
erly one who presides over a tribe, 
a president. Tribuni militares, trib- 
unes of the soldiers, military trib- 
unes ; at first, they were command- 
ers of the third part of a legion, af- 

23 



terwards, as the legions were en- 
larged, the number of tribunes was 
increased. Tribuni plebis, tribunes 
of the people or of the plebeians ; 
inferior magistrates elected by the 
people for their defence against the 
senators. They had the power of 
forbidding all proceedings, even of 
the consuls and of the senate, if in 
their view they were injurious to 
the common people. 
Tribuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to give, as- 
sign, attribute, grant, impart, be- 
stow, lend. 
Tribus, us, f. (tres), a tribe, a division 
of the Roman people, whom Romu- 
lus divided into three parts. The 
tribes were gradually increased in 
number to thirty five. 
Triduum, i, n. (tres fy dies), the space 

of three days. 
Triginta, num. adj. ind., thirty. 
Triplex, wis, adj. (tres fy plica, to fold), 
threefold, triple. Triplices, um, pi., 
three. 
Tristitia, ce, f. (tristis, sad), sadness, 

sorrow, grief, melancholy, care. 
Triumpho, are, dvi, dtum, n. fy a., to 

triumph, celebrate a triumph. 
Triumphus, i, m., a triumph, an honor 
bestowed upon such generals as 
had gained important victories, in 
consequence of which they were 
permitted to enter the city with 
great pomp. 
Triumvir, iri, m. (tres 6f vir), one of 
three men jointly employed to exe- 
cute any public office, a triumvir. 
Triumviri capitales, three magis- 
trates who had charge of the pris- 
on. Triumviri coloniis deducendis, 
magistrates appointed to distribute 
lands taken from the enemy, and 
to conduct colonists to their place 
of settlement. 
Trojdnus, a, um, adj. (Troja, Troy), 
Trojan, of or belonging to Troy. 
1 Trojani, m. pi., the Trojans. 



TRUCIDO 



266 



UBI 



Trucido, are, avi, atum, a. (trux, grim, 
fy ccedo), to cut in pieces, cut down, 
slaughter, murder, massacre, assas- 
sinate, butcher, destroy. 
Tu, tui, subs. pro. m. fy f., thou, you : 
pi. vos, vestrum or vestri, you, § 133. 
The enclitic syllables te fy met, are 
often joined to this pronoun in an in- 
tensive sense, you yourself, § 133, 
R. 2. 
Tuba, ce,f., a trumpet. 
Tubicen, ictnis, m. (tuba fy cano), a 

trumpeter. 
Tueor, eri, tuitus fy tutus sum, dep., to 
see, view, behold ; to look to, keep, 
preserve, take care of, support, 
maintain, defend, protect, favor, as- 
sist. 
Tugurium, i, n., a cottage, hut, shed. 
Tuli, see Fero. 

Tullianus, a, um, adj., pertaining to 
Tullius. Tullianum, i, n., the low- 
er part or dungeon added by Ser- 
vius Tullius to the prison built at 
Rome by Ancus Martius. 
Tullius, i, 77i., see Cicero. 
Tullus, i, m., (L. Volcatius), was con- 
sul with M. Lepidus, A. U. C. 688. 
Turn, conj. fy adv., and, so, also, as ; 
turn — turn, not only — but also, both 
— and, as well — as. Quum — turn, 
see Quum : — besides, moreover, 
next ; then, at that time. Turn de- 
mum, then at length. 
Tumulosus, a, um, adj. (tumulus, a 

hill), full of hills or hillocks, hilly. 
Tumultus, us, or i, m., a tumult, bus- 
tle, disturbance, commotion, uproar, 
hurly-burly, sedition, insurrection, 
a sudden insurrection or war, espe- 
cially such as originated in Gaul or 
Italy, and in which all without dis- 
tinction were called to take up arms ; 
alarm, confusion, disorder, disquie- 
tude, uneasiness. 
Tumulus, i, m., (tumeo, to swell), a 

hill, hillock. 
Tunc, adv., then. 



Turba, ce, /., a disturbance, tumult, 
uproar ; confusion, disorder ; a con- 
fused multitude of people ; a crow 7 d, 
throng, press, troop. 

Turma, ce, f., a troop or squadron of 
horse, consisting of thirty, or, with 
their officers, thirty three horse- 
men. Ten turmce were attached to 
each legion. 

Turmatim, adv. (turma), by troops or 
squadrons. 

Turpilius, i, m. (T), see Silanus. 

Turpis, e, adj., ugly, unsightly, filthy, 
foul. Fig. shameful, base, dishon- 
orable, disgraceful, infamous, scan- 
dalous. Turpis fama, a bad repu- 
tation, infamy. 

Turpitudo, mis, f. (turpis), deformity. 
Fig. baseness, dishonor, disgrace, 
infamy. Per iurpitudinem, shame- 
fully, disgracefully, infamously. 

Turris, is, f. % 79, 3, a tower, turret, 
citadel. Also, a movable tower 
used in besieging cities. 

Tuscus, a, um, adj., Tuscan, Etruscan, 
Etrurian. Tusci, drum, m. pi., the 
Tuscans. 

Tutatus, a, um, part, (tutor). 

Tute for Tu, see Tu. 

Tute, adv. (tutus), safely, securely. 

Tutor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq. (tueor), 
to defend, protect, guard, preserve, 
take care of. 
Tutus, a, um, part, fy adj. (tueor), free 
from danger, secure, protected, safe. 
Tuus, a, um, adj. pro. (tu), thy, thine, 
thine own, your, yours, your own. 



U. 



Ubi, adv., where, in what or which 
place, in which, in what. Ubi and 
ibi or eo are sometimes used like rela- 
tive and demonstrative pronouns ; as, 
Ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senec- 
tutem agant, for in quibus — in Us. 
Ubi gentium, where in the world, 
in what part of the world ; — when, 



UBICUMQUE 



267 



UT 



after, as soon as. Apud illos aut 
ubi illi volunt, i. e. apud quos, with 
whom. Ubi primum, see Primum. 

Ubicumque, adv. (ubi § cumque), 
wheresoever, in what place soever. 

Ubique, adv., every where, in every- 
place, wheresoever, in any place. 
Also for et ubi, and where. 

Ubivis, adv. (ubi fy vis, from volo), 
where you please, any where, in 
any place. 

Ulciseor, i, ultus sum, dep., to chastise, 
punish, revenge, be revenged on, 
avenge. Ultum ire, to proceed to 
revenge, to revenge. It seems some- 
times to be used passively, as, Quid- 
quid ulcisci nequitur. 

Ullus, a, um, adj. % 107, any, any one; 
non ullus, no one. 

Ulterior, us, adj. comp. % 126, 1, (sup. 
ultimus), farther, on the farther side, 
ulterior. Gallia ulterior, farther 
Gaul, Gaul beyond the Alps. See 
Gallia. 

Ultra, prep, with the ace, fy adv., be- 
yond, on the farther side of, past, 
beyond, beyond that, farther, be- 
sides, moreover. 

Ultro, adv., of one's own accord, vol- 
untarily, spontaneously, no one ask- 
ing, unasked, unsought, without 
seeking, of one's own motion, un- 
provoked, without provocation : 
moreover, besides. 

Ultus, a, um, part, (ulciseor). 

Umbrenus, t, m. (P.), a freedman em- 
ployed by Catiline to treat with the 
ambassadors of the Allobroges. 

Unh, adv. (unus), together, along with, 
at the same time, together with. It 
is sometimes annexed emphatically to 
cum. 

Unde, adv., whence, from which ; al- 
so for a quo, from whom. 

Undique, adv. (unde $• que), from all 
parts or places, from all quarters, 
on all sides, on every side. 

Universus, a, um, adj. (unus fy versus), 



whole, universal, all, all together, 
entire, together, all collectively. 

Unquam or Umquam, adv., at any 
time, ever. 

Unus, a, um, gen. unius, num. adj. § 
107, & § 283, T, R. 4, one. Unus et 
alter, one and another, a few, some : 
— one only, alone, a single one. 
In unum, together, into the same 
place. 

Unusquisque, unaquceque, unumquod- 
que or unumquidque, ind. adj. pro. 
% 138, (unus fy quisque), each, each 
one, every, every one. 

Urbanus, a, um, adj., of or belonging 
to a city ; refined, polished, ele- 
gant : from 

Urbs, bis, f, a city ; a walled town. 
Also the city, i. e. Rome. Imperator 
ad urbem, — near Rome. Command- 
ers, while waiting the honors of a 
triumph, were forbidden to enter the 
city. Ad urbem, vnth verbs of mo- 
tion, to or towards Rome. 

Urgeo, ere, ursi, a., to press upon, to 
press hard, weigh down, bear down, 
oppress, distress ; to be near at 
hand. 

Usquam, adv., in any place, any 
where, in any place, in any thing, 
to any place. 

Usque, adv., even, as far as, right on, 
constantly, without ceasing. Usque 
eo, to such a degree, so far, to that 
extent. 

Usus, us, m. (utor), use ; frequent ex- 
ercise, practice ; utility, usefulness, 
use, advantage, profit, benefit, good, 
interest. Usui esse, to be of use 
or service : — intimacy, familiarity. 
Usus belli, things necessary for war, 
recruits, supplies, &c. 

Usus, a, um, part, (utor), used, prac- 
ticed, enjoyed. 

Ut or Uti, adv. ty conj., I. as, like as, 
just as, even as, as if. It is often 
preceded or followed by sic or ita, so : 
— according as ; considering that. 



UTER 



26S 



VARIE 



Ut in tali negotio, since the affair 
was of such a kind, since circum- 
stances were such : — how, in what 
way or manner. II. After talis, &c. 
% 262, R. I, that, so that ; in expla- 
nations, that, namely, to wit. 

Uter, tris, m., a bag of skin or leather, 
a leathern bottle, a wine-bag. 

Uter, tra, trum, adj. S> 107, whether or 
which of the two, which. 

Uterqne, utrdque, utrumque, gen. utri- 
usque, adj. {liter $ que), % 107, both 
the one and the other, both, each. 
Quce utraque, both of which. 

Ut), see Ut. 

Utica, <B,f., a town of Africa lying up- 
on the shore of the Mediterranean 
sea near the river Bagrada. 

Ufilis, e, adj. (utor), useful, fit, profita- 
ble, advantageous, good, suitable, 
salutary, serviceable. 

Uti nam, adv. (uti ty nam), O ! that, I 
wish that, would that. 

Utor, i, usus sum, dep. §> 245, I, to use, 
make use of, manage ; to conduct 
one's self towards, to treat ; to en- 
joy, have. Lege uti, to have the ben- 
efit of—. Domo uti, to occupy — . 

Utpote, adv. (ut), as, seeing or consid- 
ering, inasmuch as, namely. It is 
of ten followed by qui, quae, quod, as 
he, &c. 

Utrinque or Utrimque, adv. (uter), on 
both sides or parts, from both sides. 

Uxor, oris,f, a wife, spouse. 



Vacca, ce,f, a town of the Numidians, 
not far from the Roman province. 

Vaccenses, ium, m. pi., the inhabitants 
of Vacca. 

Vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco, to be empty), 
void, empty, free from, vacant, 
bare, destitute, without. Vacuum 
facere, to empty, clear. Animo va- 
cuus, secure, free from care or ap- 
prehension, quiet, at ease, uncon- 



cerned. Vacua respublica, sc. de- 
fensoribus, unprotected — . 

Vades, um, pi. of Vas, a surety. 

Vado, ere, si, sum, n., to go, walk. 

Vadosus, a, um, adj. (vadum, a ford), 
having frequent fords or shallows, 
shoaly, shallow. 

Vagor, ari, atus sum, dep. to go to and 
fro, wander, move up and down, 
rove, ramble, roam, stray, wander 
about : from 

Vagus, a, um, adj., wandering, ram- 
bling, roving, strolling, roaming. 

Valens, tis, part. § adj., sound, well, 
in good health ; strong, stout, ro- 
bust ; powerful, mighty, strong ; 
available, efficacious : from 

Valeo, ere, ui, n., to be well, in a 
sound or healthy condition ; to 
have strength or power, be strong, 
be able, be able to do, be powerful 
or vigorous, have force or effect, 
have weight, interest or influence, 
prevail, succeed ; to be exerted ; 
to avail, be effectual, exert one's 
power. Valet fama, — prevails. 

Valerius, i, m., see Flaccus. 

Validus, a, um, adj. (valeo), sound, 
healthy ; strong, stout, robust, vig- 
orous, powerful, mighty. 

Vallum, i, n. (vallus, a stake), a fortifi- 
cation composed of the earth dug 
from the ditch, and of sharp stakes 
or palisades stuck into it, a rampart, 
intrenchment, bulwark. 

Valutas, atis, f, emptiness, inconsid- 
erateness, giddiness, levity, vain- 
glory, vanity, falsehood, ostenta- 
tion : from 

Vanus, a, um, adj., vain, empty, void ; 
idle, futile, fruitless, without effect, 
unfounded, groundless, unmeaning, 
untrue, false, lying, deceitful. 

Vargunteius; i. m. (L.), a Roman sen- 
ator who was engaged in the Cati- 
linarian conspiracy. 

Varie, adv., variously, diversely, in 
different ways : from 



VARIUS 



269 



VERBERO 



Varius, a, um, adj., of divers colors, 
variegated. Fig. various, different, 
diverse, full of vicissitudes, change- 
ful. Varia victoria, shifting, vary- 
ing, of various success, inclining 
now to one side, now to the other — . 
Animus varius, versatile, changea- 
ble, variable, light, fickle, incon- 
stant, wavering, in doubt or per- 
plexity — . 

Vas, vadis, m., a surety, bail, especial- 
ly in criminal prosecutions. 

Vas, vasis, n. ; pi. vasa, drum, % 93, 2, 
a vessel, utensil, all kinds of furni- 
ture. In military language, the bag- 
gage of an army. 

Vastitas, atis, f (vastus), desolation, 
devastation. 

Vasto, are, avi, atum, a., to lay waste, 
ravage, desolate, pillage, destroy, 
spoil, strip ; to trouble, disturb, har- 
ass, torment, disquiet, perplex -.from 

Vastus, a, um, adj., vast, large, ample, 
spacious, immense, huge, enor- 
mous ; immoderate, insatiable ; 
waste, desert. Vastus ah humano 
cultu, uncultivated. 

Vecordia, a?,f. (vecors, mad), madness, 
phrenzy, insanity, fury ; folly, do- 
tage, fatuity. 

Vectigal, dlis, n., a tax, toll, impost, 
revenue, duty ; from 

Vectigalis, e, adj. (veho, to carry), trib- 
utary, subject to the payment of 
taxes. 

Vegeo, ere, a. ty n., to excite, move ; to 
be lively, flourish, thrive, prevail, 
be vigorous, prosper. 

Vehemens, Us, adj., vehement, impetu- 
ous, violent, ardent, eager. 

Vehementer, adv. (vehemens), vehe- 
mently, ardently, eagerly, strongly, 
forcibly, strenuously, very much, 
exceedingly. 

Vel, conj., or ; vel — vel, either — or ; 
— even. 

Veles, itis, m., a light-armed soldier, 
skirmisher. The velites often fought 

23* 



mingled with the cavalry, and in ad- 
vancing and retreating mounted be- 
hind the horsemen. 

Velitaris, e, adj., (veles), of or pertain- 
ing to the velites. Velitaria arma, 
light arms, such as were carried by 
the velites. 

Velocitas, atis,f, velocity, swiftness, 
fleetness, rapidity : from 

Velox, ocis, adj. (volo, to fly), swift, 
quick, nimble, fleet, rapid, speedy, 
agile, active. 

Veluti or Velut, adv. (vel ty uti or ut), 
as, like, like as, as if, as it were. 

Venalis, e, adj. (venus), exposed or set 
to sale, to be sold, venal, mercen- 
ary, to be purchased for money. 
Forum rerum venalium, a mart for 
the purchase and sale of commod- 
ities. 

Vendo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (venus fy do), 
to sell, vend, set or expose to sale, 
exchange. Omnia honesla atque in- 
honesta vendere, to sell every (mark 
of) honor and disgrace, i. e. to con- 
fer honor or disgrace for reward. 

Venenum, i, n. y a drug or medicine. 
Venerium or venenum malum, poison, 
venom. 

Venio, Ire, veni, ventum, n., to come, 
arrive ; to happen ; to accrue. Ven- 
tum est, we, they, &c. came or have 
come. 

Venor, ari, atus sum, dep., to hunt, 
chase, pursue. 

Venter, tris, m., the belly, stomach. 
Fig. appetite, gluttony. 

Venturus, a, um, part, (venio). 

Ventus, i, m., the wind. 

Venus, us or i, m., sale. It is found 
in the dat. ace. and abl. Venum iri, 
or dari, sc. ad, to be exposed or set 
to sale, to be sold. 

Verber, eris, n., a scourge, lash, whip, 
rod ; a stripe, blow. Verberibus an- 
imadvertere, to scourge. 

Verbero, are, avi, atum, a. (verber), to 
beat, strike, scourge, whip. 



VERBOI 



270 



VIA 



Verbum, ?, 72., a word, expression, say- 
ing, remark. Verba facere or habere, 
to speak, discourse, utter, deliver, 
pronounce. Verbo or verbis, abh, by 
word of mouth, oral]}-, in words, in 
pretence. Verbo, in a word, in a 
few words, briefly. Nuntiare, §c. 
verbis alicujus, in the name of, in 
behalf of — . 

Verd, adv. (verus), truly, in truth, with 
reason, correctly ; sincerely, hon- 
estly, seriously, in earnest. 

Vereor, eri, Itus swn, dep., to fear, rev- 
erence, respect, revere : be afraid 
of, apprehend, be apprehensive. 

Vefitus, a, um, part, {vereor). 

Verb, adv. § conj. (verus), % 279, 3, 3d 
clause ; in truth, indeed, truly, cer- 
tainly ; but. 

Verso, are, avi, atum, a.freq. (verto), to 
turn often, turn, roll, turn about. 

Versor, ari, atus sum, pass, (verso), to 
frequent, haunt, stay, remain, live, 
dwell, be ; to be occupied, busied, 
exercised, engaged. 

Versus, us, m. [verto), a line ; a verse ; 
poetry. Facere versus, to compose 
verses. 

Versus or versiun, adv. tverto), towards 
or toward. It is often used after ad 
or in ; as, In Galliam versus, towards 
Gaul : and it sometimes takes the ac- 
cusative without ad or in, and always 
stands after its accusative, § 236, 
R. 3. 

Verto, ere, ti, sum, a. $ n., to turn, turn 
round: to change, transform, alter; 
to impute, ascribe ; to convert, ap- 
propriate ; to turn out well or ill, 
terminate, issue, result, become. 

Verum, conj. (verus), but, however. 
Verum enimvero, but indeed, but 
truly. 

Verum, i, n. (verus), the truth. Ex 
veto, from regard to truth, truly, fit- 
ly ; reasonably ; — rectitude, right, 
virtue, integritj r . Absolvere verum, 
to state or declare the fact. 



Vents, a, um, adj., true, real, sincere, 
actual, certain ; right, proper, fit. 

Vescor, i, dep. % 245, I, to live or feed 
upon, be fed or supported by, sub- 
sist upon, eat. Vescendi causa, on 
account of food, to gratify the pal- 
ate. 

Vesper, tris, 4" cri, m., the evening 
star or the planet Venus ; the eve- 
ning, eventide, eve. 

Vesta, ce, f, Vesta, a goddess wor- 
shipped by the Greeks and Ro- 
mans ; the daughter of Saturn and 
Ops. The vestal virgins were conse- 
crated to her service. 

Vester, tra, trum, adj. pro. (vos), your, 
yours. 

Vestimentum, i, n., clothes, a garment, 
vest, vestment : from 

Vestio, Ire, ivi, Itian, a. (vestis, a gar- 
ment), to clothe, cover, array, deck, 
adorn. 

Vestltus, a, um, part, (vestio), clothed, 
covered, filled. 

Veteranus, a, um, adj. (vetus), old, vet- 
eran. Veterani milites, veteran sol- 
diers, veterans. 

Veto, are, ui, V.um, a., to forbid, pro- 
hibit, dissuade, hinder, prevent. 

Vetus, tris, adj., old, ancient, of long 
standing or duration, antique ; for- 
mer, of former days. Vetera, old 
things. Veteres milites, old soldiers, 
soldiers who have seen much ser- 
vice. 

Vetustas, atis,f. (vetus), antiquity, old- 
ness, age. 

Vexillum, i, n., a flag, banner, ensign, 
standard. 

Vexo, are, avi, atum, a., to agitate ; to 
trouble, molest, disquiet, vex, harass, 
torment, disturb, annoy, distress, 
pain, hurt, injure, impair, corrupt. 
Pecuniam vexare, to waste, squan- 
der — . 

Via, ce, f, a way, road, passage, path, 
track ; a method, rule, manner, way, 
course. 






VICESIMUS 



271 



VINDICO 



Vicesimus or Vigesimus, a, um, num. 
adj. (viginti), the twentieth. 

Vici, see Vinco. 

Vicinitas, atis, f. (vicinus, near), near- 
ness of place, neighborhood, vicin- 
ity ; those living in the neighbor- 
hood, the neighborhood, the neigh- 
bors. 

Victor, oris, m. (vinco), a conqueror, 
vanquisher, victor. Adj. victorious, 
superior to. JAbidinis et divitiarum 
victor, holding in subjection his pas- 
sions and his love of money. 

Victoria, ce,f. (vinco), victory. Victo- 
riam adipisci, to obtain a victory, 
conquer. 

Victus, us, m. (vivo), every thing ne- 
cessary to support life ; food, rai- 
ment, sustenance, provisions, fare, 
meat and drink ; manner or style of 
living. 

Victus, a, um, part, (vinco), vanquish- 
ed, conquered. Victus abire, disce- 
dere, etc., emphatically for vinci. 

Vicus, i, m., a village ; a street, hamlet, 
division or quarter of a city. 

VideCicet, adv. (videre licet), for cer- 
tain, certainly, truly ; it is evident, 
clear or manifest, to be sure ; for- 
sooth ; indeed ; to wit. It is often 
used ironically. 

Video, ere, vidi, visum, a., to see, be- 
hold, look at, mark, observe, per- 
ceive, take notice, understand, 
learn. 

Videor, eri, visus sum, pass, fy dep. (vi- 
deo), to be seen ; to seem, appear ; 
impers., to seem good, fit, or proper. 
I, he, &c, have resolved or deter- 
mined. 

Vigeo, ere, ui, n., to be in force, be 
strong or vigorous ; to flourish, pros- 
per, be in estimation, prevail. 

Vigesimus, a, um, see Vicesimus. 

Vigil, ilis, adj. (vigeo), watchful, wak- 
ing, vigilant. Vigiles, um, m. pi., 
watchmen, sentinels. 

Vigilia, <B,f. (vigil), a watching, wak- 



ing, want of sleep; a military watch, 
a fourth part of the night ; a guard 
by night ; watchmen, guards, sen- 
tinels. Vigilias habere, to keep or 
maintain guards. 

Vigilo, are, avi, atum, n. fy a. (vigil), 
to watch, keep awake, abstain from 
sleeping. Fig. to be watchful, vig- 
ilant or attentive. 

Viginti, num. adj. ind., twenty. 

Vilis, e, adj., cheap, of small price or 
value. Fig. vile, despicable, con- 
temptible, of no value or account, 
paltry, worthless, mean. Vile ha- 
bere, to hold cheap, reckon of no ac- 
count, despise. 

Villa, a, f, a country-seat, country- 
house, a farm-house with its appur- 
tenances, a villa. 

Villicus, i, m. (villa), the overseer of 
a farm, a steward. 

Vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, a., to 
bind, tie, bind about, fetter, fasten, 
strengthen, secure, make fast. 

Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. tyn., to con- 
quer, vanquish, overcome, over- 
power, defeat, subdue ; to outstrip, 
exceed, outdo, excel ; to constrain, 
master, soften ; to be victorious, ob- 
tain the victory, prevail, carry the 
day. Divitias vincere, to exhaust — . 

Vinctus, a, um, part, (vincio), bound, 
fettered, in chains, secured, made 
fast, strengthened. 

Vinculum, i, n. (vincio), a bond or 
band. Vincula, fetters, the stocks, 
a prison or gaol. 

Vindex, icis, m. fyf., an avenger, pun- 
isher. Vindex rerum capitalium, an 
executioner. 

Vindico, are, avi, alum, a. ty n., to pun- 
ish, chastise, inflict punishment; to 
avenge, resent, revenge ; to claim, 
assert, lay claim to ; to defend, pre- 
serve, protect, justify, vindicate, 
free, liberate. Vindicatum est in 
aliquem, punishment was inflicted 
upon — . Vindicandum est, punish- 



VINEA 



272 



VOLO 



ment must be inflicted. Vindicare 
aliquem in libertatem, to assert one's 
freedom, to restore one to freedom. 

Vinea, ce,f., a vineyard; a vine ; an ar- 
bor ; a warlike machine under cov- 
er of which besiegers assailed the 
walls of a town, a shed, mantelet, 
covered way. 

Vinum, i, n., wine. 

Violenter, adv., (violens, violent), by 
force, with violence, violently, for- 
cibly, furiously, vehemently. 

Violentia, m, f. (violens), violence, 
force. Violentia fortune, the buf- 
fetings of fortune. 

Vir, viri, m., a man ; a husband ; a 
man of fortitude, a brave man, a 
hero. Viri atque arma, men and 
arms, i. e. men fit for w T ar, soldiers. 

Vires, ium,f. pi. of vis, force, strength, 
power, vigor. 

Virgultum, i, n. (virgula, a little rod), 
a shrub, bush, small tree ; a thick- 
et, shrubbery, brushwood. 

Virdis, e, adj. (vir), of or pertaining to 
a man, manly, becoming a man, 
manful, not effeminate, valiant, 
brave, requiring the courage of a 
man. 

Virltim, adv. (vir), from man to man, 
severally, singly, separately, apart, 
by one's self. 

Virtus, utis, f (vir), virtue, the vir- 
tues ; bravery, valor, prowess, for- 
titude, courage, firmness, resolu- 
tion ; good qualities, talents, gen- 
ius, mental endowments, proper- 
ties, goodness, excellence, merit, 
worth, importance, value. Virtus 
animi, energy of mind, intellectual 
vigor. Emori per virtutem, to die 
bravely. Virtus animi, see Ani- 
mus. 

Vis, vis,/., § 85, force, vigor, strength, 
might, power, efficacy, energy, vir- 
tue, vehemence, fury, violence, 
effort, exertion, effect, potency, in- 
fluence, efficiency. Vi or per vim, 



by force, forcibly : — a quantity, 
multitude, number, abundance, 
plenty ; the powers or faculties of 
the body or mind, ability. Vis ser- 
pentium et ferarum, dangerous na- 
ture, innate ferocity, native malig- 
nity—-. 

Viso, ere, si, sum, a. frea. (video), to 
go or come to see, visit, call upon ; 
to see, look at, view, behold. 

Visus, a, um, part, (video). 

Visus, us, m. (video), the faculty, sense 
or act of seeing ; the sight, vision ; 
an appearance, sight, vision. Qua 
visus erat, as far as the sight could 
reach. 

Vila, ce, f, life ; the life, conduct, 
morals, actions of life. 

Vitabundus, a, um, adj. (vito), § 129, 1, 
avoiding or shunning, trying to es- 
cape, escaping, carefully avoiding. 

Vitium,i, n., injury, hurt; a defect, 
fault, blemish ; a vice, error. 

Vito, are, avi, atum, a., to shun, avoid ; 
to escape. 

Vivo, ere, vixi, victum, ?i.,to live, have 
life ; to live or pass one's life in a 
certain manner, pursue a certain 
course of life ; to live well, enjoy 
life. 

Vivus, a, um, adj., (vivo), living, alive. 

Vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with diffi- 
culty. 

Vocabulum, i, n., a word, term, ex- 
pression, name : from 

Voco, are, avi, atum, a. (vox), to call, 
name ; to cite or summon. 

Volens, tis, part, fy adj. (volo, to will), 
willing, of one's own accord, ready, 
of one's own free will, willingly, 
spontaneously ; favorable, propi- 
tious, wishing well, benevolent. 
Volenti animo, with willing mind, 
gladly. 

Volo, are, avi, atum, n., to fly, move 
swiftly. 

Volo, velle, volui, irr. a. fy n., % 178, 1, 
to will or be willing, wish, desire, 



VOLTURCIUS 



273 



ZAMA 



choose; to command, ordain, ap- 
point. 

Volturcius, t, m. (T.), a Crotonian, con- 
federate with Catiline. 

Voluntarius, i, m., a volunteer, a sol- 
dier who serves willingly : from 

Voluntarius, a, urn, adj., voluntary, 
willing : from 

Voluntas, atis, f (volo, to will), will, 
inclination, wish, choice, desire ; 
love, affection, good will, benevo- 
lence, favor. Voluniate, in affec- 
tion, in feeling, voluntarily, willing- 
ly, of one's own accord. Volun- 
tate or ex voluntate, according to 
one's wish or desire, at one's insti- 
gation. 

Voluptarius, a, um, adj. pleasant, de- 
lightful, pleasurable ; voluptuous : 
from 

Voluptas, atis,f, pleasure, joy,delight, 
enjoyment, sensual pleasure ; so, 
voluptas corporis. 

Volux, ucis, m., the son of Bocchus, 
king of Mauretania. 

Volvo, ere, volvi, volutum, a., to roll, 
turn about or around, roll or tumble 



down. Fig. to revolve in one's 
mind, ponder, meditate, think upon, 
reflect, consider, think over. 

Vos, see Tu. 

Volum, i, n. (voveo, to vow), a vow or 
promise made to some deity ; that 
which is promised, a prayer, wish. 

Vox, vocis,f, a voice; a word, say- 
ing, sentence; speech, language. 

Vulgus, i, n. ty m., the common peo- 
ple, the vulgar, populace, rabble, 
herd ; the people collectively, the 
multitude. 

Vulntro, are, avi, atum, a., to wound, 
hurt: from 

Vulnus, eris, n., a wound, hurt. Con- 
fectivulneribus, disabled by wounds, 
covered with wounds. 

Vultus, us, m., the countenance, look, 
aspect, visage, features, mien ; the 
face. Vultus corporis, the counte- 
nance, looks, aspect. 



Zama. ce,f, a town of Africa, distant 
five days journey from Carthage. 



*,* The section marks (§) in the preceding dictionary and in the notes, with 
their accompanying letters and figures, refer to the sections and subordinate 
divisions of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. 



NOTES ON THE JUGURTHINE WAR. 



I. Imbecilla, sc. natura sua, instead of imbecillum, agreeing with humanum 

genus, or imbecillus, agreeing with homo, § 324, 2. 

jEvi brevis, § 211, R. 6. 

Regatur, $ 266, 3. 

Invenias, § 260, R. 4. But some read invenies. 

Vim aut tempus deesse. Vim relates to imbecilla in the preceding sentence, and 
tempus, to cevi brevis. So below, vires and tempus. Invenias is here con- 
strued with the accusative, and the accusative with the infinitive. In- 
stances of double constructions are common in Sallust. 

Sed dux. This sentence contains a reply to the complaint mentioned in the 
first sentence. 

Alias artes, i. e. aliasque artes. 

Eripere potest, sc.forluna. After quippe some read quce. 

Sin, captus, sc. mortalis animus, i. e. homo or quisquam. 

Perniciosa libidine paulisper usus, — naturce infirmitas accusatur. An anaco- 
luthon, § 323, 3, (5). The regular termination of the sentence would 
have been, natural infirmitatem accusat. 

Suam quisque, § 204, R. 10, & § 209, R. 11, (4). 

Auctores, sc. culpa. 

Tanta cur a esset, § 261, 1. 

Quanto studio — petunt, i. e. quantum est studium, quo — petunt, § 206, (5), (6). 

Neque regerentur, i. e. et non regerentur ; sc. casibus. 

Eo magnitudinis, § 212, R. 4, N. 3. 

II. Compositum, sc. est. The verb sum, especially as an auxiliary, is often to 

be supplied. 
Res cuncta, sc. nostra. 
Habet cuncta, " possesses," " controls" — . 

III. Verum ex his, sc. artibus. 

Quoniam neque virtuti honos datur. The remainder of this chapter is oc- 
cupied with the author's reasons for declining to take part in public af- 
fairs ; first, that offices were not bestowed upon the deserving ; and second- 
ly, that those engaged in the contest for office, and who are divided into 
three classes, were neither happier nor more respectable on account of 
their success. 

Tllx quibus per fraudem jus fuit, — " who have acquired power by decep- 
tion ;" these constitute the first class. 



276 NOTES ON THE 

Vi quidem regere. The second class is described as obtaining power by 

force. 
Parentes, from pareo, "subjects," though some interpret it " parents." 
Possis, sc. regere patriam, &c. 

Frustra autem niti, sc. regere patriam, &c, et delicta corrigere. 
Dementice est, § 211, R. 8, (3). 
Nisi forte quern. The third class, whom Sallust ironically excepts from the 

number of those whom he dissuades from the pursuit of office. Nisi 

quern, § 137, (c). 

IV. Prcetereundum, i. e. prcetereundum esse mihi dicere. 
Memet, the subject of extollere. 

Imponant, § 264, 6. 

Certe, quibus, i. e. ii quibus &c. imponent nomen inertia, &c. 

Quibus ego temporibus. Sallust was questor soon after the suppression of 

the Catilinarian conspiracy, and tribune of the people subsequently to 

the victory of Caesar ; at the time when Clodius was slain by Milo. 
Quales viri. Cato, about this time, was an unsuccessful candidate for the 

pretorship. 
Quce genera hominum. Reference is here made to a large body of senators 

created by Caesar. 
P. Scipionem, sc. Africanum majorem. 
Sibi animum, § 211, R. 5, 1. So egregiis viris, below. 
In sese habere ; habere depends on scilicet, i. e. on scire or scias, one of its 

component parts, § 272. 
Rerum gestarum, sc. majorum. 
Egregiis viris, sc. Maximo, Scipioni, &c. 
Quam virtus, i. e. ipsorum virtus, sc. Maximi, <fec. 
Eorum famam, sc. majorum. 
Adcequaverit, § 263, 3. 
His moribus, " of these manners," " of the present manners," § 211, R. 6, 

i. e. possessing the manners of the present day. 
Contendant, § 262, R. 10, 1. 
Magnifica sint, § 263, 2. 
Civitaiis morum piget tcedetque, § 209, R. 3, (4). 

V. Bellum scripturus sum, % 162, 14. 
Varia victoria, § 211, R. 6. 

Tumprimum, i. e. after the death of the Gracchi. 
Quce contentio, sc. of the popular and aristocratic parties. 
Finem facer et, " terminated," i. e. were the issue or result of the civil dis- 
sensions. 
Ad cognoscendum, $ 275, I, R. 1. 
Maxime atlriverat, " more than any other one"—. 
Receptus a P. Scipione, i. e. the elder. 
Africano cognomen, § 204, R. 8. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 277 

Rex militaris facinora, i. e. militaria facinora. 

Magnum atque late imperium valuit. Magnum is here an adverb. 

Sed imperii, i. e. his empire as enlarged by the grant of territory made by 
the Romans. 

Micipsajilius. Masinissa is said to have had many children, but of these 
four only are mentioned by Sallust ; viz. Micipsa, the father of Adherbal 
and Hiempsal ; Gulussa, the father of Massiva ; Manastabal, the father 
of Jugurtha and Gauda, and Massugrada, the father of Dabar. 

VI. Non, se luxu, § 89, R. 3. 

Equitare. The present infinitive is of very frequent occurrence in Sal- 
lust, instead of the imperfect of the indicative, § 205, R. 5, & § 269, 3d 
clause. 

VII. Quod erat Jurgurtha. This clause contains the reason of the preced- 
ing one. 

Naturam, P. Scipionis, sc. the younger. 

Romanis imperator, sc. erat, § 211, R. 5. 

Quod difficiUimum, § 206, (13). 

Quorum alterum — alterum, " the latter — the former" — . 

Quis rebus, § 136, 2. 

VIII. Complures novi atque nobiles, " many both of the new and of the old no- 
bility." 

Non mediocrem, § 324, 9. 

In ipso maximum virtutem. Before this clause a causal particle is im- 
plied. 

Neu quibus, § 137, 1, (c). 

A paucis emi, sc. id. 

Vitro illi. In the oratio obliqua, is is commonly used in reference to the 
person to whom the discourse was addressed, but in stating the senti- 
ments of another, the writer sometimes, through inadvertence, expresses 
them as if they were his own. 

IX. Longe maxima, § 127, 3d clause. 
Uti idem, sc. carus, § 207, R. 27. 

X. In meum regnum. In this passage Micipsa professes that he had intended 

from the first to admit Jugurtha to a share of the kingdom ; though in fact 

he had adopted him three years only before his death, and then sorely 

against his inclination. 
Si genuissem, § 266, 2, R. 2, & R. 4. 
Egregia tua, sc. facta. 
Nomen familial renovatum. Masinissa had acquired a great reputation by 

his military exploits in Spain. 
Quod difficiUimum, § 206, (13). 

Per hanc dextram, sc. tuam. See Virg. ./En. IV. 314. 
Ne aliter, i. e. otherwise than harmoniously, — that no discord arise. 
Facere videtur, sc. injuriam — . Men naturally favor the weaker party. 

24 



278 NOTES ON THE 

XI. Postquam Mi, § 223. Fecerant. The construction of posiquam with the 
pluperfect is uncommon, $ 259, R. 1, (2) ; but is occasionally found in 
other passages of Sallust. 

Materno genere impar, see Chap. v. 
Dextera, sc. a. 
Adherbalem assedit, § 233. 
Ipsum ilium, sc. Jugurtham. 
Tardius, § 256, R. 9. 

XII. Proximus lictor. The Romans often applied to other nations names of 
office which were peculiar to themselves. 

Referebantur, " were always returned" to Hiempsal, i. e. after having been 
used by the lictor, the owner of the house. 

Numida — confecit, atque — introducit. The perfect indefinite with the his- 
torical present. See Cat. xx. 

Mulieris anc'dlce, § 204, R. 1. 

XIII. Ilium alterum, sc. Jugurtham. 

In provinciam, sc. Romanam. This province consisted of the former pos- 
sessions of the Carthaginians. 

Iram ejus, i. e. populi Romani. 

Quorum pars, sc. nobilium, § 206, 11. 

Ubi satis conjidunt, when they were confident of having secured a sufficient 
interest in the senate. 

Utrisque datur, i. e. legatis Jugurihce et Adherbalis. 

XIV. Secundum, ea si desideranda erant. This appears to be a better mode 
of pointing than that in the text. 

In manufuit, % 201, IV, 1. 

Ceteri reges—familia nostra. Adherbal urges the disinterested character of 
Masinissa's friendship. 

In suis dubiis rebus, i. e. quum res sua dubice essent. 

Fides ejus, sc. populi Romani. 

Quorum -progeniem, sc. majorum, implied mfamilia nostra, § 206, 11. 

Tamen erat majestatis, § 211, R. 8, (3). 

Mea injuria, § 211, R. 3, last clause. 

In sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur, § 323, 1, (2). 

Ilia pestis, sc. Carthaginienses. 

Atque eodem, % 207, R. 27. 

Post, ubi me. The protasis ends at caper e ; exspectantem agrees with me un- 
derstood ; "he caused that I, expecting nothing less, &c, should be ex- 
iled," &c, ut ubivis, &c, " so that I should be safer any where," &c. 

Ut ubivis tutiils — essem. See Sum in Dictionary, for this use of the adverb. 

Quod infamilia nostra fuit, prcestitit, sc. id ; "our family have done what 
was in their power." 

Prcestitit— adessent, § 209, R. 11, (2). 

Tertium, sc. fratrem. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 279 

Quern minime decuit. Quern relates to propinquus. 

Pars in crucem acti, § 205, R. 3. 

Cum mozrore et luctu, § 247, R. 3. 

Adversa facta sunt, sc. quce, § 209, R. 2, (1), (b). 

Ex necessariis. Reference is here made both to his changed fortune and 
alienated friends, especially to Jugurtha, and necessariis is consequently- 
neuter. 

Hostilia monumenta, memorials of wars undertaken by the ancestors of Has - 
drubal in aid of the Romans. 

Una nobis occidendum, § 225, III. 

Fingere me verba, § 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 

Quod utinam, §206, (14). 

Non enim regnum, sed fugam, exsilium, egestatem et cerumnas — amisisti, 
§323,1,(2). 

Tuasne injurias, § 211, R. 3, last clause. 

Utinam emori, §269 ; fortunis, §211, R. 5; neu vivere. Adherbal wishes 
for one of two things. See the next sentence. 

XV. Utrique curia egrediuntur, i. e. Adherbal et Jvgurthce legati. 

JEmilius Scaurus. A high character is attributed to this nobleman by Cice- 
ro as well as by Valerius Maximus. 

Is postquam videt. The historical present occurs frequently in Sallust after 
postquam. 

XVI. Pars ilia qui, §206, 11. 

XVII. Quce loca et naiiones — minus frequentata sunt, § 205, R. 2, (2). 
Pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sc. dixerunt or voluerunt. 

Ea fines habet, sc. Africa. Pronouns both demonstrative and relative often 
relate, not to the nearest antecedent, but to that which is the principal 
object of attention in the sentence. 

Interiere, i. e. solent interire or intereunt. The perfect often occurs in this 
sense. 

XVIII. Quisque, imperium petentibus, § 204, R. 10, & § 323, 3, (5). 
Eo numero, instead of eorum numero, §207, R. 20. 

Nostro mari, sc. the Mediterranean. 

Intra oceanum magis, "more within," or "farther on this side of, the 
ocean," i. e. farther east than the colonies of Medes and Persians. 

Mare magnum, the wider parts of the Mediterranean east of the Straits of 
Gibraltar. Some, however, suppose intra oceanum magis to mean, "far- 
ther out in the ocean," and mare magnum, to refer to the Atlantic. On 
the latter supposition, which is perhaps the more probable one, the Per- 
sians settled at first on the shores of the Atlantic south of the straits of 
Gibraltar. 

Sub sole magis, i. e. farther south. 

Hique — habuere, i. e. the Medes and Armenians. See note, Chap, xvu, 
on Ea fines habet. 



280 NOTES ON THE 

Proxime Carthaginem, § 235, R. 5. 

Qua — Numidia appellator, § 209, R. 9. 

Utrique alteris freti, i. e. the two divisions of the Numidians, those who had 
originally settled intra oceanum magis, and who subsequently removed 
farther into the interior, and the colony which returned to the neighbor- 
hood of the sea, not far from Carthage. 

Africa pars inferior, the northern part of Africa, bordering upon the Med- 
iterranean. 

XIX. Nam de Carthagine. Nam relates to something understood ; as, " I say 
nothing of Carthage," nam. 

Ad Catabathmon, "next to" or " after the Catabathmos." 

Secundomari, "following the coast," i. e. towards the west. 

Therabn, — Philanbn, Greek genitives, instead of the usual Latin form in 
orum, § 54. 

Arce, quern, the relative here takes the gender and number of finem, §206, (8). 

Post alia Punicce urbes, after post supply Philamon aras. 

Super Numidiam, i. e. farther in the interior. 

jEthiopas, § 80, 1, and § 85. Exc. 2d. 

Fines Carthaginiensium, quos novissime habuerant, i. e. the territories pos- 
sessed by the Carthaginians immediately before the destruction of their 
city. 

Rex Bocchus, $279, 9, & 16. 

XX. Injurias suas, §211, R.3, last clause. 
De injuriis qucestum misit, § 276, II. 

XXI. Ubi plerumque noctis processit, §259, R. 1, (2). 

Velle et censere, sc. se, i. e. Senatum populumque Romanum. 
Ita seque illisque dignum fore, i. e. ita facere et Romanis et regibus dig- 
numfore. 

XXII. Audiebatur, impersonally, "it w r as heard," "it was reported," §141, R. 
Quorum Jugurtha accepta oraiione respondit, instead of quorum oratione, &c. 
Enisum — placuisse, sc. se. 

Abjure gentium, i. e. in this place, the right of avenging injuries. 
Sese, §208, (1). 
Proliibuerint, §209, R. 11, (2). 
Ita utrique, sc. Jugurtha et legati. 

XXIII. Africa decessisse, §240. 
Confirmat uti—pergerent, § 258, 2, R. I. 

XXIV. Quintumjam mensem, § 236, R. 2. 
Micipsa patris beneficia, i. e. his favors to Jugurtha. 
Antea expertus sum; see Chap. xvi. 

Qua sanefuerint, § 260, R. 3. 
Quanti fecerit, §214. 

XXV. Censerent. This verb has here a double construction, first with the 
accusative and infinitive, and then with the subjunctive, §273, 3. 






JUGURTHINE WAR. 281 

Adkerball subveniendum, §209, R. 3, (3), & §239, R. 3. 

Amplis honoribus, § 211, R. 6. 

Ad provinciam accedat, sc. ut, an order being implied in litteras mittunt, 
§ 262, R. 4. 

Seque ad eum — missos, sc. dicentes, which is implied in litteras mittunt. 

Diducta manu hostium, i. e. dispersed to various parts of the wall, in conse- 
quence of an attack being made on every side at the same time. 

In provinciam, sc. Romanam. 

XXVI. Italici. These are the same persons who were previously called ne- 
gotiatores and togati, including not only the Italici properly so called, 
but Roman citizens also. 

Uti quisque armatis obvius, sc.fuerat. 

XXVII. Agitari ccepta, sc. est, § 183, 2, N. 

Scepe gratia, interdum jurgiis, " often by the exertion of their influence, 

sometimes by altercation." 
Leniebant. The imperfect here, as well as in some other places, denotes 

" striving" or " endeavoring" to do. 
Edocuisset id agi, — " that the plan was," or " that this was the design." 

XXVIII. Quippe cui in animo hceserat, §211, R. 5, I. 
Homines nobiles,faciiosos, §205, R. 16. 

XXIX. Assumitur Scaurus, see Chap. xv. 

Belli moram redimebat, " attempted to purchase." See Chap, xxvn, on Len- 
iebant. 

Deditionis mora, § 253. 

Prcesenti consilio, i. e. the council of war called by the Roman consul. 

Locutus de invidiafacti sui, see Chap. xxvi. Locutus is here construed 
with the accusative, and also with a subjunctive clause. 

Calpurnius Romam. Scipio the colleague of Calpurnius was now dead. 

XXX. Quoque modo, for et quo modo. The accusative res, as well as the sub- 
junctive clause, depends on the verb divulgavit. 

Agitari, for agitabatur, impersonally ; " discussions were had." 

Parum constabat, sc. patribus or iis, " it was not clear to them," " they were 

at a loss." 
Supra diximus. See Chap, xxvii. 

XXXI. Dehortantur, instead of dehortentur, this construction in the apodosis 
of a sentence is more common with past tenses than with the present, 
§ 260, R. 4. 

Opes factionis, sc. nobilium. 

Innocentice, plus periculi — est, § 226. 

His annis quindecim, " for these fifteen years," i. e. last past. 

Quam fazde quamque inulti perierint. An adjective is here connected with 

an adverb. See § 205, R. 15, & § 278. 
Vestri defensores, sc. the Gracchi and others. 
Ab ignavia atque socordia corruptus, § 248, II, 2d clause. 

24* 



282 NOTES ON THE 

Obnoxiis inimicis, The nobles were many of them liable to punishment 

for the part they had taken in respect to the affairs of Jugurtha. 
Certe ego libertatem, § 209, R. 1. 
Quod scepe major es, § 206, 13. 
Sed sane fuerit,— jure factum sit, § 260, R. 3. 

lmperio nati, § 223, instead of the gerund, ad imperandum, denoting a pur- 
pose. 
Pars eorum occidisse, § 229, R. 5. 
Metum — transtulere, instead of metum a se sceleratis ad vos ignavos trans- 

tulere. 
Quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, the regular construction of this 

clause, in order to correspond with the preceding one, would be, quam illi 

dominationis. 
Beneficia vestra, i. e. the offices and honors in the gift of the people. 
Quod magis vosfecisse, i. e. vindicasse in eos manic, &c. 
Verum qucestionibus, &c. sc. vindicandum est in eos. 
Et ilia — tempora, sc. the times immediately subsequent to the death of the 

Gracchi. 
Quantum importunitatis, instead of pro tanta importunitate, quantum, &c. 

"such is their insolence," § 206, (3). 
Id est regem esse, suppty, eum or hominem, % 239, R. 3, & § 209, R. 3, (5), at 

the end, & § 207, R. 22. 
Auxilii egeas, sc. bonorum. 
XXXII. Interpositaf.de publico, sc. for his safety. 
Elephantos Jugurthce traderent, see Chap. xxix. 
Alii — vendere, pars — agebant. In this and other instances Sallust unites 

the present infinitive with the imperfect indicative, as of similar force. 

$ 209, R. 5, at the end. 
XXXIII. — Confrmatus ab omnibus. The sense requires tamen before confirma- 

tus, and with this the apodosis of the sentence begins. 
Contra jus et injurias omnes. Justice was even more formidable to Catiline 

than injustice. 
De hoste supplicium sumi, sc.jubebat, " that he should be put to death as a 

public enemy." 
Irm, magis consulens, sc. Memmius. 
Roma Numidiceque, § 221, R. 1. 
Quibus juvantibus, § 229, R. 5. 

XXXIV. Terrebat eum, sc. tribunum, " were trying to terrify him." See Chap, 
xxvn, on Leniebant. 

XXXV. Invidia cum metu, "public odium and his own fears." 

Movere quam senescere, after movere supply omnia: the omnia which follows 
is the subject of senescere. For movere some read moveri. 

Maxime occulte, § 194, last clause. Faber changes the colon after maxime 
occulte into a comma, and connects these words with interficiat. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 283 

Egressus, sc. extra urbe aut domo. 

Ex eo numero qui, instead of ex eorum numero qui, § 207, R. 20, & § 206, (11.) 

Ex cequo bonoque. By the laws of nations, the persons both of ambassa- 
dors and their attendants were inviolable. To bring Bomilcar to trial, 
therefore, was not strictly justifiable according to this law. 

Regno magis. Before these words tamen is to be supplied, and with this 

the apodosis begins. 
Urbem venalem, sc. esse. 

XXXVI. Instanti, sc. Albino. 

XXXVII. Totius anni comitia. Not only the election of tribunes was de- 
layed, but that of all the other magistrates. 

XXXVIII. Imperitia legati, i. e. Auli. 

Ita delicto., sc. Auli. Occultiora, might be better concealed from the sen- 
ate and Roman people. 
Corrumpere, for corrumpebat. On this transfugerent and desererent depend. 
Sed ex eo numero, quos. See note, Chap, xxxv, on Ex eo numero, qui. 
Paucis gregariis militibus. § 205, R. 16, 2d clause. 
Nox atque prceda — remorata sunt. % 205, R. 2, (2). 

XXXIX. Ab sociis et nomine Latino. The socii are the same as the Italici, 
that is, all the Italians except the inhabitants of Latium. 

Cognitis militibus, supply tamen, with which the apodosis of the sentence 

will begin. 
XL. Supra docuimus. See Chaps, xxviii & xxix. 
XLL Rerum, quce prima, § 206, (11). — Metus hostilis, § 211, R. 4. 

Reperti sunt qui — anteponerent, % 264, 6. 
XLII. Spes societatis, i. e. with the nobles. 
Tribunum alterum, sc. Tiberium. 

Triumvirum coloniis deducendis, sc. Caium, % 275, R. 2, (2). 
Sed bono vinci satius est, &c. bono, sc. homini. This remark seems intended 

as a reflection on the nobles, on account of the unlawful and violent 

means employed by them in overcoming the Gracchi. 
Ferro aut fuga extinxit, " slew or banished," § 323, 1, (2). 
Timor is. The fear here spoken of is that which the nobility felt, not that 

which they inspired. 
Acerbius ulcisci, § 256, R. 9, 2d clause. 
Parem disserere, §261, R. 3. 
XLIII. Alia omnia, sc. munera, "all the other duties" of the consulship. 
Sibi cum collega. While Metellus was careful to assist his colleague in all 

the joint duties of their office, he considered the care of the war in Nu- 

midia as devolving especially upon himself. 
Reges ultro auxilia mittere, i. e. the kings in alliance with the Romans. 
XL1V. Prcedator ex sociis, §211, R. 2, last clause. 
Frumenlum publice datum. Corn was commonly distributed to the soldiers 

every month, to each foot-soldier a little more than one bushel of our 

measure. 



284 NOTES ON THE 

XLY. IgnavicB sustulisse, sc. comperior. 

XLVI. Qui — ipsi liberisque vitam peter ent, §208, (4). 

Quoe ex voluntate, sc. regis. 

Inlento atque infesto exercitu, § 249, III, 2d clause. 

lnsidiis locum tentare, sc. Jugurtham or liostes. Some however read ten- 
tari, sc. ab Jugurilia or ab hostibus. 

Propulsarenl, sc. eos, i. e. equitatus, §209, R. 2, (1), (6). 

Pacem an bellum gerens, § 323, 1, (2). 
XLVI1. Hue consul, simul tentandi gratia, etc. The true reading is here 
doubtful, and the sense uncertain. Those who adopt the reading in the 
text suppose the sentence to be elliptical, and that the meaning of the 
author may be expressed as follows ; "Hue consul, simul Jugurtham ten- 
tandi gratia, an hoc toleraret ; et simul, si paterentur opportunitates loci, 
presidium impositurus, duxit exercitum, prcesidiumque imposuit." Others 
read thus, Hue consul simul tentandi gratia, et, si paterentur, opportunitate 
loci presidium imponit. " Here the consul, for the purpose of enticing 
(the inhabitants) to revolt, and, at the same time, on account of the ad- 
vantageous nature of the place, if they would suffer (themselves to be 
tampered with,) placed a garrison." 

Et commeatum, i. e. " the supplies" which such a market would afford. 

Etjam paratis rebus, i. e. the supplies of provisions, &c. previously provided 
for the army. 

Munimento fore, "would be a preservative," "would help to preserve." 

Impensius modo. In the text, both here and in Chap, lxxv, modo is erro- 
neously marked as an adverb. See Modus in the Dictionary. 

Metello dedere, — " surrendered," i. e. offered to surrender. 
XLVIII. Exercitum Metelli antevenit, § 233. 

Qua? humi arido, § 205, R. 9. 
XLIX. Propior montem, § 235, R. 5. 

Turmas atque manipulos. See note, Chap. xn. 

Monet atque obtestalur. The subjunctive, defendant, may depend upon ei- 
ther of these verbs, the accusatives with the infinitive, certamen fore, and 
ducem non animum mutatum can refer only to moneL 

Subjugum miserint. See Chap, xxxvin. 

Quce ab imperatore decuerint, sc. provideri. 

Locum superiorem, sc. provisum esse. 

Pecunia aut honore extulerat. A zeugma, % 323, 1, (2.) 

Cum exercitu conspicatur, sc. illos, i. e. hostes. 

Incerti, quidnam esset. Incerti agrees with Numida. Quidnam esset, in- 
stead of quidnam essent, the verb agreeing with the predicate nominative, 
§ 209, R. 9. Quidnam is in the neuter to denote the uncertainty attend- 
ing the appearance, § 205, R. 7, (2.) 

Ipsi atque signa — obscurati, §205, R. 2, (3.) 

Pauca — milites hortatus, §231, R. 5. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 285 

L. Principes facti erant. Principes here is not to be understood of the rank 

of soldiers so called, but simply of the troops in front. 
Primos suos, i. e. the left wing of Jugurtha's army, or that nearest to the 

mountain. 
Ipsi modo, i. e. ipsi soli. 
Ita numero priores, sc. NumidcB. 
LI. Quum etiam turn eventus in incerto erat. The imperfect and pluperfect 

indicative after quum are of rare occurrence in Sallust. The historical 

present and perfect indefinite of the indicative mood, and likewise the 

historical infinitive after quum are of frequent occurrence in the apodosis 

of a sentence. 
Neque illis castra esse, i. e. Romanis. 
LII. Et jam die vesper erat, § 90, Exc. 

Adverso colle — evadunt, § 254, R. 3, 2d clause. 
LIU. JEquabilem, sc. pulverem. 
lmpeditos, sc. elephanlos. 
Fessi Icetique. Fessi is referred to itinere, opere and prcelii ; Iceti to prcelio 

alone, "rejoicing in the successful issue of the battle." Others for Iceti 
i read lassi. 

Nihil languidi neque remissi, § 211, R. 3, N. 3. 

Strepitu, velut hostes, adventare. Before adventare supply illi, i. e. Romani. 
Facinus miserabile, sc. an engagement between the two divisions of the 

Roman army. 
LIV. Agit gratias, sc. iis referring to universos. 

Satis jam pugnatum, sc. ab illis, § 184, 2, &; §248, R. 1. 

Uti sese victus gereret Uti, i. e. quomodo. 

Id ea gratia eveniebat. Id relates to the clause cogebat exercitum, § 206, (13). 

Sequi cogebatur, sc. is. This omission of is occurs not unfrequently in 

Sallust. For the usual construction, see §206, (3), (a). 
Agri ac pecoris magis quam belli cultorem, §323, 1, (2.) 
Romanos palantes, i. e. eos Romanos qui palabantur. 
Effuso exercitu prcedari, §249, III, last clause. So, Chap, lvi, exercitu cir- 

cumvenit. 
LV. Ut seque — gereret. This and the following subjunctives depend on cog- 

nitis. 
Nili—festinare ; historical infinitives. 
LVI. Ratus, id quod, §206, (13), 2d clause. 

Quia fallere nequibant. The deserters from the Roman army fearing to fall 

into the hands of the Romans, would, for their own sakes, be faithful to 

Jugurtha. 
Post malam pugnam, sc. near the river Muthul. 
Illos in libertate. Mos in the change from the directa to the obliqua is used 

for vos, i. e. Siccenses. 
Sic illi, referring to Marium, see Ille in Dictionary. 



286 NOTES ON THE 

Hostes urgent, i. e. Romani. 
LVIL Marius ad Zamam, % 237, R. 2. 

Exercitu circumvenit, § 249, III, 2d clause. 
LVIII. Non amplius quadraginta, § 256, R. 6. 
Ac statim, i. e. statim post equitatum. 
Hie, sc. Marius. See Me in Dictionary. 
In angustiis, sc. portarum. 
LIX. Qvi iw proximo, sc. ?oco, those whose station was nearest to Jugurtha, as 

he advanced to the attack. 
Nipedites, sc. Numidarum. Ctadem facer ent. The imperfect subj. is here 

equivalent to the English form, "had made and continued still to make." 
Quibus illifreti. Quibus, sc. peditibus. llli, sc. equites ; illi referring to the 

last antecedent on account of the relative quibus, see Hie in Diet. 
Expeditis peditibus suis, §247, R. 4, at the end. 
LX. Ubi quisque — eo acerrime niti. Eo and ubi are here used like a relative 

and demonstrative pronoun, and are equivalent to in quo loco — in eo. 

Niti, sc. Romani milites. 
Oppugnare aut parare. Some refer the former verb to the besiegers and 

the latter to the besieged ; and others, connecting them to agere, apply 

them to the besieged only. 
Ubi hostes, sc. Romani. 
Hue illuc — agitare, sc. corpus. 
Studio suorum, § 211, R. 12. 
Vnce atque alterce scalar, § 118, 2. 
Magna pars confecti, % 205, R. 3. 
LXI. Frustra inceptum, sc. esse. 
Ab Zama discedit ; i. e. from the neighborhood of Zama. This is implied 

in the use of the preposition. 
In provinciam, sc. Romanam, into that part of the Roman province which 

bordered upon Numidia. 
Sua omnia, " all his effects" which had been forfeited by his crime ; see 

Chap. xxxv. 
LXIT. Ubiprimum opportunum, sc. tempus fuit. 
Imperata facturum, % 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 
Cunctos senatorii ordinis, % 212, R. 2, N. 6. 
Ad imperandum, % 275, I, R. 2. 

Omnia bello potiora duceret. For the omission of esse, see note, Chap, lxxix. 
JLXIII. Alia omnia abunde erant. See Diet, article Sum, at the end. 
Animus belli ingens, domi modicus, % 221, R. 3. 
Per omnes tribus declaratur, sc. tribunus, % 210, R. 3, (3). 
LXIV. Optanda bonis, § 225, III. 

Debere illi res suas satis placere, § 209, (7). For the use of ilk in the oratio 

obliqua, see Hie in Diet. 
Cumfilio suo, §208, (1). 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 



287 



Annos natus circiter viginti, by the Roman law a consul was required to be 

at least forty three years old. 
Sibi permitteretur, sc. si, so in English, " were half the army entrusted to 
him." 
LXV. Uti sellamjuxta poneret, sc. sellam Metelli. 

Equites Romanos, milites et negotiator es, % 204, R. 10. 
Novos extolltbat, sc. homines. 
LXVI. Omissa deditione. See the end of Chap. lxii. 
Et eos ipsos, i. e. Romanos ipsos. 

Igitur Vaccenses, quo, — "where" instead of in quibus, "among whom." 
Principes civitatis. In the course of this period the author has changed the 
subject of conjurant, from Vaccenses, with which he began, to principes, 
§ 323, 3, (5). 
Domos suas, § 237, R. 4, 2d clause. 
In tali die. In is used with nouns denoting time when they are employed 

to mark, not merely the time, but the condition of things then existing. 
Tumultus ipse. See Ipse in Diet. 
LXVJI. Parum comperimus, nisi, i. e. nisi comperimus, "only I am certain," 
• that whereas he preferred a dishonorable life, &c, he appears infamous 
and detestable. 
LXVIII. Non amplius mille passuum abesse. Mille is in the ace, $ 236 : see 
also % 256, R. 6. 
Inprimo, sc. loco or agmine, " in front." 
LXIX. Metellum rati, sc. esse. 
Poene cuncta aut prceda fuit, — "served for," i. e. "was wholly given up to 

punishment or plunder," § 227, R. 2. 
Nam is civis ex Latio erat. The Porcian law was expressly limited in its 
operation to Roman citizens. 
LXX. Omnia tentando, " in resorting" or " while resorting to every expedient." 
Utriusque consilio, sc. Bomilcaris et Nabdalsce. 
Hiberna Romanorum jussus, sc. a Jugurtha. 

Timore socii anxius ; the subjective genitive denoting the fear felt by his 
associate, § 211, R. 2; timore, i. e. timoris causa, or propter timorem. 
LXXI. Uti (Egrum animum solet, sc. capere. Somnus cepit, sc. eum, i. e. Nab- 
dalsam. 
Super tali scelere suspectum, § 213, R. 4, (4). 
LXXII. Quietafuere, § 209, R. 12, (5). 
LXXIII. Liiteris — cognitis, see Chap. lxv. 

Volenti animo de ambobus acceperant, " with ready mind received (what was 

written) respecting both." 
In utroque, "in regard to each," i. e. Metello et Mario. 

Bona aut mala sua, i.e. plebis. Moderata, sc. sunt, "governed," "influ- 
enced," sc. plebem. 
Seditiosi magistrates, sc. tribuni plebis. 



288 



NOTES ON THE 



LXXIV. Armorum aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti, § 245, I, & 

§ 220, 4. 
LXXV. Eo imponit, instead of eipecori, "upon these." 
Quisque aquce portarent, § 262, R. 4. 
Quajn proximam, § 206, 10. 
Ad Thalam, % 237, R. 2. 
Quo Numidis prceceperat, sc. veniant. 
LXXVI. Nihil jam infectum. Participles of trie perfect tense and participial 
adjectives derived from them are, not unfrequently, used in the sense of 
adjectives in bilis ; as, here, infectus, impracticable ; J. 43, invictus, in- 
vincible ; J. 91, coercitus — , restrainable — , J. 2, incorruptus, incorruptible. 
Quippe qui omnia, § 204, R. 10. 
Locos, places ; in which sense loca is more common. 
Ceteris, sc. hominibus. 

Post dies quadraginia quam, % 253, R. 1, 2d clause. 
LXXVI1. Hominem nobilem, factiosum. Asyndeton, § 323, 1, (1), & § 206, 
R. 16. 
Suam salutem, sc. Leptitanorum } § 208, (1). 
Illorum socios, i. e. Romanorum. 
Societatemque rogatum, % 276, II. 

Deinde, ubi ea, sc. amicitia societasque, % 205, R. 7, (2). 
LXXVI1I. In extrema Africa, (§ 205, R. 17,) i. e. towards the eastern ex- 
tremity. 
Leges cultusque pleraque. Cultus is in the genitive, § 212, R. 3, N. 4. 
LXXIX. Per Leptitanorum negotia, " on account of — . 
Earn rem locus admonuit, % 218, R. 1, & § 231, R. 5. 
Una specie, % 211, R. 6. 
Qui fines eorum discerneret, § 264, 5. 
Nomen Philcenis erat, % 204, R. 8. 

Posteriores se vident, sc. esse, which is usually omitted after video and after 
verbs of saying, judging, &c. So at the beginning of this chapter, non 
indignum videtur. 
Criminari Carthaginienses — digressos, accused the Carthaginians of having 

left home before the time, § 229, R. 5, & § 217, R. 5. 
Conturbare rem, sc. Cyrenenses. 
Grceci, i. e. Cyrenenses. 

Carthaginiensium, some read Carthaginiensibus. 
Vel illi, in the oratio obliqua. See llle in Diet. 
Quern in locum vellent, sc. esse fines populo suo, i. e. Cyrenensibus. 
LXXX. Reges eo amplius ; i. e. " by so much the more," as they surpassed 

other men in riches. 
LXXXI. Hostes esse, § 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 
Turn sese, sc. Romanis hostem esse. 
Aliis talibus dictis, § 205, R. 16, 2d clause. 



JUGURTHINE WAR. 289 

Si Romanus, sc. imperator. A patrial noun is often thus used to denote a 

leader or commander belonging to that nation. 
LXXXII. Scepejam qualify victo. Copiamfacit, sc. regibus. 
Alii bonum ingenium, sc. censebant or dicebant. 
Ex manibus eriperetur, § 266, 3. 
LXXXIII. Stultitice videbatur, § 211, R. 8, (3). 
Alienam rem, sc. Marii. 
Habere eum. Others read turn. 
Incipere cuivis — licere. Incipere is here the subject of licere, § 269, R. 3, and 

cuivis depends on licere. 
Deponi, sc. licere. 

Ille probare, sc. Bocchus. See Hie in Diet. 
LXXXIV. Ei provinciam Numidiampopulusjussit, §270, R. 3. 
Multus atque ferox, § 205, R. 15. 
Neque plebi militia volenti (esse) putabatur, i. e. neque plebs militiam velle pu- 

tabatur. 
Sese quisque — trahebant. Two constructions here follow trahebant, § 272, 

& § 229. 
Non paulum. Litotes, % 324, 9. 
Omnibus — decretis, sc. by the senate. 
LXXXV. Contra ea videtur, i. e. id quod est contra ea videtur, " the opposite 

to this appears to me proper." 
Debere, sc. mihi videtur. 
Cum maxima beneficio vestro, " in connexion with the highest office in your 

gift," sc. the consulship. 
Quos nolis offendere, % 209, R. 7. 
Omnia licec prcesidio adsunt, % 227, R. 2, &, 3. 
Nam alia, sc. nobilitas, majorum facta fortia, &c, injirma sunt (mihi), i. e. 

"in other things," as nobility, &c. " I am weak." 
Et illud intelligo, § 207, R. 22. 
Favere, sc. mild. 
Locum invadendi, sc. me et vos. 
Ita—fui, for talis fui. 

Ante vestra benejicia. See above, Cum maximo beneficio vestro. 
Per ambitionem, "on account of" — . 
Num id mulare ; id. i. e. your choice of me as leader in the war against Ju- 

gurtha. 
Nam gerere quam fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est, i. e. gerere 

magistratum (an office) tempore posterius est quam fieri magistratum (a 

magistrate). Prius does not fully correspond with posterius, which, as 

here limited by tempore, relates to time only, but signifies, in connection 

with re and usu, " superior in its nature and in its importance." 
Comparate nunc cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. The Latin idiom 

often permits a comparison to be made, not only between two persons, or 

25 



290 NOTES ON THE 

the properties or actions of two persons, but between a person and an at- 
tribute or action of another person. 

Faciant idem mojoribus suis, $ 250, R. 3. 

Hujusce rei, sc. ma jorum gloria. 

In maximo vestro beneficio. See above, Cum maximo beneficio vestro. 

Bene prcedicet, § 262, R. 4. 

Ha? sunt mem imagines, hcec nobilitas, § 206, (10). Relicta, § 205, R. 2, N. 

Ad virtutem doctoribus nihil prof uerunt. By doctoribus is meant the Grecian 
nation in general, who had received from their literature no such addi- 
tion to their prow 7 ess, as to prevent the conquest of their country by the 
Romans. 

Id est dominum — esse, § 209, R. 3, (5), at the end. 

Quce licebat — neque poterant. With each of these verbs supply relinquere. 

Coquum quam villicum habeo. Habeo does not here signify to value, but 
"to have," " possess," " own." 

Omnibusque bonis oportere, sc. esse. 

Metus ceperit, § 260, R. 6, 2d and 3d clauses, and $ 278, R. 4. 

Reipublicce subvenire decebat, §259, R. 4. 
LXXXVI. No?i more majorum. The ancient custom here alluded to. was to 
summon the people to the Campus Martius, and having called them by 
centuries, to select from each such as were fit for military service. 

Ex classibus. The classes here intended are the first five, who alone were 
obliged to serve in war, as the sixth class, the capite censi, w ere by law 
excused. 

Uti cujusque libido. From this it appears that the levy made by Marius 
consisted of such as voluntarily enlisted. 
LXXXVII. Ceterum alia levia aliis locis. Others write these words in a dif- 
ferent and probably a better order, Ceterum levia, alia aliis locis. 

At reges, sc. Jugurtha and Bocchus. 
LXXXV1II. Ex sociis, i. e. ex agro sociorum. 

Armis exuerat. Jugurtha had fled leaving his arms behind him. 

Gloriosa modo, sc. esse. 

Neque belli patrandi, § 275, III, R. 1, (5). 

Viris aut loco — opportunissimce, § 250. 

Ita Jugurtham, supply putavit or some verb of similar signification, implied 
in statuit. 

Nudatum. The sense requires us to consider nudatum as a supine with iri 
understood, forming a perfect infinitive passive, but such an ellipsis is 
unusual. 

Nam Bocchus. Nam serves to explain the difference made by Marius in 
his treatment of Jugurtha and Bocchus. 

Velle populi Romani amicitiam, sc. se, § 239, R. 2, & § 270, R. 2, last clause. 

Ne quid ab se hostile timeret, % 273, 3. 
LXXXIX. Potiundi, $ 162, 20. 






JUGURTHINE WAR. 291 

Id ibique, i. e. this scarcity of water, §206, (13). 

Qua procul a mari incultius agebat. The predicate here applied to Africa 
is strictly applicable only to its inhabitants. 
XC. Igitur consul. The verb of the predicate is exornat. 

Ad oppidum Lares. In the text this name is erroneously printed Laris. 
XCI. Caslris levi munimento, §211, R. 6. 

Proximo. — tertia, sc. node. 

Et cum his. His refers by synesis to equitatum, § 323, 3, (4). 

Aditu difficilis, § 276, III. 
XCI1. Locupletes, sc. prada. Ad caelum ferre, sc. Marium. 

Socii atque hostes. The socii here spoken of appear to have been the in- 
habitants of the Roman province in Africa, which comprehended the 
former possessions of the Carthaginians. 

Non eadem asperitate, "not equally perilous," "not attended with equal 
danger." 

Capsensiwn, depends on res understood, for which in English the pronoun 
that can be supplied. 

Nam Castello, § 226. 

Pro opere, i. e. vineis. Inter, "within," "under cover of." 
XCIII. Promissa ejus cognitum, {% 276, II), ex prcesentibus misit, sc. quosdam. 

Quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, — nuntiavere ; instead of qui, uti cujus- 
que eorum ingenium erat, — nuntiavere. Quorum depends on cujusque as 
the sentence is now constructed, and nuntiavere agrees with ii under- 
stood. 
XCIV. ISed ubi ex prcecepto, sc. Marii. 

Per git, sc. Ligus. 

Capite atque pedibus nudis, § 257, R. 7. 

Facilius foret, instead of facilior foret. See in Diet., Sum, at the end. 

Ponderis gratia. This kind of shield was of less weight than metallic ones. 

Saxa et si qua? vetustate radices eminebant, laqueis vinciebat. Radices is in 
the nominative by attraction, § 206, (6), (b), instead of Saxa et radices, si 
qua vetustate eminebant — vinciebat. 
XCV. Neque enim alio loco de Sulla rebus dicturi sumus. It appears, how- 
ever, that at a subsequent period Sallust was induced to change his pur- 
pose, and in his history, fragments only of which now remain, he treated 
more at large of the affairs of Sylla. 

De uxore potuit honeslius consuli. Sylla was five times married, and it is 
uncertain to which of his wives reference is here made. His wife Me- 
tella he divorced when she was at the point of death, that a feast which 
he was celebrating might not be broken off by the occurrence of a death 
in his family. In his old age he married Valeria, a woman of infamous 
character, and during the whole of his life he addicted himself to open 
debauchery. Some therefore understand uxore in a general sense as re- 
ferring to his matrimonial affairs. 



292 NOTES ON THE 

Ante civilem victoriam, sc. over the party of Marius. 

Fortior anfelicior esset, §256, R. 12. 
XCVI. Ut illi, instead of ut sibi, which the construction regularly requires, 
the writer putting himself in the place of Sylla, whose thoughts and 
purposes were to be represented, § 208, (7). 
XCVII. Postquam oppidum Capsam — amiserat. Respecting the construction 
ofpostquam with the pluperfect, see note on Chap. xi. 

In Numidiam copias adduceret, % 258, R. 1. 

Tempus adesse, § 273, 3, last clause. 

Ipsique Mauro, sc. Boccho. 

Vix decima parte die, § 90, Exc. 

Nullo impediment, § 227. Nullo, an ancient form for nulli, § 107, R. 2. 

Sarcinas colligere. Before an engagement the baggage was collected into 
one place. 

Romani veteres novi, sc. milites. 

Et ob ea scientes belli, i. e. on account of the mingling of veteran and newly 

enlisted soldiers. The passage is however probably corrupt. Some omit 

novi. 

XCVIII. Quum tamen barbari nihil remittere. The construction of qnum with 

the historical infinitive is rare in Sallust, but less so in Livy and Tacitus. 

Neque minus hostibus conturbalis. Que "also" refers to hostibus, ne, i. e. non, 
to minus. 
XCIX. Uti per vigilias solebant. Per, " on account of." In the camp the 
night was divided into four equal parts or watches, the termination of 
each of which was usually announced by sound of trumpet. 
C. In hiberna, sc. proficiscitur, which is found in some editions. 

Neque secus, atque iter facer e, castra munire, &c. " he fortified the camp, &c, 
in the same manner as he performed the journey," i. e. with equal care 
and circumspection. 

Non diffidentia futuri, quce imperavisset, § 206, (11). This is the common 
reading, but perhaps a more probable one is, Non tarn diffidentia, futurum, 
quce imperavisset. In this case futurum is used as indeclinable, § 162, 13, 
last clause : " not so much through distrust of those things being done 
which he had ordered." 

Uti militibus excequatus cum imperatore labos volentibus esset, i. e. uti milites 
excequatum cum imperatore laborem ferre vellent. 

Pudore magis quam malo. Pudor here signifies the shame which the sol- 
diers would have felt in failing to imitate the laborious and self-denying 
example of their general. 
CI. Speculatores citi, § 205, R. 15. 

Adversum omnia paratus. He was marching quadrato agmine and conse- 
quently presented a front on every side. 

Ratus ex omnibus ceque aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos, " thinking that 
some (i. e. one of the four divisions) equally, from among them all (i. e. 






JUGURTHINE WAR. 293 



with an equal chance of effecting this object), would come upon the rear 
of the enemy :" in other words, " thinking that one of the divisions would 
come upon the rear of the enemy, and that among them all the chances 
of doing this were equal." 

Ipse aliique, i. e. Sylla and the other leaders of the cavalry on the right 
wing. See Chap. c. 

Ceteri, i. e. the other three divisions of the army (quadratum agmen) con- 
sisting of infantry. 

In loco, sc. suo. See Chap. c. 

Bocchus cum peditibus — invadunt, § 209, R. 12, (6). 

Neque in priore pugna — adfuerant ; instead of et qui inpriore pugna — non ad~ 
fuerant, $ 206, (5). Concerning the former battle, see Chaps, xcvn — xcix. 

Marius apud primos : i. e. among the infantry in the front of the army. 

Dein Numida, sc. Jugurtha, a patrial being used, as in many other places, 
for the name of the leader or head of the nation. So Maurus for Bocchus, 
king of the Moors. Chaps, xcvn, cviii and cxiii. 

Adpedites. It is doubtful whether the infantry here spoken of was the Ro- 
man or the Numidian ; the former appears the more probable, but it is 
evident that the speech of Jugurtha was heard by both. 

Apud Numanliam. See Chaps, vn — ix. 

Nostros frustra pugnare. Nostros, if the speech of Jugurtha was directed 
to the Romans, would have been, in the oratio directa, vos ; if to the Nu- 
midians, isti or Romani. 

Marium sua manu interfectum, % 208, (1). 

Et in perculsos, sc. Romanos. 

Quos adversum, § 279, 10, last clause. 

Circumventus ab equitibus, sc. Romanis. 

Omnibus occisis, sc. equitibus regiis. 

Niti modo, sc. surgere. 
CII. Post diem quintum, quam, $ 253, R. 1, 2d clause. 

Legati — veniunt, qui—petivere : the historical present, followed by the per- 
fect indefinite. 

Cujus facundia. See Chap. xcv. 

Persequi, § 270, R. 1. 

Tutiusque rati, sc. sunt. For the number of rati referring to populus, see 
$ 209, R. 11. 

In quo, $206, (13). 

Humanarum rerum — pleraque, % 212, R. 3, N. 4. 

Unde vi Jugurtham expulerit. This claim on the part of Bocchus to that 
portion of Numidia, which was the seat of the war, was probably desti- 
tute of any valid foundation. 

Missis antea legatis. See Chap. lxxx. 

Omittere — missurum (esse). These infinitives, together with those in the 
preceding sentences, refer to verba facit. 

25* 



294 NOTES ON THE 

Dein copia facta, i. e. of sending ambassadors. 
CIII. Siplaceat, sc. Mario. 

Sine decore, "in sorry plight." 

Qua; aut utilia, aut benevolejitia? (esse) credebant, § 227, R. 2, & 3. " "Which 
they thought useful (to the Romans) or fitted to gain (their) good will." 
CIV. Qms legatis potestas eundi Romam ab consule, interea inducice postulaban- 
tur : i. e. qms mandatis, &c., " by which commission leave for the ambas- 
sadors to go to Rome was requested of the consul." 

Ceterum Mauri — tres, &c, § 204, R. 10. 
CV. Cujus arbitrate % 249, II. 

Cum mille non amplius equitibus, instead of, cum non amplius mille equitibus, 
as cum cannot be separated from the words which it governs, by the in- 
tervention of other words. 
CVI. Obviam Mis simul, ei prcesidio missum. Obviam and pr&sidio have the 
same relation to missum, § 278. 

Satis credere. Credere here depends on negat, which is often construed 
with affirmative clauses, " declares that he does not fear," &c. " that he 
has full confidence in the valor of his soldiers," &c. 

Quos ducebat. This verb, considered as the language of Sylla in the 
oratio obliqua, should be in the subjunctive, § 266, 3 : but here, as in 
many other examples, the writer puts himself in the place of him whose 
language he is quoting, and believing the truth of what is alleged adopts 
the language as his own. 

Ceterum ab eodem, sc. Voluce. 
C VII. Paucis strenuis — bene pugnatum, % 225, II. 

Multitudinem haberet, sc. Jugurtha. 

Ex patre suo penderent, § 208, (1). 

Credere, sc. se, i. e. Volucem. 
CVIII. Pramissus — orator, et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia. The purpo- 
ses of prcemissus are denoted by orator and speculatum, § 204, R. 1, and 
% 276, II, and these are therefore properly connected by et § 278, as they 
have each the same relation to pramissus. 

Quo res communis licentius gereretur. The true reading is here doubtful. 
Some suppose that admissum or accitum is to be supplied, and that quo 
denotes the purpose for which he had been invited by Bocchus, viz. lest 
Jugurtha should suspect the purpose of the conference, if conducted 
without the presence of an agent sent by him. For quo Gronovius pro- 
poses to read quin. Cortius proposes to omit nam, or to place it before 
quo. The passage might then be translated. " For otherwise it could 
not be provided, that the affairs in which they were mutually interested 
could be freely discussed." Kritz suggests the supplying of remoto after 
quo. The passage will then signify, that the presence of this agent of 
Jugurtha at the public audience of Sylla would allay his suspicions, and 
that afterwards their affairs might be discussed more freely in his ab- 
sence, and without his knowledge. 









JUGURTHINE WAR. 295 

CIX. Qua sibi responderentur : i. e. in the presence of Aspar, for the purpose 
of misleading Jugurtha. 
In sua castra, i. e. castra Sullce et Bocchi. These were doubtless distinct, 

though probably not very remote from each other. 
Ex senientia ambobus, § 211, R. 5, 1. 
CX. Nunquam ego ratus sum, " I could never have anticipated," § 259, R. 3. 
In hac terra, sc. Africa. 
Et omnium, sc. regum. 
Ante te cognition, § 274, R. 5. 
Fuerit mihi, " let it have befallen me," " let it have been my fortune," § 260, 

R. 6, 2d clause. So also a little after, putaveris. 
Utere, sc. Us. 
CXI. Ulorum magis quam sua retulisse, § 219, R. 1. 

Ad simulandam pacem, i. e. with Jugurtha. 
CXII. Ab illo cuncta edoctus, sc. ab Jugurtha. 
In colloquium veniretur, § 184, 2. 
Fore, § 268, R. 6. 
CXIII. Qucb scilicet— patefecisse. The infinitive with its accusative here de- 
pends on scilicet, i. e. scire licet. See -also Chap. en. 
CXIV. Adversum Gallos. The enemies here mentioned were the Cimbri 
and Teutones, German tribes, who in their progress through Gaul, had 
been joined by some of the Gallic nations. 
Quo metu, % 207, R. 20. 
Illi, sc. Romani, u the Romans of that day." 

Marius consul absens /actus. To elect as consul one who was absent from 
the election was very unusual. 



296 



NOTES ON THE CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 



I. Qui sese, §271, R. 3, last part.— Decet, § 269.— Pecora, §278, R. 1. 

Sed nostra omnis vis, "our ability is partly in the mind, partly in the body;" 
sed marks a distinction between the other animals and man. 

Animi imperio corporis servitio, subjective genitives, §211, R. 2, "the gov- 
ernment of the mind, the subjection of the body." 

Magis utimur,'\.e.potius quam animi servitio, corporis imperio, "we use 
more," "we make more use of." 

Alterum — alterum, sc. animus et corpus, " the one thing — the other thing," 
instead of, alter — alterum, § 205, R. 7, (2.) 

Quo mihi rectius videtur, § 256, R. 16. For the ellipsis of esse with videtur, 
see note J. 79, on Posteriores se vident. 

Memoriam nostri, "the memory of us," memoria nostra would signify "our 
memory," " the memory which we exercise," § 211, R. 3. 

Virtus — habetur, "is held" or "retained," or in one word, "is." This use 
of the passive of habeo is not unfrequent in Sallust. 

Incipias, §263, 3. 

Consulto — mature facto, the former belongs to the mind, the latter depends 
especially on the body. 

Utrumque — alterum alterius, sc. vis corporis, et virtus animi. See above, 
alterum — alterum, and reference. 

II. Sine cupiditate, sc. alieni, "of what belonged to others." 

Agitabatur. Sallust often makes use of frequentative verbs in place of 
their primitives. 

Sua cuique, § 208, (7), & § 279, 14.— Causam belli, §230, R. 1. 

Maximam gloriam, sc. esse, § 270, R. 3, & note J. 79, on Posteriores se violent. 

Voter et — haberent, §261, 1. 

Invasere ; animos hominum may be supplied. 

Fortuna, sc. regum atque imperatorum. 

Ad optimum quemque, as for example, from the Assyrians to the Persians, 
from the Persians to the Greeks, and from the Greeks to the Romans. 

Qugb homines arant, navigant, cedijicant. By some quce is translated as if re- 
ferring to terrce, maria, and urbes, "the fields which men cultivate, the 
waters which they navigate, the cities which they build, all yield obedi- 
ence to the energies of the mind," i. e. " to the dominion of those who 



NOTES, ETC. 297 

possess energy of character," or, as is said in the preceding sentence, ad 
optimum quemque a minus bono (hcec omnia) transferuntur. Others inter- 
pret qucB homines arant, navigant, cedificant, as meaning " the things which 
men obtain by agriculture, navigation, and building," and by metonymy, 
"agriculture, navigation, and architecture," which arts "depend upon 
the intellectual powers." 
Quibus — voluptati, § 227. 

III. Bene facere reipublicm, § 225, I. 

Haud absurdum est, i. e. est magna laudi, § 324, 9. 
Vel pace vet bello, § 253. 

Clarum fieri licet, sc. homini or alicui; with clarum supply se, § 239, R. 1. 
Supra ea, i. e. quce putat esse supra ea, qua sibi facilia factu putat. 
Tametsi animus, sc. meus. 

Me honoris cupido, etc., " the same desire for preferment which disturbed 
others, by means of evil reports and envy disturbed me also." 

IV. Servilibus ojjiciis intentum, sc. me. 
Ebdem, instead of ad idem studium. 
Mihi, §211, R. 5, 1. 

V. Magna vi, §211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2.) 

Huic — bella intestina, ccedes, etc. grata, § 205, R. 2, (2.) 
Cujus rei libet, for cujuslibet rex, § 323, 4, (5.) 
Satis eloquentice, sc. illi fuit, "he had" — . 
Hortari — admonuit, sc. me. — De moribus, §218, R. 1. 
Majorum, sc. nostrorum. 

Disserere. The subjunctive clauses introduced by quomodo, quantum, and 
ut, as well as the accusative instituta depend on disserere. 

VI. Sicuti ego accepi. Sallust here relates the traditions, respecting the ori- 
gin of the Roman empire, without vouching for their truth. 

In una maznia, § 118, 2, 2d clause. 

Res eorum, i. e. Romanorum, the same as res Romana. See Res in Diet. 

Aucta, §323, (2.)—Tentare, §209, R. 5, & §269, 3d clause. 

Auxilio esse, § 227, R. 2, & 3. 

Vel cetate vel curm similitudine, i. e. propter atatem, etc. 

Conservandce libertatis, § 275, III, R. 1, (5.) 

Binosque imperatores, sc. consules. 

Eo modo. The causal particle nam is here omitted. 

VII. Ccepere se quisque, §209, R. 11, (4.) 
Juventus—patiens erat, — discebat, habebant, §209, R. 11, (2.) 

Sic se quisque. Properabat is here construed like cupio, fyc, § 271, R. 3, last 
clause. 

Eas divitias, earn bonam famam—putabant, " this" (viz. this eagerness to en- 
counter the enemy, &c.) "they accounted riches," &c, §206, (10.) 

VIII. Sed profecto. Sed is here adversative, and marks the want of corres- 
pondence between the merits and fame of the ancient Romans. 



298 NOTES ON THE 

Scriptorum magna ingenia, "great talents of writers," instead of "writers 
of great talents." 

IX. Igitur domi; igilur marks a return to the subject of the seventh chapter. 
Jurgia, discordias, simultates, these words denote domestic or civil conten- 
tions, and the meaning of the author is, that the malevolent feelings of- 
ten exercised in civil society, were, by the ancient Romans, turned 
against the public enemies. 

Hcbc habeo, " these facts" or " circumstances," — viz. those mentioned in the 

subsequent part of the chapter, § 230, R. 1. 
Quique tardius, § 256, R. 9, 2d clause; 
Quam qui, i. e. quam in eos qui : quam relates to scepius. 
lgnoscere, sc. earn. 

X. Sed, ubi — respublica crevit, § 259, R. 1, (2). All the verbs in this period, 

from crevit to patebant inclusive, forming the protasis of the period, de- 
pend upon ubi ; the apodosis commences at scevire. In the protasis the 
imperfect is properly connected with the perfect, since the latter is 
used for the pluperfect. 

Reges magni, sc. Perses, Jugurtha, Mithridates, &c. 

Optandce, % 205, R. 2, Exc. 

Ea quasi. Ea " these things," "these vices," refers to pecuniae cupido, and 
imperii cupido, avarice and ambition. 

Materies omnium malorum, i. e. of all the evils of which the author is 
speaking, — the evils which came upon the Roman empire in consequence 
of the general corruption of manners. 

Superbiam — omnia venalia habere, § 229, R. 5 & 2d clause. 

Edocuit. The perfect here, and in some other instances, is used like the 
present to express an existing custom or general truth, § 145, 1. 

Hcec primo, " these vices" — . 
XL— Proprius viriutem, § 235, R. 5, & § 222, R. 5. 

Hide quia bonce artes desunt, — contendit: i. e. hie quia eibonce artes desunt, — 
coniendit, § 209, R. 2, (1), (b). 

Concupivit, see note on edocuit, Chap. x. 

Corpus animumque virilem, § 205, R. 2, Exc. 

L. Sulla armis recepta republica. L. Sylla freed the state from the domina- 
tion of Marius, China and Carbo, but became in his turn a cruel tyrant. 
XII. Postquam divides honori esse ccepere. In the protasis of this period the im- 
perfect is connected with the perfect, because the latter is used in the 
sense of the pluperfect after postquam, % 259, R. 1, (2). See the first note, 
Chap. x. 

Innoceniia pro maleuolentia. Innocentia is here the opposite of avaritia. 

Ex divitiis. The ablative without a preposition commonly denotes the im- 
mediate cause, with ex a remote cause. 

Cum superbia, % 249, III. 

Victores hostibus, i. e. victis. 



CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 299 

Id demum, § 207, R. 22. 

XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, % 260, II, R. 5. 
Honeste habere, i. e. uti, in opposition to abuti. 
Abuti, sc. iis. 

XIV. Id quod facta, <S 206, (13). 
Flagitiorum atque /acinar urn, § 324, 2. 

Qwos manus atque lingua ; this relates to such as were employed as assas- 
sins and false witnesses. 
Qui ita existimarent, § 266, 1. 

XV. Cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vesta, the name of the former 
is unknown, the latter was Fabia, the sister of Terentia, the wife of 
Cicero. 

Nihil unquam bonus laudavit, " a good man never," — or, " no good man 
ever" — . 

Privignum, a son of Catiline by a former marriage, who would have be- 
come the step-son of Orestilla, on her marriage w T ith Catiline. 

Facinoris, sc. the crime of conspiracy against his country. 

XVI. Ut supra diximus, see Chap. xiv. 
Commodare, sc. Us, quibus testes falsi, &c. opus essent. 

Circumvenire, jugulare, i. e. by the agency of these associates, §209, R. 5. 
The historical infinitive in this period is followed by the imperfect indic- 
ative. Sometimes the order of these constructions is reversed, as in the 
first period of Chap. xxi. 

Victories veteris memores, sc. over the party of Marius. 

In extremis terris, sc. in Pontus and Armenia, w r here he was engaged in the 
Mithridatic war. 

Ipsi, sc. Catilince. 

Nihil sane intentus. Nihil for non. See Diet. 
XVII . Vivere copia erat, § 270, R. 1. 

Fuere — qui crederent, § 26-1, 6. 

Quia Cn. Pompeius. Before this clause the causal particle nam, as in 
many other cases, is omitted, for this clause contains the reason of the 
opinion mentioned in the preceding one. 

Voluisse, sc. et crederent. 

XVIII. Be qua, §206, (11). 

Designati consules, the consuls were elected in July, and entered upon the 

duties of their office in the January following. 
Legibus ambitus, by the Calpurnian law, enacted A. U. C. 686, those who 

were convicted of bribery were removed from the senate, excluded from 

the consulship, and subjected to a fine. 
Ea re cognita, " this plot" — . 
Quod ni, % 206, (14). 

XIX. Adnitente Crasso, see Chap, xvn, near the end. 
Invitus dederat, § 205, R. 15. 



300 NOTES ON THE 

Presidium in eo, i. e. a security against the formidable power of Pora- 

pey. 

XX. Catilina — videt — secedit — liabuit. In Sallust the historical present § 145, 
I, 3, is often connected with the perfect indefinite. 

Paulo ante memoravi, see Chap. xvn. 

Multa scepe egerat, " had often discussed many topics" relating to the con- 
spiracy. 

Ni virtus — spectata forent, — res cecidisset, § 261, 1. 

Per ignaviam, aut vana ingenia, by metonymy for per ignavos aut vanos 
homines, "by means of cowardly or faithless men," in which reference 
is made to virtus fidesque, in a preceding clause, or to fortes fidesque. in a 
subsequent one. 

Eadem, quae mihi, § 270, R. 3, & § 209, R. 4. 

Idem velle atque idem nolle, ea, § 206, (13), last clause. 

Sed ego quce mente agitavi. For the indicative in this construction, see 
§265, R. 1, &$266, R. 5. 

Ceterum mihi, § 211, R. 5, 1. 

Nosmet ipsi, § 207, R. 28. In constructions of this kind ipse agrees with the 
subject or with the object of the verb, according as either is emphatic. 

Valgus fuimus, "were accounted the rabble." — Ubi Mi volunt, sc. eas esse. 

Annis atque divitiis, " in consequence of age and riches," i. e. of luxury in- 
duced by riches. 

Omnia, " all their powers." 

Exstruendo mari, see Chap, xiii, at the beginning. 

Nova diruunt, alia cedificant, sc. adificia. 

Quid reliqui, $ 212, R. 3, N. 3.—Prcemiaposuit, § 230, R. 2. 

Vel imperatore, vel milite me, § 204, R. 1. 

i\ isi forte me animus fallit : i. e. in regard to the opinion which I have form- 
ed respecting your preference of power rather than servitude. 

XXI. Magna merces videbatur. See note J. 79, on Posteriores se vident. 
Ubique, i. e. et ubi. 

PrcEterea esse, § 270, R. 2, 2d clause. This omission of dico, &c, is most 

common when a verb which may imply it has preceded, as in this place, 

polliceri. 
Petere consulatum C. Antonium. Antonius was indeed elected consul, but as 

colleague of Cicero, and instead of aiding Catiline, he commanded the 

army by which the conspirators were defeated. 

XXII. Dictitare, fecisse ; dictitare for dictitabant, referring to the same per- 
sons as fuere qui dicerent, "some"—. Fecisse, sc. Cat'dinam. 

Alii tanti facinoris conscii, § 222, R. 3. Conscii, § 204, R. 10. Tanti fa~ 

cinoris, i. e. the crime of drinking human blood. 
Ciceronis invidiam, % 211, R. 12. 

XXIII. Neque dicere, nequefacere quidquam pensi habebat, instead of neque in 
dicendo, neque infaciendo — . 



CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 301 

Quoque 7?iodo, i. e. et quo modo. 
JEstuabat et—credtbant, §209, R. 11, (2). 

XXIV. Plura agitare, "he set on foot new plans." 
Adscitisse, sc. sibi. 

XXV. Litteris Greeds — docta, § 250. 

Malta alia, " many other accomplishments." Alia is in the ace. (§ 234, I), 
depending, together with the abl. litteris, and the infinitives psallere and 
saltare, upon docta. A variety of constructions, depending upon the 
same word, is not unusual in Sallust. 

Quce instrumenta luxurice sunt, " which contribute to luxury." 

Carior a semper omnia, quam decus atque pudicitiafuit, % 209, R. 12, (3). 

Haud facile decemeres, % 209, R. 7. 

XXVI. Nihilominus — consulatum petebat. Niliilominus appears to refer to the 
defeat, which he had suffered the preceding year, when a candidate for 
the consulship, and against the recurrence of which he had now made 
great preparation. See Chaps, xxiv and xxv. 

In proximum annum, i. e. A. U. C. 692. 

Pactione provincice. It was customary to assign by lot, the province which 
each consul was to govern the year after the expiration of his consulship. 
On this occasion Cisalpine Gaul had fallen to Antonius, and the rich prov- 
ince of Macedonia to Cicero. The latter, in order to secure to the state 
the fidelity of his colleague, made a voluntary exchange of provinces. 

In campo, sc. Martio. 

XXVII. C. Manlium Fcesulas. Manlius had come to Rome, to assist Catiline 
in the consular election. 

Item alios jubere, sc. cum telo esse. 

Agitanti, sc. illi 

Ibique, i. e, in illo conventu. 

XXVIII. Egestate simul, ac dolore injuries, " as well from poverty, as from 
resentment on account of injury." 

Ex Sullanis colonis. Sylla had distributed to his soldiers the land of those 
Etrurians who had favored the cause of 3Iarius. 

XXIX. Ancipiti malo, i. e. by the danger to be apprehended from the conspir- 
ators remaining in the city, and from the army of 3Ianlius. 

Privato consilio. In opposing the designs of Catiline, Cicero had hitherto re- 
lied upon his own resources and those of his friends, and had made no 
use of his consular power. 

Quo consilio, <S 211, R. 6.— Quod plerumque, $ 206, (13). 

Solet, sc. fieri.— Darent operam, % 262, R. 4.— Per senatum, § 247, R. 4. 

Maxima pennittitur, i. e. est maxima quce permittitur. 

Nulli earum rerum consuti jus est, "no consul has authority to do these 
things ;" but some for nulli, read nidlius. 

XXX. Fcesulis, see Chap. xxvn. 

Allatas sibi dicebat, sc. esse. See note J. 79, on Posteriores se vident. 

26 



302 NOTES ON THE 

Scriptum erat, $ 205, R. 8. 

Ante diem sextum calendas, i. e. in diem sextum ante calendas, $ 326, 7. 

Simul, id quod, $ 206, 13. 

Portenta. These are mentioned by Cicero, 3d oration in Cat. 8, and by 

Pliny, Hist. Nat. II, 51. 
Conventus fieri, arma portari, $ 145, N. 
Servile helium moveri, sc. by C. Julius ; see Chap, xxvii. 
Sed prcetores, sc. missi siuit. 

Prcemium— servo Ubertatern, $ 204, R. 1, & $ 230, R. 2. 
Ejus rei, $211, R. 12. — Jtemque, sc. decrevere. 

XXXI. LcEtitia atque lascivia, qua?, $206, (15). 

Diulurna quits. The last civil commotions in Rome, previous to the con- 
spiracy of Catiline, were those excited by Sylla, nearly twenty years 
before. 

Reipublicce magnitudine, " on account of the greatness." The ablative in 
the sense of propter with the accusative frequently occurs in Sallust. 

Eadem ilia, " the same designs." 

In senatum venit. This occurred on the 8th of November, A. U. C. 691. 

Orationem habuii, sc. the first oration against Catiline. 

Eafamilia ortum, sc. se, §239, R. 2. — Perdita republica, $ 274, R. 5. 

Inquilinus civis. Cicero had removed from Arpinum to Rome. 

Quum earn servaret — " was trying to preserve it." See note Jug. xxvii, on 
Leniebant. 

Ruina restinguam, — "by the destruction of the commonwealth." 

XXXII. Neque insidice consuli — et, §278, R. 7. Insidioe consuli, $ 211, R. 5. 
Optimum factum, instead of optimum, sc. esse, the subject of which is exer- 

citum augere, etc., and the predicate optimum factum, $210. 
Priusquam legiones scribereniur, $ 263, 3. 

Quce hello usuiforent, $ 266, 2. — Opes factionis confirment, $ 262, R. 4. 
Sese propediem, sc. dicit, which is implied in mandat. 
Marcium Regem, see Chap. xxx. 

XXXIII. Qui miseri, $206, 12. 
Plerique pat rice, sed omnes fama atque fortunis expertes. Expertes is here 

limited first by the genitive pat rice, and afterwards by the ablatives fama 

and fortunis, $ 213, R. 5, (2), & $ 278, R. 2. 
Cuiquam nostrum, $ 212, R. 2, N. 2. 
Lege uti, reference appears to be made to a law enacted in the consulship 

of L. Papirius and C. Poetelius, A.-U. C. 428, in which it was provided 

that the persons of debtors should not be subject to restraint on account 

of their debts. 
Pratoris, sc. urbani. 
Argentum aire solutum est, i. e. instead of a silver sesterce, an as of copper, 

of one fourth the value of the former, was paid, $ 327, 3. 
Sape ipsa phhes — secessit, a secession of the common people is said to have 

thrice occurred. 






CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 303 

XXXIY. Si quid ab senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant. The imperfect 
followed by the present is an unusual construction. 

Ab eo ; eo it will be observed is in the singular, though referring both to 
sejiatum and populum, which appear to be here spoken of collectively as 
one body. 

Forlunce cedere, § 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 

Non quo sibi tanti sceleris, conscius esset, § 262, R. 9. 
XXXV. Recognita, "ascertained" or " proved by deeds" or "actual servi- 
ces," "known by experience." Catiline had been defended by Catullus 
when accused of a capital crime in reference to Fabia. See Chap. xv. 

Commendationi mece, i. e. to his commendation of Orestilla to the protection 
of Catullus. See the close of this letter. 

Quamobrem, i. e. on account of his reliance upon the friendship of Catulus. 

hi novo oonsilio, " in my new enterprise." 

Non statui parare, for statui non parar.e. 

De culpa, instead of the gen. culpa. 

Quam, sc. sathf actionem. — Veram, se. esse, 

Statum dignitatis, i. e. the consulship. — Ex possessionibus, sc. meis. 
XXXVJ. Condemnatis, is in the dative connected by prater to midtitudini, 
§ 278, R. L 

Duobus senati decreiis, §257, R. 7, "notwithstanding the existence of two 
decrees of the senate," for the former of these, see Chap. xxx. 

Neque — quisquam omnium, § 207, R. 3L 

Tanta vis morbi, the moral malady here referred to, was the excessive de- 
sire of a change in public affairs. See the beginning of Chap, xxxvil. 
XXXVII. Aliena, "alienated," sc. from the government. 

Ea vero ; ea in this passage, though pleonastie in its construction, serves to 
distinguish emphatically the populace of the city from the common peo- 
ple of the empire in general, whose disaffection is mentioned at the be- 
ginning of this chapter. 

Proeceps ierat, i. e. into the revolutionary designs of Catiline. 

Primum omnium, the principal classes into which the populace of the city 
was divided, and the causes of dissatisfaction in each are mentioned un- 
der the five general divisions, marked by primum omnium, deinde, prce- 
terea, prceterea, ad hoc. The first general division is subdivided into three 
classes by qui ubique, item alii and postremo. 

Privatis atque publicis largilionibus, a monthly distribution of corn was 
made to the populace at the public expense, in addition to the largesses 
of wealthy and ambitious citizens. 

Juxta ac, "just as," i. e. "as badly as," "no better than." 

Prceterea quorum, sc. ii, § 206, (4). 

Jus libertatis imminutum. Sylla had ordered that the children of those 
whom he had proscribed, should be held ineligible to office, and in this 
respect they were still deprived of the common rights of citizens. 



304 NOTES ON THE 

Id adeo malum. The alarming evil here spoken of arising from the bitter- 
ness of party spirit, had on many previous occasions threatened the ruin 
of the state. 

XXXVIII. Tribunicia potestas, the power of the tribunes had been greatly re- 
stricted by L. Sylla, but was restored in the consulship of Pompey and 
Crassus, A. U. C. 634. 

Summam potestatem nacti. The tribunicial power is here referred to, though 
this power in its proper use was not the highest power in the state. 

Senati specie, i. e. senatimagnitudinis specie, " for the (advancement of) their 
own power, under the semblance of (promoting that) of the senate." 

XXXIX. Bellum maritimum, this war, called olsobellum piraticum, was carried 
on by Pompey, A. U. C. 687, against the CiJicians, who had filled every 
sea with piratical vessels, and had even plundered some of the Italian 
cities. In forty days the war was brought to a successful termination. 
In consequence of this eminent success, Pompey was appointed to the 
command of the war against 3Iithridates. 

Dubiis rebus novandis. Others, perhaps more correctly, read, dubiis rebus 
novandi. 

Animos eorum, sc. plebis. 

Parens necari jussit, under the Roman law fathers had the power of put- 
ting to death their children. 
XL. Plerisque principibus civitatium, sc. Gallicarum. 

Atque eos noverat, § 183, 3, N. — Quern exitum tantis malis, § 211, R. 5. 

Hcec ubi dixit, § 259, (2).— Tarn difficile esse, § 270, R. 2. 

Dum ea res. Ea res is used here and in other places instead of id ; the 
general idea expressed in English by thmg, being expressed in Latin 
sometimes by res, and sometimes by adjectives in the neuter gender, 
and hence a transition is often made from one of these modes to the 
other. 

Neque aliena consilii, § 222, R. 2. 

Ab Roma aberat, § 255, R. 2. — Pollicitos operam suam, § 208, (7). 
XLI. Majores opes, the power of the Roman state was greater than that of the 
conspirators. 

Certa prcemia. See Chap. xxx. 

Cujus patrocinio. Most nations subject to the Romans had some one among 
the senators who took the oversight of their affairs, and whom they call- 
ed their patron. This patronage was hereditary. 

Prcecepit, ut — simulent. The perfect indefinite followed by the present is 
unusual, § 258, 2, (2). 
XLII. Item in ulteriore Gallia C. Murcena, sc. complures in vincula conje- 

cerat. 
XLIIL Lentulus cum ceteris— const ituerant, §209, R. 12, (6). 

Inter hcec parata atque decreta, § 274, R. 5. 
XLIV. Quod signatum ad cives perferant, § 264, 5. 



CATILINARIANCONSPIRACY. 



305 



Eo brevi vcnturum, i. e. into the country of the Allobroges. 

Quis sim. Cicero, who had the intercepted letter in his possession, has giv- 
en it in 3d Cat. 12, as follows : Qui sim, ex eo quern ad te misi, cognosces- 
Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis progressus, et vide quid jam tibi 
sit necesse. Cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam infimorum. 

Fac cogites, § 262, R. 4. — Et memineris, § 183, 3, N. 
XLV. Homines militares, sc. Flaccus and Pomptinus. 

Prcesidiis collocatis. See 3d oration against Catiline, Chap. v. 

Ad id loci, § 212, R. 3. 
XL VI. Quibus rebus confectis, these events occurred on the night between 
the 2d and 3d of December, A. U. C. 691. 

Pamam illorum, sc. videbat or verebatur, the latter of which may be implied 
in anxius erat. 

Sibi oneri, " would bring a weight of odium upon him." 

Perdendce reipublicce, § 275, III, R. 1, (5). 

Ipse manus tenens. This was intended as a mark of respect to the official 
character of Lentulus. 

JEdem Concordia?. In this temple, upon the side of the Capitoline mount, 
the senate that day assembled. 

Magna frequentia, % 257, R. 7. 
XLVII. Quid, aid qua. de causa, consilii habuisset, " what design he had enter- 
tained, or for what reason he had entertained it." 

Fingere alia, i. e. other than what pertained to the conspiracy. 

Cinnam atque Sullam antea, sc. urbis potitos esse. 

Decernit uti — haberentur, § 253, R. 1. — C. Casari, i. e. C. Julio Ccesari. 
XLV III. Alia belli facinora pradce, sc. sibi, § 227. 

De itinere hostium, i. e. of the conspirators, towards Rome. 

Missum a M. Crasso. See Chap. xvn. 

Lentulus, Cethegus, aliique deprehensi, " the arrest of Lentulus," &c. § 274, 
R.5. 

Terrerent, sc. eum, i. e. Calilinam. 

FA illi — eriperentur, sc. Lentulus, Cethegus, alii. 

Tanta vis hominis, instead of homo taiitce vis. 

Deque ea re, i. e. concerning the truth or falsehood of the testimony of Tar- 
quinius. 

Consulente Cicerone, sc. senatum. 

Neque amplius potesiatem, i. e. indicandi, "of giving testimony." 

Qui existimarent, % 264, 6. 

More suo. This custom of Crassus, of patronizing the meanest and vilest, is 
mentioned by Plutarch also. 
XLIX. Sed iisdem temporibus. In what follows, Sallust appears to aim at de- 
fending Cicero from the charge brought against him by Crassus ; but in 
doing this he brings a very improbable charge against Catulus and Piso, 
for the purpose of screening from censure Caesar, his personal friend. 

26* 



306 NOTES ON THE 

Nam uterque — exercebant, §209, R. 11, (4.) 

Oppugnaius in judicio, sc. a CcEsare. 

Ab adolesceniulo Ccesare. Caesar, though at this time thirty six years old, is 
called adolescentulus in reference to the more advanced age of Catulus. 

Opporiuna videbatur, i. e. for ruining Caesar. 

Privaiim — publice. These adverbs belong not to debebat, but to liberalitate 
and muneribus. 

Qua? se — audisse dicerent, instead of qua? audissent ut dicebant, § 266, 3, 3d 
clause. 

Qui in custodiam traditi erant, § 266, 2, R. 5. 
L. Primus sententiam rogatus, § 205, R. 17. 

Sententiam Tiberii Neronis. Tiberius Nero had proposed that the conspira- 
tors then in custody should be strictly guarded, until Catiline and his 
array were vanquished, and that the whole subject should then be re- 
ferred to the senate. 

Hujuscemodi verba. From the use of this expression, in relation to the 
speeches of Caesar and Cato, it is evident that we have their sentiments 
only, and not their language. 
LI. Populi Romani opibus creverat. The Rhodians had received from the 
Romans, in recompense for services rendered the latter in the war against 
Antiochus, a large part of Lycia and Caria. 

Impunitos eos dimvtere. The Rhodians were however deprived of the prov- 
inces previously bestowed upon them. 

Quid in Mis, — "in their case," "in respect to them." 

Novum consilium. The new measure here alluded to, was the punishment 
of a Roman citizen with death, as proposed by Silanus. 

His utendum, sc. parnis, e. g. imprisonment, exile, &c. 

Qua? belli sa?vitia, esset, qua? victis acciderent enumeravere. Enumeravere can 
be connected with sa?vitia only by zeugma, but it is appropriate to qua? 
victis acciderent ; " has shown what would be the savage character of the 
war, and enumerated the evils which would befall the vanquished." 

Rapi Virgines, sc. dixerunt, which is implied in enumeravere. 

An, uli vos ; after an supply eo pertinuit. 

Injuria? sua?, §208, (7), & § 211, R. 3, last clause. 

Gravius a?quc, §256, R. 9, — habuere, i. e. solent habere. The perfect is often 
found in this indefinite sense, in Sallust as w T ell as in other writers. 

In imperio, i. e. in those who command. 

Paulo severior, §256, R. 9, last clause. 

Eos mores — cognovi, " such I know to be" — . 

Injuria, i. e. " the wrong," "the nature of the wrong," " the enormity of 
the crime." 

Ultra, sc. mortem. 

An, quia gravius est, i. e. in sententiam non addidisti, uti, etc. quia gravius est ? 

Sin, quia levius, i. e. sin sententiam non addidisti, etc., quia levius, sc. est ver- 
berari, etc. 



CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 307 

Tempus, dies, fortuna, sc. reprehendent, "the progress of events, time, for- 
tune, will reprove," i. e. will show to have been unwise. 

Quid in alios statuatis, i. e. other than these conspirators. 

Ex bonis, sc. exemplis. — Ab dignis, sc. poena. 

Tractarent, § 264, 5. — Ea populus Icetari, % 232, 2. 

Merito dicere fieri, sc. ea, from the preceding clause. 

Ubi paulatim licentia crevit, § 259, R. 1, (2.) 

Stultce Icetitice, § 211, R. 12. — Invidere bonis, sc. institutis. 

Turn lex Porcia. Here the apodosis of the sentence begins. 

Qui ea bene par ta. The reader might expect, instead of ea, id referring to 
imperium. Sallust has made use of the plural "these things," to denote 
separately what was previously expressed collectively by imperium. 
LII. Postquam Ccesar— fecit, § 259, R. 1, (2.) 

Alius alii varie assentiebantur, i. e. they signified their agreement in senti- 
ment with Silanus, Nero or Caesar. Sallust has omitted all notice of the 
speeches of Catulus and Cicero, delivered on this occasion. 

llli mihi disseruisse videntur. Cato states the real question to be, not what 
punishment is suitable for the conspirators, but what means shall be re- 
sorted to, to prevent the success of their conspiracy. 

Si ista cujuscumque modi sint. The severity of Cato's manners led him to 
speak contemptuously of the luxuries prized so highly by many of his 
hearers. 

De sociorum injuriis : an objective genitive, § 211, R. 2. 

In hoc ordine, i. e. in senatu. 

Sed ea, sc. verba. 

Hostium futura sint, §211, R. 8, (3). 

Cujus hcec cumque modi; tmesis, § 323, 4, 5, for cujuscumque modi hcec (sint). 

Hie, "here," i. e. "in this state of things," " such being the facts." 

Hie mihi quisquam. Reference is here very evidently made to Caesar, but 
the reference appears to be the more severe from the use of the indefinite 
pronoun quisquam, " any one." 

Malarum rerum audacia, §211, R. 12. 

Sint sane, § 209, R. 2, (2), & § 260, R. 6. 

Misericordes infuribus. In this sense of in, it is commonly followed by the 
accusative, but see Chap, li, quid in illis. 

Perditum eant, % 276, II, R. 2. 

Diverso itinere malos, &c, i. e. existimans falsum esse diverso itinere malos a 
bonis, etc. — " that the wicked, (descending) by a rout different from (that 
of) the good, inhabit," &c. 

Si periculum ex illis metuit, sc. C. Ccesar. 

Sin — solus non timet. If Caesar alone entertained no apprehension, he might 
well be suspected of having a connection with the conspirators. 

Omnes feroces aderunt, § 205, R. 15. 

Multo pulcherrimam, § 127, 3d clause. 

Quce nobis nulla sunt, " none of which," — . 



308 NOTES ON THE 

Omnia virtutis prcemia. Such as civil and military offices, and other public 
honors. 

Hie pecunice, i. e. in senatu. 

Apprehensis hostibus facialis, § 250, R. 3. 

Miereamini censeo, § 262, R. 4, spoken ironically. 

Scilicet res aspera est, etc. Cato supposes his hearers to reply in these 
words. 

Prospera omnia ccdunt, % 210, R. 1. 

Bella Gallico. According to Livy and other historians, this event occurred 
in the war against the Latins. 

Nisi iterum patrice helium fecit. Cethegus had been concerned in the civil 
wars, first as a follower of ATarius, and afterwards of Sylla and of Lepidus. 

Si—peccato locus esset, i. e. "if error in your decision were allowable," if 
it would not be followed by fatal consequences. 

More majorum, i. e. according to the custom in use before the enactment of 
the Porcian law. 
LIII. Alii alios increpantes timidos vocant, " chiding they call each other" — . 

Contendisse, sc. populum Romanum. 

Fortunce violentiam. Reference appears to be made to the great disasters 
which had occasionally befallen the empire. 
LIV. Igitur his genus, cetas, eloquentia prope csqualia fuere, § 205, R. 2, (2). 
The Porcian gens was plebeian, the Julian patrician, but both had en- 
joyed in an equal degree the honors of + he state. 

JEtas. At this time Cato was thirty three, and Caesar about thirty seven 
years of age. 

Sed alia, sc. gloria. 

Ccesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, III, R. 4. 

Intentus, sua negligere ; the historical infinitive, § 209, R. 5. 

Eo magis sequebatur, i. e. gloria eum sequebatur. 
IN. Idem fit ceteris, % 250, R. 3. 

Est locus— quod, § 206, (10). 
LVI. Ex sociis, " of the conspirators." 

Numero hominum, sc.justo. 

In Galliam ; probably into the country of the Allobroges. 

Hostibus, i. e. to Antonius and his army. 

Servitia repudiabat, cujus, sc. generis hominum, § 206, (11). 

Videri, sc. se, % 239, R. 2. 
LVII. De Lentulo, Cethego, ceteris. Et is often omitted before ceteri alii, re- 
liqui and omnes, when placed at the end of an enumeration. 

Eadem ilia existimans — Caiilinam agitare, i. e. a retreat into Gaul. 

Qui magno exercitu, % 249, III, 2d clause. 

Infuga, sc. Catilina? ejusque militum. 
LVIII. Causam mei conzilii aperirem, i. e. of his resolution to risk an engage- 
ment with Antonius. 



CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 309 

Quoque modo, i. e. et quomodo. 

Ujius ab urbe, sc. Antonii. — Alter a Gallia, sc. Metelli. 

Supervacaneum. This word stands opposed to necessitudo, in the preceding 

sentence. 
Quia ilia, i. e. the degrading conditions mentioned above. 
Viris, is used emphatically. 

Hcec sequi decrevisiis, " these measures," — " this course" — . 
Ea vero, § 206, (13), last clause. 
Me hortantur, sc. ut magnam spem habeam. 
Cavete — amittatis, § 262, R. 6. 
LIX. Ab dextera, rupes aspera. An anacoluthon, § 323, 3, (5) ; the regular 

construction of the sentence requiring, rupem asperam. 
Ab his, i. e. ab reliquis signis. — Armatum, see Chap. lvi. 
Et colonis, sc. from the colonies planted in this region by Sylla. 
Pedibus ceger, % 250. Dio represents Antonius as feigning sickness, that he 

might avoid a personal encounter with those whom he had once favored. 

See Chap. xxi. 
Ille — Ipse, sc. Petreius. See Hie in Diet. 
Amplius annos, % 256, R. 6. 
Plerosque ipsos — noverat, " knew most of them personally." See Ipse in 

Dictionary. 
LX. Veterani, i. e. the veterans under the command of Petreius. 
Illi, i. e. the troops of Catiline. 
Haud timidi. Litotes, § 324, 9. 
LXI. Turn cerneres, § 260, II. 
Quos medios, § 206, R. 17. 
Juxta pepercerant, "had spared equally," i. e. "had spared neither," "had 

equally disregarded." 



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